Physicochemical characterization of Pogostemon essential oils.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Physiochemical characterisation of essential oils from pogostemon benghalensis (burm.f.) kuntze. and p. cablin (blanco) benth.
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:
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Pradeep D. P. and K. Murugan
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Physiochemical characterisation of essential oils from pogostemon benghalensis (burm.f.) kuntze. and p. cablin (blanco) benth.
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20196-14704
Download the PDF file of the original publication
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The research article highlights the physico-chemical characterization of essential oils (Eos) extracted from two plant species, Pogostemon benghalensis and Pogostemon cablin, both belonging to the Lamiaceae family. These plants are known for their essential oil content, which is utilized in various applications, including pharmaceuticals, aromatherapy, and perfumery. The essential oils were isolated from fresh leaves through a hydrodistillation process, and their quality was assessed through multiple physiochemical analyses. The study aims to explore the potential of these underutilized species for commercial and therapeutic applications.
Yield and Extraction Process
One of the critical aspects of the research is the yield of essential oils obtained through the extraction process. The study reported that Pogostemon benghalensis yielded 0.383% essential oil, whereas Pogostemon cablin produced a lower yield of 0.290%. The extraction involved hydro-distillation using a Clevenger apparatus, where chopped fresh leaves were subjected to steam distillation for five hours. The percentage yield is vital for assessing the commercial viability of these oils, as it serves as an indicator of how economically they can be produced on a larger scale.
Physiochemical Properties
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of several physiochemical properties of the essential oils, including color, odor, density, viscosity, specific gravity, refractive index, and total acid number. For instance, the essential oil from Pogostemon benghalensis was noted to have a brownish-yellow color with a density of 0.9450 g/ml, while Pogostemon cablin had a pale yellow color and a density of 0.9295 g/ml. The physiochemical characteristics offer insights into the quality and stability of the essential oils, making them essential parameters for applications in the fragrance and pharmaceutical industries.
Therapeutic and Commercial Relevance
The therapeutic potential of essential oils from both Pogostemon species is underscored by their distinct chemical properties. These oils are recognized for their medicinal properties, which include antimicrobial and antiseptic effects, thus warranting further biochemical and therapeutic exploration. The study suggests that the identified characteristics, such as a high iodine value and specific gravity, indicate that these essential oils could be effectively utilized not only in traditional medicinal practices but also in the formulation of cosmetics and personal care products.
Conclusion
The findings from the research suggest significant commercial value for the essential oils derived from Pogostemon benghalensis and Pogostemon cablin. Both species exhibit promising physiochemical properties that indicate their potential application in the pharmaceutical and fragrance industries. This study lays the groundwork for future investigations into the therapeutic benefits and biochemical properties of these essential oils, promoting their use as an alternative to synthetic compounds in various products. The need for further in-depth analyses is emphasized to maximize the utility of these underexploited plant species.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are Pogostemon benghalensis and Pogostemon cablin known for?
Both plants are known for their essential oil content, which is valued in traditional and therapeutic applications. Pogostemon cablin is cultivated for patchouli oil, while Pogostemon benghalensis is an underexploited species.
How were the essential oils from the plants extracted?
Essential oils were isolated from fresh leaves using the hydro-distillation method with a Clevenger type apparatus, resulting in yields of 0.383% for Pogostemon benghalensis and 0.290% for Pogostemon cablin.
What physiochemical properties were analyzed for the essential oils?
The essential oils were analyzed for properties including color, odor, viscosity, specific gravity, refractive index, optical rotation, total acid number, iodine number, and saponification value, which provide insight into oil quality.
What were the color and yield percentages of the oils?
The oil from Pogostemon benghalensis was brownish yellow and yielded 0.383%, while Pogostemon cablin was pale yellow with a yield of 0.290%. These characteristics reflect their potential uses.
How do specific gravity and density relate to essential oils?
