Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Biological activities of cassia occidentalis linn
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Subtitle: a systematic review
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Mahanthesh M. C., Manjappa A. S., Sherikar A. S., Disouza J. I. and Shinde M. V.
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World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Biological activities of cassia occidentalis linn
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20199-15430
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The use of natural plant remedies has surged in popularity, leading to a substantial demand for comprehensive knowledge about medicinal plants' properties and applications. One such plant, Cassia occidentalis L. (commonly known as Kasamardah or Negro coffee), is recognized for its extensive ethnomedical applications and diverse biological activities. Traditional practices have highlighted its potential, which includes properties such as antiallergic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. This systematic review aims to consolidate existing research on Cassia occidentalis, focusing on its botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicity.
Phytochemical Profile and Its Implications
The phytochemical analysis of Cassia occidentalis reveals the presence of numerous biologically active compounds, such as anthraquinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. These phytochemicals are noteworthy for their potential medicinal benefits, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The review reports that variations in the concentration of these compounds are influenced by factors such as climate and geographical location. Understanding this phytochemical diversity is crucial for further research and therapeutic applications, emphasizing the need for standardized methods in assessing the plant's efficacy in medicine.
Biological Activities and Therapeutic Applications
Cassia occidentalis exhibits a wide range of biological activities, which are essential for its medicinal use. The review highlights its antidiabetic properties, showcasing its ability to significantly reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic animal models, aligning with its traditional use in managing diabetes. Furthermore, the plant demonstrated notable antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, suggesting its potential as a natural alternative to synthetic antibiotics. The review underscores the plant's importance in treating various health issues, from skin conditions to liver support, thereby affirming its place in traditional and modern medicine.
Safety and Toxicological Studies
The safety profile of Cassia occidentalis is examined through various toxicological studies, which indicate a low toxicity level in acute and subacute administration in animal models. These studies are crucial as they provide a foundation for ensuring its safe consumption and efficacy in medicinal applications. Additionally, there are discussions about the need for further research to fully understand the toxic properties and potential side effects that may arise from its use, reinforcing the importance of rigorous evaluation in herbal medicine.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Cassia occidentalis demonstrates significant biological potential that warrants further investigation and validation in the context of modern medicine. This systematic review collates valuable information supporting the folkloric uses of the plant, alongside contemporary studies highlighting its phytochemical richness and therapeutic benefits. As the demand for natural remedies continues to grow, research efforts should concentrate on standardizing practices and unequivocally establishing the safety and efficacy of Cassia occidentalis, ensuring its rightful place in both traditional and innovative health care practices.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are the biological activities of Cassia occidentalis Linn?
Cassia occidentalis Linn exhibits various biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects, making it valuable for traditional medicine and potential health benefits.
What phytochemicals are found in Cassia occidentalis?
Cassia occidentalis contains phytochemicals such as achrosin, aloe-emodin, emodin, anthraquinones, and flavonoids, contributing to its medicinal properties and biological activities.
How is Cassia occidentalis traditionally used in medicine?
Traditionally, Cassia occidentalis is used for treating conditions like abscesses, liver diseases, diabetes, skin ailments, and as a folk remedy in childbirth across various cultures.
Where does Cassia occidentalis grow geographically?
Cassia occidentalis is widely found throughout India, from the Himalayas to South India, and in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
What are the potential toxic effects of Cassia occidentalis?
Toxicological studies indicate that Cassia occidentalis may have safety in suggested doses, but further research is required to standardize toxic properties.
What are the key pharmacological activities of Cassia occidentalis extracts?
Extracts of Cassia occidentalis demonstrate significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective activities, highlighting its diverse therapeutic potential.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Biological activities of cassia occidentalis linn”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
The term 'Activity' in the context of Cassia occidentalis refers to the various biological effects that the plant exhibits, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antidiabetic properties. These activities highlight the plant's potential as a source for medicinal compounds and are central to its traditional and modern medicinal applications.
2) Study (Studying):
The word 'Study' is relevant as it denotes the research and scientific investigations conducted on Cassia occidentalis. These studies explore its biological activities, phytochemical composition, and potential therapeutic applications, thus providing a basis for understanding how the plant can be utilized in various medical treatments.
