Hydrazone linkage based schiff base
synthesis, characterization and their biological applications
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Hydrazone linkage based schiff base
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: synthesis, characterization and their biological applications
Original source:
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Prof. Alka Pradhan, Anil Kumar Koshal and Dharmendra Singh Khichi
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Hydrazone linkage based schiff base
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20198-15282
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The research presented in this article focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and biological applications of Schiff base compounds linked through hydrazone moieties. Schiff bases and hydrazones have garnered significant attention in the field of medicinal chemistry due to their versatile biological activities, which include anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. This study highlights the synthesis of novel derivatives, their structural characterization, and a comprehensive evaluation of their antimicrobial efficacy against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi.
Synthesis of Schiff Base and Hydrazone Derivatives
The synthesis of Schiff base derivatives was carried out by condensing 1-(4-aminophenyl) ethan-1-one with thiosemicarbazide to yield 2-[1-(4-aminophenyl) ethylidene] hydrazine-1-carbothioamide. This was followed by further condensation with various aromatic aldehydes to produce a series of new Schiff base compounds. The study utilized common solvents and simple methodologies, indicating that the reactions were conducted under moderate conditions. The resulting products were characterized using techniques such as infrared (IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, confirming the formation of the desired hydrazone-linked Schiff bases.
Biological Activity Screening
The synthesized compounds underwent biological screening to assess their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The agar well diffusion method was employed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the compounds against various pathogens, including both gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, and gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Notably, compounds IIA, IIB, and IID displayed exceptional antibacterial activity, particularly against E. coli, while IIB, IIE, and IIF showed significant efficacy against S. aureus. The antifungal activity was also promising, with moderate effects observed against A. flavus and A. fumigatus, and excellent activity recorded against Candida albicans.
Characterization Techniques and Results
The study employed multiple characterization techniques to validate the successful synthesis of the Schiff bases. The physical properties, including melting points and color, were assessed, and it was found that the compounds were stable at room temperature. Infrared spectroscopy revealed characteristic absorption bands corresponding to functional groups present in the synthesized compounds, while NMR spectroscopy provided insights into the molecular structure, confirming the presence of azomethine linkages and other functional groups within the desired derivatives.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the research successfully developed a straightforward synthetic approach to create novel Schiff base derivatives incorporating hydrazone linkages. The resulting compounds exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungal strains, thus showcasing their potential as therapeutic agents. The findings underscore the importance of continued research in this area to explore the pharmacological applications of these newly synthesized compounds, paving the way for future studies aimed at developing effective antibacterial and antifungal treatments.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are Schiff bases and why are they important?
Schiff bases are compounds containing azomethine (-C=N-) linkages, known for various biological applications, including anti-cancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties, making them significant in pharmaceutical research.
What is the main objective of the research conducted?
The objective was to synthesize and characterize new hydrazone derivatives that incorporate Schiff base moieties to explore their potential antimicrobial and pharmacological activities.
How were the new Schiff base derivatives synthesized?
New Schiff base derivatives were synthesized through a two-step process involving the condensation of 4-aminoacetophenone with thiosemicarbazide, followed by further condensation with aromatic aldehydes in an ethanol solution.
What methods were used for the characterization of synthesized compounds?
The synthesized compounds were characterized using various techniques including IR spectroscopy, proton NMR, and physical property measurements to confirm their structures.
What methods were applied for biological activity screening?
The biological activities of the synthesized compounds were screened using agar well diffusion and disc diffusion methods, allowing for measurements of antibacterial and antifungal effectiveness.
What were the results of the antimicrobial activity tests?
Certain compounds demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, while others showed moderate antifungal activity against A. flavus and A. fumigates, with exceptional effectiveness against Candida albicans.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Hydrazone linkage based schiff base”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Aureus:
Aureus refers to Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause various infections in humans, including skin infections, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections. The research highlights the antibacterial activity of synthesized compounds against S. aureus, indicating their potential as therapeutic agents in treating such infections.
2) Activity:
Activity in this context pertains to the biological efficacy or performance of the synthesized Schiff base derivatives against specific microorganisms. The terms antibacterial and antifungal activity relate to the ability of these compounds to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, respectively, thereby showcasing their potential in medicinal applications.