Essential oils typically have a lower density than water. The specific gravities for Pogostemon benghalensis and Pogostemon cablin were 0.895 and 0.903, respectively, indicating their quality and purity.
What significance does the saponification value of the oils have?
The saponification value indicates the amount of potassium hydroxide required to saponify 1 gram of oil. For Pogostemon benghalensis and Pogostemon cablin, values were 185.12 and 178.55, respectively, suggesting suitability for cosmetic production.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Physicochemical characterization of Pogostemon essential oils.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Oil:
Oils, particularly essential oils (Eos), are volatile compounds derived from various plant parts and are characterized by their aromatic properties. They play significant roles in aromatherapy, perfumery, and pharmaceutical applications due to their various therapeutic effects. The study characterizes the Eos from Pogostemon benghalensis and Pogostemon cablin for their potential uses.
2) Species:
Species refers to the different kinds or varieties of organisms within a genus. In this study, Pogostemon benghalensis and Pogostemon cablin are two distinct species within the Lamiaceae family, noted for their essential oils and medicinal properties. The research highlights the chemical characteristics that differentiate these species.
3) Water:
Water is the medium used in the hydrodistillation process to extract essential oils from plant leaves. It serves as a solvent in which the oil vaporizes and subsequently condenses. The properties of Eos obtained can differ based on the quality of water and its interaction during extraction.
4) Study (Studying):
The study aims to characterize the physiochemical properties of essential oils from two Pogostemon species. This research provides a thorough analysis of the oils' quality, yield, and potential applications in industrial contexts, particularly focusing on pharmacological and aromatic uses.
5) Substance:
Substances denote the specific chemical entities present in the essential oils. Understanding the various substances in Pogostemon oils helps unravel their unique properties and potential uses, especially in pharmaceutical and therapeutic sectors.
6) Activity:
Activity in the context of this study refers to the biological or therapeutic effects that the essential oils may possess. The Eos are evaluated for their medicinal properties and efficacy against diseases, highlighting the importance of understanding these activities for potential pharmaceutical applications.
7) Quality:
Quality pertains to the standard or degree of excellence of the essential oils derived from Pogostemon species. It encompasses numerous factors such as aroma, purity, and chemical composition. Analyzing these aspects helps determine the usability of the oils in various industrial applications.
8) Measurement:
Measurement is a systematic procedure used to quantify specific characteristics of the essential oils, such as yield, viscosity, and density. Accurate measurements are critical for determining the quality and suitability of the oils for culinary or therapeutic applications.
9) Surface:
Surfaces refer to the exterior areas of the plant material involved in essential oil extraction. Their characteristics can influence oil release efficiency and ultimately affect the overall yield and quality of the essential oil obtained during distillation.
10) Nature:
Nature encompasses the inherent qualities and characteristics of essential oils extracted from plants. The natural composition of these oils, consisting of complex mixtures of terpenes and other compounds, plays a crucial role in their therapeutic effects and applications.
11) India:
India is the geographical region where the Pogostemon species studied were collected. The country’s biodiversity is a rich source of various plant species utilized for their essential oils, influencing traditional practices and modern applications in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
12) Aroma (A-roma):
Aroma refers to the distinctive and often pleasant scent emitted by the essential oils. The aroma is a vital factor for consumer preference and acceptance, particularly in cosmetics and therapeutic products. The study characterizes the aroma profile of the oils from the two Pogostemon species.
13) Relative:
Relative is used to describe comparisons between properties observed in Pogostemon benghalensis and Pogostemon cablin. Understanding the relative differences aids in evaluating the physiological and biochemical significance of essential oil characteristics between different species.
14) Family:
Family, in botanical taxonomy, refers to the classification grouping that includes genera sharing related traits. Lamiaceae is the plant family to which Pogostemon species belong, known for various medicinal and aromatic properties, influencing the characteristics of their essential oils.
15) Purity:
Purity refers to the degree to which the essential oils are free from contaminants or adulterants. Higher purity levels are crucial for ensuring the effective therapeutic properties of the oils, making it a critical measuring parameter in the study.