3) Phytochemical:
A 'Phytochemical' is a chemical compound produced by plants, which contributes to their color, flavor, and resistance to disease. In the study of Cassia occidentalis, phytochemicals such as emodin and aloe-emodin play significant roles in demonstrating the plant's medicinal potential and physiological activities.
4) Table:
The word 'Table' refers to the organized presentation of data and information, such as the taxonomy of Cassia occidentalis or its ethnomedical uses. Tables are commonly used in scientific literature to summarize findings clearly, making it easier for readers to interpret results from various studies.
5) Disease:
'Diseases' refers to a range of health conditions that the extracts of Cassia occidentalis have been studied for. Its reported effects on diseases such as diabetes, inflammation, and leprosy underline the plant’s therapeutic potential and the relevance of natural remedies in addressing health issues.
6) Medicine:
'Medicines' denote substances used for therapeutic purposes. Cassia occidentalis' various biological activities suggest its potential incorporation into medicinal formulations, highlighting the importance of traditional knowledge in developing new drugs and therapies within contemporary medicine.
7) Pharmacological:
The term 'Pharmacological' pertains to the study of the effects and actions of drugs in the body. Cassia occidentalis has drawn interest for its pharmacological activities, detailing how its phytochemicals interact with biological systems, ultimately leading to various health benefits and therapeutic applications.
8) Edema (Oedema):
'Oedema' is often used interchangeably with edema, referring to swelling caused by fluid retention. The anti-inflammatory effects attributed to Cassia occidentalis underline its relevance in potentially managing weepy tissues like those seen in oedema, showcasing its therapeutic promise.
9) Fever:
'Fever' denotes an elevated body temperature, often a symptom of infection or illness. Cassia occidentalis has been traditional medicine to alleviate coughs and fevers, showcasing its potential use in treating febrile conditions and enhancing our understanding of natural fever remedies.
10) Pain:
'Pain' signifies an unpleasant sensory experience often linked with tissue damage or disease. The antinociceptive properties of Cassia occidentalis illustrate its potential as a natural pain reliever, highlighting its relevance in herbal medicine for managing various painful conditions.
11) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Antibacterial' refers to substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. The antibacterial activity of Cassia occidentalis is critical for its medicinal applications, demonstrating its usefulness in treating bacterial infections and emphasizing the growing interest in plant-based antibacterial agents.
12) India:
'India' is significant as a geographic and cultural context where Cassia occidentalis is traditionally used as a herbal remedy for various ailments. The plant's ethnomedicine practices in India highlight its importance in local healthcare practices and the potential for research within Indian healing traditions.
13) Blood:
'Blood' is relevant in discussions about Cassia occidentalis as its extracts have been studied for their blood-purifying properties. Understanding the plant’s effect on blood-related conditions expands knowledge of natural remedies for improving blood health and treating various disorders.
14) Worm:
'Worm' also denotes parasitic organisms, typically considered in the context of gastrointestinal infections. The potential efficacy of Cassia occidentalis against such parasites emphasizes its role in developing natural anti-parasitic treatments, underlining traditional medicinal practices in managing worm infections.
15) Inflammation:
'Inflammation' is the body's protective response to injury or infection. Cassia occidentalis possesses anti-inflammatory properties, making it relevant for therapeutic applications in conditions where inflammation plays a critical role, thus contributing to botanical medicine and its approaches to managing inflammatory diseases.
16) Leprosy:
'Leprosy' is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The mention of Cassia occidentalis in relation to leprosy highlights its historical and traditional uses in treating this condition, reflecting the need to explore its antimicrobial and healing properties further.
17) Mast:
'Mast' in this context refers to mast cells, which play significant roles in allergic reactions and immune responses. Research on the impacts of Cassia occidentalis on mast cells indicates potential therapeutic pathways for managing allergic conditions or inflammatory responses, enhancing its relevance in pharmacological research.
18) Line:
'Line' may refer to a line of scientific inquiry or lineage of research studies conducted on Cassia occidentalis. The continuous study ensures that knowledge evolves regarding its properties, impacts, and applications in traditional and modern medicine, underlining scientific development.
