Tissue culture studies in vigna ungiculata l
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Tissue culture studies in vigna ungiculata l
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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A. Srujana and J. Naga Lakshmi
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Tissue culture studies in vigna ungiculata l
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20181-10524
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Cowpea, scientifically known as Vigna unguiculata, is a significant dicotyledonous member of the Fabaceae family, often referred to as "black-eyed pea" due to its distinctive seed morphology. Predominantly cultivated in semiarid regions, cowpea serves not only as a nutritional food source rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals but also as animal fodder and a soil enhancer. It holds particular importance in areas facing food scarcity, as it is fast-maturing, allowing farmers to harvest it prior to cereal crops. This study focuses on the tissue culture methods applied to cowpea to enhance its propagation and potential for crop improvement through organogenesis.
Organogenesis and Phytohormones in Cowpea
A pivotal aspect of this research is the demonstration of organogenesis in cowpea expressed through the use of phytohormones. Specifically, the study identified that young nodal and shoot tip explants, when cultivated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), resulted in successful shoot regeneration. Concentrations of BAP between 0.5 to 3.0 mg/l effectively promoted the development of multiple shoots without callus formation, with the optimum concentration established at 1.5 mg/l. This finding reinforces the significance of BAP as a cytokinin in facilitating the shoot induction process.
Rooting in Cowpea through NAA Treatment
Another critical finding from this study relates to the rooting process of cowpea via direct organogenesis using leaf explants treated with alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The experiments revealed that NAA concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 mg/l were effective in promoting root development, with the best results observed at a concentration of 3.0 mg/l, yielding an average of 3.9 roots per explant. This direct organogenic response is vital for developing robust root systems that contribute to successful plant establishment in the field.
Importance of Tissue Culture in Crop Improvement
The tissue culture methodology highlighted in this study emphasizes the great potential for crop improvement through micropropagation techniques. The ability to induce organogenesis and rooting in cowpea not only accelerates the growth of the plant but also increases genetic variability and helps maintain desirable traits without resorting to traditional breeding methods such as hybridization or mutation. By utilizing cultured plant tissues, researchers can produce disease-free and high-quality plantlets that could significantly enhance food security and agricultural productivity.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this study underscores the vital role of tissue culture techniques in the propagation and improvement of cowpea, exploiting phytohormones such as BAP and NAA to induce organogenesis and root formation. These findings contribute to our understanding of plant tissue culture as a powerful tool in agricultural research, offering innovative strategies for cultivating this important legume crop more efficiently. As cowpea continues to be a staple food source in many regions, these advancements in propagation methods may play a crucial role in addressing food shortages and improving nutritional access in semiarid tropics.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is cowpea and why is it important for nutrition?
Cowpea, or Vigna unguiculata, is a legume rich in protein (about 25%) and essential nutrients like folate and iron. It is often termed 'poorman's meat' due to its high protein quality and is a vital food source in many regions.
Where does cowpea primarily originate and produce globally?
Cowpea originated in West Africa, with Nigeria accounting for 70% of the global production. It is vital in the diets of many cultures due to its adaptability and nutritional benefits.
What tissue culture techniques are used for cowpea propagation?
The study utilized nodal and shoot tip explants on MS medium with BAP for shoot induction and leaf explants with NAA for root formation, demonstrating effective clonal propagation techniques.
What hormones were used in cowpea tissue culture according to the study?
In the study, BAP was used to promote shoot formation while NAA was utilized for root induction, illustrating the role of phytohormones in plant tissue culture.
What are the growth conditions required for cowpea tissue culture?
The optimal temperature for in vitro growth in cowpea tissue culture is usually maintained at 25 ± 2ºC, ensuring effective growth and development of the explants.
What were the findings related to shoot and root formation?
The study found that nodal explants produced multiple shoots with BAP, while leaf explants developed roots through organogenesis with NAA, indicating successful regeneration techniques in cowpea.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Tissue culture studies in vigna ungiculata l”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Medium:
In plant tissue culture, 'medium' refers to the nutrient solution that provides the essential components required for plant growth and development. It usually contains water, minerals, vitamins, and plant hormones. In the study, MS medium was specified as effective for inducing shoot and root development in cowpea explants.
2) Crop:
'Crops' encompasses a variety of agricultural plants cultivated for food, fodder, or other uses. Cowpea is highlighted among important legume crops, and the study emphasizes its role in promoting food security and supporting livelihoods. Understanding crop varieties informs better agricultural strategies and sustainable practices.
3) Family:
'Family' in botanical classification refers to a group of related plants that share common characteristics. Cowpea belongs to the Fabaceae family, known for legumes, which play a vital role in agriculture due to their nitrogen-fixing ability. Understanding plant family helps in the study of plant traits and agricultural practices.
4) India:
'India' is highlighted as a significant producer of cowpea beans, contributing substantially to global production. The mention of India showcases its role in agricultural diversity, emphasizing local consumption, cultivation practices, and the importance of crops like cowpea in combating food shortages and enhancing nutrition in the population.
5) Food:
'Food' signifies the sustenance derived from plants and animals, which is critical for human survival. The study emphasizes cowpea as a nutritious food source rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Its classification as a 'poor man's meat' underscores its accessibility and vital role in food security, especially in developing nations.
6) Shooting:
'Shooting' refers to the process of generating new shoots from plant explants in tissue culture. The study demonstrated effective shoot proliferation from nodal and shoot tip explants using hormones like BAP. This process is crucial for vegetative propagation and plant multiplication, essential in crop improvement and conservation.