16) Medium:
Medium refers to the environment or substance in which the essential oils are extracted. In this study, water serves as the extraction medium during hydrodistillation, which affects the efficiency and yield of the essential oils obtained.
17) Botany:
Botany is the branch of biology that studies plant life. The research falls within this field as it involves the study of two Pogostemon species, their properties, and characteristics, thereby contributing to the understanding of plant-derived essential oils.
18) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical refers to the chemical compounds produced by plants that hold potential health benefits. The essential oils studied contain various phytochemicals, and their characterization contributes to the understanding of how these compounds can be used for therapeutic purposes.
19) Calculation:
Calculation involves deriving numerical values from experimental data collected. In this study, calculations are conducted to determine percentages, such as essential oil yield and various physiochemical properties, aiding in the analysis of the oils' quality.
20) Observation:
Observation refers to the systematic recording of data based on experimental results. In this study, the researchers made observations of the essential oil’s characteristics, which are critical for subsequent analyses and inferences regarding their potential applications.
21) Discussion:
Discussion is a section where the implications of the results are interpreted and contextualized. In this study, the discussion elaborates on how the findings contribute to existing knowledge about essential oils' properties and their possible applications in different fields.
22) Knowledge:
Knowledge in this context refers to the cumulative understanding gained through research and analysis of essential oils. This study enhances knowledge about the physiochemical properties of Pogostemon especies, aiding future research and applications in various industries.
23) Inference:
Inference refers to the conclusions drawn from the study's data and analyses. Inferences may relate to the therapeutic potential of the essential oils and how their properties could influence their usability in industry.
24) Fragrance:
Fragrance pertains to the pleasant odors emitted by the essential oils, which are often sought after in perfumery and cosmetic products. The fragrance profile contributes significantly to the commercial value and consumer appeal of the oils studied.
25) Disease:
Disease refers to a condition that impairs normal physiological function. The study emphasizes the importance of essential oils in traditional medicine for their potential therapeutic effects on various diseases, demonstrating their significant health benefits.
26) Murugan (Murukan):
Murugan refers to K. Murugan, one of the authors involved in the study. His contributions to the research are integral to the understanding of the physiological, biochemical aspects of essential oils derived from Pogostemon species.
27) Heating:
Heating refers to the process of applying heat, which is an essential part of several analytical methods involved in determining the physiochemical properties of essential oils, such as viscosity and saponification value.
28) Filling (Filled):
Filled refers to the process of ensuring containers (like glass bottles) are completely occupied with essential oils during storage or titration. Proper filling affects measurements and preservation of oil qualities for future studies.
29) Glass:
Glass refers to the containers used for storing extracted essential oils. The use of dark, glass bottles helps in preserving the integrity of the oils, protecting them from light and atmospheric contaminants.
30) Table:
Table refers to structured data presentation within the study that summarizes essential oil's physiochemical properties. Tables improve the clarity of findings and facilitate comparisons across different samples, enhancing the overall comprehension of results.
31) Genu:
Genu may refer to the genu of the essential oils being studied, indicating their authenticity and quality. Understanding genu is vital for determining the oils' efficacy and suitability for various applications.
32) Food:
Food can refer to edible products that may be flavored or preserved using essential oils. The study suggests potential applications of the analyzed oils in food products, indicating their versatility beyond medicinal or cosmetic uses.
33) Line:
Line could refer to a lineage or a specific sequence of developmental traits among the species studied. This concept is essential for understanding the evolutionary relationships and differential adaptations of Pogostemon species regarding their essential oil production.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Physicochemical characterization of Pogostemon essential oils.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Medicinal properties, Essential oil, Specific gravity, Natural phytochemicals, Refractive index, Saponification value, Viscosity, Physiochemical analysis, Aroma therapy, Percentage yield, Hydrodistillation method, Optical activity, Iodine number.
Concepts being referred in other categories, contexts and sources.