19) Drug:
'Drugs' refer to substances used for therapeutic purposes. The exploration of Cassia occidentalis for new forms of natural drugs emphasizes the broader context of herbal medicine in addressing modern health challenges and validating traditional practices through scientific research.
20) Observation:
'Observation' is essential for the collection of data during research studies involving Cassia occidentalis. Systematic observations lead to conclusions regarding its biological activities, medicinal effects, and safety profiles, thus guiding future research and applications in drug development.
21) Flavonoid:
'Flavonoid' denotes a class of phytochemicals with various beneficial health properties. The flavonoids present in Cassia occidentalis contribute to its medicinal properties, prompting investigations into their effects and potential health benefits, enhancing knowledge in nutritional and pharmacological research.
22) Toxicity:
'Toxicity' refers to the degree to which a substance can harm organisms. The toxicity studies regarding Cassia occidentalis are crucial for ensuring safety in human use, identifying potential harmful effects while validating its reputation as a therapeutic agent in traditional medicine.
23) Aureus:
'Aureus' refers to Staphylococcus aureus, a common bacterial pathogen. The antibacterial properties of Cassia occidentalis against Staphylococcus aureus indicates its potential use in treating infections caused by this bacterium, marking its importance in addressing antibiotic resistance in microbiological research.
24) Cancer:
'Cancer' signifies a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Investigating the effects of Cassia occidentalis on cancer cells prompts research into its anticancer properties, indicating its potential role in developing herbal oncology treatments and supporting traditional medicine premises.
25) Animal:
'Animals' are often subjects of pharmacological studies to test the effects of Cassia occidentalis. Researching the plant's efficacy on animals is vital for understanding potential safety and effectiveness before human application in herbal medicine.
26) Water:
'Water' is essential in the study of herbal medicines. The extraction processes often utilize water as a solvent, influencing the extraction of phytochemicals from Cassia occidentalis, hence affecting their medicinal properties and therapeutic efficacy.
27) Birth:
'Birth' refers to the process of delivering offspring, and in the context of Cassia occidentalis, its use as a traditional remedy during childbirth illustrates its cultural significance. It emphasizes the plant's role in maternal health and addresses the needs of women in various communities.
28) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
'Maharashtra' is a state in India, which underscores its geographical relevance in the traditional use of Cassia occidentalis. The plant’s documentation in this region reflects its significance in local folk medicine and its integration into culturally grounded healthcare practices.
29) Swelling:
'Swelling' is a symptom related to the accumulation of fluid in tissues. Cassia occidentalis’ anti-inflammatory properties make it relevant for addressing swelling, thus positioning the plant as a valuable resource in treating conditions with localized inflammatory responses.
30) Species:
'Species' denotes a group of living organisms that can interbreed. Cassia occidentalis is one such species, and understanding its taxonomy and biological characteristics is key in identifying its uses and exploring its potential in pharmacognosy and ethnobotany.
31) Science (Scientific):
'Scientific' pertains to the systematic study and empirical investigation of phenomena. The scientific exploration of Cassia occidentalis reinforces the process of validating its uses, promoting evidence-based practices in herbal medicine and contributing to advances in pharmacognosy.
32) Vaidya:
'Vaidya' refers to an Ayurvedic practitioner in India, illustrating the cultural and medical context in which Cassia occidentalis is utilized. The term emphasizes the integration of herbal remedies in traditional medical practices and their application in holistic healing.
33) Family:
'Family' is a taxonomic rank in biological classification. Cassia occidentalis belongs to the Leguminosae family, which indicates its relatedness to other plants and helps in understanding its medicinal properties by comparing it to other members in its family.
34) Ulcer:
Referring specifically to a singular sore or lesion, 'ulcer' highlights the significance of Cassia occidentalis in addressing localized injuries or diseases in tissues. Its role in folk medicine for treating ulcers underscores the need for further research into its efficacy and safety.
35) Shala (Sala):
'Sala' references Arya Vaidya Sala, an institution known for promoting Ayurveda and its principles. This term reinforces the traditional context wherein Cassia occidentalis is utilized, emphasizing the heritage of herbal medicine in Indian therapeutic systems.