3) Pradhan:
Pradhan is the name of one of the authors, Prof. Alka Pradhan, who contributed to the research article. Acknowledgment of authorship is essential in academic works as it gives credit to those who conducted the study, provided insights, and compiled the findings for dissemination in the scientific community.
4) Table:
In this research, a table is used to systematically present key data and findings, such as physical properties of the synthesized compounds and results from biological efficacy tests. Tables aid in facilitating a clearer understanding of the results, allowing readers to easily compare and analyze vital information.
5) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Anti-bacterial indicates activity specifically targeting bacterial pathogens. The research aims to pinpoint how synthesized compounds with hydrazone and Schiff base moieties can eradicate or inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, showcasing their role as novel leads for the development of antibiotics in response to increasing resistance issues.
6) Water:
Water, a universal solvent, is mentioned in the context of synthesizing compounds and affects the solubility and stability of chemical reactions. In this study, the synthesized Schiff base derivatives were reported as insoluble in water, suggesting a potential influence on their application in drug formulation and delivery methods.
7) Post:
Post in this context might refer to the designation or level of academic achievement, such as a postgraduate degree. The authors associated with this research hold respective positions at Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls Post Graduate College, indicating their expertise in chemistry and related fields for conducting this research.
8) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological pertains to the study of the interactions between drugs and the body, encompassing how these substances exert effects therapeutically. This research positions the developed Schiff base derivatives within pharmacological contexts, exploring their potential for treating infections and other health issues, highlighting their significance in pharmaceutical applications.
9) Cancer:
Cancer refers to the group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. The research emphasizes that certain compounds possess anticancer properties due to their biological activities, leading to increased interest in discovering new therapeutic agents that can effectively target cancer cells without detrimental side effects on healthy cells.
10) Kumar:
Kumar refers to one of the authors, Anil Kumar Koshal, who played a significant role in this research. Acknowledging contributors is vital as it enhances collaboration and recognition in academia, underlining the importance of teamwork in exploring new scientific avenues and furthering knowledge in medicinal chemistry.
11) Field:
Field pertains to a specific domain of study or research, such as medicinal chemistry in this article, focusing on the synthesis of bioactive compounds. Highlighting a particular field emphasizes the relevance of research outcomes in addressing significant challenges like antimicrobial resistance and the pursuit of effective therapeutic strategies.
12) Purification:
Purification refers to the process of isolating specific compounds from mixtures to achieve higher purity. In this research, purification methods after synthetic reactions are crucial to ensure that the yielded compounds possess the desired properties and efficacy, impacting their biological activity in the context of medicinal chemistry.
13) Dharmendra (Dharma-indra):
Dharmendra refers to Dharmendra Singh Khichi, another contributing author in the article. His inclusion alongside co-authors indicates collaborative research efforts, blending expertise from diverse backgrounds in chemistry and biotechnology, fostering innovation and exploration into new compounds with potential biological applications.
14) Discussion:
Discussion in research refers to the section where results are interpreted and contextualized within existing literature. This part of the paper allows authors to elaborate on their findings, explain implications, and suggest future directions for research, promoting a deeper understanding of the study's impact within the scientific community.
15) Disease:
Disease represents any condition that impairs normal functioning, often causing distress or disability. The research aims at developing compounds to combat diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Understanding disease causation is integral to drug discovery and formulating preventive or therapeutic strategies to improve public health.
16) Khichi:
Khichi refers to the author Dharmendra Singh Khichi, representing one of the collaborators in this study. Recognizing authors fosters accountability and encourages contributions in scientific discourse, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary efforts in investigating the biological applications of synthesized chemical compounds.
17) Purity:
Purity relates to the degree to which a compound is free from impurities, which can influence its effectiveness and safety in medicinal applications. Assessing purity is critical during synthesis and characterization processes in drug development to ensure that the compounds can deliver consistent and reliable biological activity.
18) Hand:
Hand, in this context, might refer metaphorically to the involvement or assistance in conducting the research. Research is often collaborative, requiring collective effort and mentorship. A 'hand' represents the multitude of human efforts, cooperation, and shared knowledge pivotal in advancing scientific understanding and innovation.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Hydrazone linkage based schiff base’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Antibacterial activity, Zone of inhibition, Antifungal activity, Anti-cancer properties, Physicochemical properties, Antioxidant activities, Gram negative bacteria, Agar well diffusion method, Pathogens.