7) Table:
'Table' in this context refers to a structured format displaying results from the experiments conducted in the study. Tables provide a clear representation of data, such as the number of shoots or roots obtained at varying hormone concentrations, making it easier to analyze and understand the experiment's findings.
8) Mutation:
'Mutation' refers to any change in the DNA sequence of an organism, which can lead to variations in traits. Although the study focuses on plant tissue culture as a method of improvement, it contrasts mutation with tissue culture techniques, highlighting the ability to induce variations without the potential risks associated with genetic mutations.
9) Account:
'Account' can refer to a narrative or description providing detailed information. The term interlinks with the statistical data provided in the study, emphasizing the documented evidence of cowpea's benefits and its cultivation significance, thereby contributing to understanding agricultural practices and promoting crop research.
10) Quality:
'Quality' in the context of nutrition refers to the composition and benefits provided by food sources. Cowpea's designation as 'vegetable meat' emphasizes its high protein quality and essential amino acids, making it an important legume for nutritional diets, particularly in regions with limited meat availability.
11) Harvesting (Harvest):
'Harvest' refers to the process of collecting mature crops from the fields. The study mentions cowpea as the 'hungry-season crop' harvested before cereal crops, illustrating its importance in sustaining food availability during lean times. This adaptability highlights farmers' strategic choices based on economic and climatic factors.
12) Botany:
'Botany' is the scientific study of plants, including their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, distribution, and classification. This study utilized principles of botany to explore tissue culture techniques for cowpea propagation, advancing knowledge in crop development, genetics, and sustainable agricultural practices.
13) Study (Studying):
'Study' denotes the research effort put forth to investigate specific processes, in this case, the tissue culture of cowpea. Evaluating methodologies and results contributes to broader agricultural and scientific knowledge, aiming to enhance crop yields and nutritional quality through advanced propagation techniques and plant breeding methods.
14) Meat:
'Meat' generally refers to animal flesh consumed as food. In the study, cowpea is metaphorically called 'vegetable meat' due to its high protein content, serving as a plant-based alternative to animal protein. This comparison emphasizes the importance of legumes in addressing nutritional deficiencies in populations.
15) Rich (Rch):
'Rich' describes an abundance or high concentration of specific nutrients or qualities. Cowpea is characterized as rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals, enhancing its role in nutrition. Such descriptors are crucial for promoting legumes as viable alternatives in diets, particularly for populations facing food scarcity.
16) Food supply:
'Food supply' refers to the availability of food resources for consumption. The study highlights cowpea's significance in enhancing food supply, especially in food-insecure regions. Its resilient growth conditions add to its importance in agricultural systems aimed at combating hunger and providing essential nutrients.
17) Discussion:
'Discussion' in this context encompasses the analytical section of the study where findings are interpreted and compared with previous research, explaining implications and importance. This section elucidates the relevance of results, the effectiveness of methodologies, and their contributions to the scientific understanding of cowpea cultivation.
18) Lakshmi (Laksmi):
'Lakshmi' likely refers to J. Naga Lakshmi, a co-author of the research. The inclusion of author names in the study acknowledges contributors to academic research. In the context of scientific writing, proper attribution is crucial for academic integrity and recognizing collaborative efforts in advancing knowledge.
19) Disease:
'Disease' pertains to health disorders affecting plants, potentially impairing growth and yield. The study emphasizes the importance of using disease-free explants for successful tissue culture propagation of cowpea. This focus underlines the significance of plant health in agricultural production and food quality.
20) Surface:
'Surface' in plant tissue culture refers to the outermost layer of explants that needs to be adequately sterilized to prevent contamination. The effective use of surface sterilization techniques, as highlighted in the study, is essential for successful tissue culture procedures, ensuring clean and viable plant material for experiments.
21) Animal:
'Animal' refers to organisms within the kingdom Animalia. In agriculture, animal husbandry often correlates with crop production, as certain crops like cowpea provide fodder for livestock. This interrelationship underlines the significance of diversifying agricultural practices to enhance living standards and food production.
22) Farmer:
'Farmer' denotes an individual engaged in agriculture, cultivating crops or raising animals. The study highlights how cowpea serves as a flexible crop choice for farmers, emphasizing the importance of crop diversity and making informed planting decisions based on economic and environmental factors.
23) Manure:
'Manure' refers to organic matter made from animal feces or compost, used as fertilizer to enrich soil fertility. Cowpea's role as a green manure crop enhances soil quality by fixing nitrogen, demonstrating the interconnectedness of crop cultivation and sustainable agricultural practices to improve soil health.
24) Water:
'Water' is a vital resource required for plant growth and agricultural practices. The study implies the necessity for adequate water management in tissue culture and crop propagation techniques. Effective water usage enhances plant health, growth rates, and overall agricultural productivity.
25) Worm:
'Worm' refers generally to parasitic organisms detrimental to human health, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. The study references cowpea as beneficial in combating these worms, thus highlighting the legume's health-promoting properties and further establishing its value as a dietary choice for consumers.
26) Naga (Nag):
'Naga' refers to J. Naga Lakshmi, who co-authored the study. In academic writing, naming contributors allows for proper credit and recognition of their efforts, which is significant for academic integrity and building professional reputations in the field of research.
27) Soil:
'Soil' is the upper layer of the earth where plants grow, essential for supporting vegetation. The mention of soil in the context emphasizes the importance of using effective agricultural practices to enhance soil health, which directly impacts plant growth, crop yields, and ecosystem sustainability.
28) Pur:
'Poor' describes limitations in resources, often referring to soil quality or socio-economic conditions. Cowpea's adaptability to grow in poor soils underscores its resilience and importance as a food source for economically disadvantaged communities, contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability.
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