36) Arya:
'Arya' refers to the foundational aspects of Ayurvedic medicine and indicates the cultural significance of Cassia occidentalis in Indian tradition. This association enhances the understanding of the plant's usage and the values surrounding its healing properties.
37) Bile:
'Bile' is a digestive fluid produced by the liver, significant in metabolism. The effects of Cassia occidentalis on bile-related functions suggest its relevance in managing liver health and digestive disorders, lines of inquiry for potential therapeutic applications.
38) Male:
'Male' refers to the gender of organisms. In studies involving Cassia occidentalis, male subjects (such as in animal studies) are relevant for examining the plant’s biological effects, particularly in understanding gender differences in responses to herbal treatments.
39) Tuberculosis:
'Tuberculosis' is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. The mention of Cassia occidentalis regarding tuberculosis highlights its potential role in addressing respiratory issues and infectious diseases, reinforcing the need for research into its antimicrobial properties.
40) Vasishtha (Vasistha, Vashishtha):
'Vashishtha' is mentioned in the context of traditional research or references. This highlights the connection between Cassia occidentalis and historical figures or studies relevant to the exploration of natural remedies and their applications in modern healthcare.
41) Developing:
'Developing' relates to countries or regions that are evolving in terms of healthcare resources. Implementing medicinal plants like Cassia occidentalis in these regions emphasizes the need for research into sustainable healthcare practices and the importance of traditional medicines.
42) Madhulika:
'Madhulika' could refer to an author or researcher involved in studies on Cassia occidentalis. This highlights the importance of scholarly contributions in advancing knowledge about the plant’s properties and facilitates the exploration of traditional medicinal practices.
43) Himalaya (Hima-alaya):
Similar to the previous entry, 'Himalaya' denotes the mountain region relevant to the distribution of Cassia occidentalis. The ecological conditions in this region may influence the plant’s medicinal properties, emphasizing research aimed at understanding local biodiversity.
44) Kasaundi (Kasaumdi):
'Kasaumdi' is one of the vernacular names for Cassia occidentalis, reflecting its cultural significance and recognition in local medical practices. This diversity in naming emphasizes the importance of understanding regional uses and traditional practices surrounding the plant.
45) Language:
The term 'Language' indicates the variety of dialects through which Cassia occidentalis is known and discussed. The diversity in language underscores the historical and cultural contexts in which the plant is recognized and utilized across different populations.
46) Fainting (Fainted):
'Fainting' refers to a temporary loss of consciousness, often related to circulatory issues. Exploring the traditional uses of Cassia occidentalis for conditions like fainting sheds light on its potential applications in managing symptoms associated with poor blood flow.
47) Scorpion:
'Scorpion' refers to a venomous arachnid whose sting can cause medical conditions. The mention of Cassia occidentalis in relation to scorpion bites highlights its usage in traditional medicine for treating envenomation, emphasizing the need to validate such folk remedies.
48) Sanskrit:
'Sanskrit' represents the ancient language of India, in which traditional knowledge, including the uses of Cassia occidentalis, has been documented. The presence of Sanskrit terms reinforces the historical context of medicinal plants in Ayurveda and similar health practices.
49) Incision:
'Incision' refers to a surgical cut made in medical procedures. Understanding the effect of Cassia occidentalis on healing after incisions emphasizes its potential use in wound care and postoperative recovery, urging further research on its healing properties.
50) Kashinda (Kasinda):
'Kasinda' is another vernacular name for Cassia occidentalis, highlighting its cultural significance in different regions and languages. The identification of various local names reflects the plant's widespread use and importance in traditional healing practices.
51) Mineral:
'Mineral' refers to inorganic substances essential for various bodily functions. Investigations into the mineral composition of Cassia occidentalis can inform health applications concerning nutrition and therapeutic benefits linked to specific mineral content.
52) Panama:
'Panama' signifies one of the regions where Cassia occidentalis has ethnopharmacological significance. The mention of its use in Panama enriches the understanding of the plant's geographical spread and a diverse range of applications in folk medicine.
53) Mandal:
'Mandal' refers to the administrative or organizational context in which studies involving Cassia occidentalis may take place. Highlighting organizations that support research amplifies the collaborative spirit in advancing traditional medicine and herbal research.
54) Nausea:
'Nausea' is a condition characterized by an urge to vomit, which frequently accompanies various illnesses. The application of Cassia occidentalis in treating digestive ailments including nausea reinforces its importance as a natural remedy in traditional healthcare systems.
55) Nature:
'Nature' pertains to the natural world and its organic compositions. The study of Cassia occidentalis in relation to natural compounds emphasizes the importance of plant-based therapies and reinforces the quest for eco-friendly alternatives in medicine.
56) Botany:
'Botany' is the scientific study of plants. The exploration of Cassia occidentalis encompasses branches of botany, integrating taxonomy and phytochemistry, which are crucial for understanding the plant's diversity and its medicinal utility.
57) Laxmi:
'Laxmi' could denote a researcher or traditional practitioner related to studies on Cassia occidentalis. Acknowledging individual contributions sheds light on the collective effort involved in documenting and promoting the medicinal properties of plants.
58) Kumar:
'Kumar' is often a surname in India and likely refers to an author associated with studies on Cassia occidentalis. Its mention emphasizes the collaborative efforts in research pertinent to ethnopharmacology and traditional medicine applications.
59) Garba:
'Garba' may refer to an author or researcher studying Cassia occidentalis. This highlights the ongoing contributions of scientists to explore and validate traditional medicinal uses for plants through rigorous scientific investigation.
60) Patel:
'Patel' denotes a common surname within Indian communities and could refer to researchers involved in the study of Cassia occidentalis. It signifies the contributions of various ethnic groups to the scientific discourse and traditional knowledge surrounding medicinal plants.
61) Hindi (Himdi):
'Hindi' is a predominant language in India, and its mention clarifies the cultural context of the research on Cassia occidentalis. Recognizing the linguistic dimensions enhances the appreciation of how plants are integrated into local medicinal traditions.
62) Ivory:
'Ivory' refers to the coastal region of Africa, where Cassia occidentalis is found and utilized as a traditional remedy. Its mention illustrates the geographical relevance and distinct ethnopharmacological practices associated with the plant in various regions.
63) Shri (Sri, Sr):
'Shree' commonly denotes respect and honor, often associated with names of institutions. This highlights the significance of traditional knowledge systems, like those that study Cassia occidentalis, in fostering respect for herbal medicinal practices.
64) Genu:
'Genu' might relate to the genus classification in botanicals. It emphasizes the distinct characteristics of Cassia and its role within the Leguminaceae family, enhancing understanding of its properties and applications through scientific classification.
65) Hair:
'Hair' could refer to the fine structures on plants that may influence their pharmacological properties. Investigating the characteristics of hair on Cassia occidentalis may inform studies on how these features affect medicinal utility.
66) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
'Burn' indicates an injury caused by heat or chemicals. The mention of Cassia occidentalis in treating burns signals its potential as a natural remedy, inviting further exploration into its applications in wound healing and skin care.
67) Ravi (Ravin):
'Ravi' may refer to a researcher or contributor to studies on Cassia occidentalis. Acknowledging individual efforts highlights the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry surrounding the pharmacological properties of this plant.
68) Moha:
'Moha' adds to the cultural richness within discussions of Cassia occidentalis. As part of the local vernacular, this term signifies the importance of regional knowledge and practices within the global discourse of herbal medicine.
69) Ras (Rash):
'Rash' refers to an outbreak of skin lesions or irritation. The potential use of Cassia occidentalis in treating rashes reinforces its utility within herbal therapies, calling for further clinical validation of traditional practices.
70) Tree:
'Tree' encompasses plant species typically with a single stem, influencing the ecological systems around them. While Cassia occidentalis is a herbaceous plant, discussing tree-like characteristics helps contextualize its growth and ecological role within its habitat.
71) Post:
'Post' signifies the position after an event. In research, 'post' can refer to observations made after treatment with Cassia occidentalis, essential for understanding the outcomes and effects of its utilization in therapeutic regimens.
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