Eval of antiepileptic activity of Populus deltoides leaf extract in mice.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Evaluation of antiepileptic activity of ethanolic extract of populus deltoides leaf in mice
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Kalbant Kumar, Pankaj Kumar Shankhdhar and Ratandeep Chauhan
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Evaluation of antiepileptic activity of ethanolic extract of populus deltoides leaf in mice
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20183-10879
Download the PDF file of the original publication
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures resulting from abnormal brain activity. The condition affects a wide range of individuals, and its exact causes remain uncertain. Existing treatments for epilepsy often have serious side effects or do not work for all patients, with approximately 30% of individuals resistant to current medications. Therefore, there is an ongoing search for alternative treatments, leading to the exploration of traditional medicine and natural extracts.
Antiepileptic Activity of Populus deltoides
This study focused on evaluating the antiepileptic activity of the ethanolic extract of Populus deltoides leaves in albino mice using various seizure models, such as maximal electroshock (MES), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), and strychnine-induced convulsions. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract demonstrated significant anticonvulsant effects across all models. Furthermore, it was noted that the extract increased levels of nor-adrenaline and dopamine in the brain, suggesting a potential mechanism for its protective effects against seizures, particularly in MES-induced convulsions.
Mechanisms of Seizure Models
The study employed different models of induced seizures to assess the extract’s effectiveness. The MES model is well-regarded for its predictive capability for generalized tonic-clonic seizures, where antiepileptic medications are shown to be effective in preventing seizure spread. In contrast, the PTZ model mimics absence seizures by inhibiting GABA-A receptors, leading to enhanced neuronal excitability. Meanwhile, strychnine-induced seizures were addressed through its activation of NMDA receptors, thus highlighting various underlying mechanisms that can contribute to seizure activity. The ethanolic extract of Populus deltoides proved effective in mitigating seizures across these models, indicating its potential for broad-spectrum antiepileptic activity.
Phytochemical Composition
The qualitative analysis of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of several phytoconstituents, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolics, which may contribute to its pharmacological effects. Particularly, flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin were identified as components that might be responsible for the observed antiepileptic activity. The interplay between these compounds and their modulation of neurotransmitter levels could be crucial in addressing the mechanisms underlying seizures, providing a basis for further research exploring their therapeutic potential.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the findings from this study indicate that the ethanolic extract of Populus deltoides leaves possesses significant antiepileptic activity in various seizure models in mice. This activity may be attributed to the modulation of neurotransmitters like dopamine and nor-adrenaline, as well as the presence of active phytoconstituents such as flavonoids. Given the limitations and side effects associated with conventional antiepileptic drugs, Populus deltoides emerges as a promising candidate for further investigation, potentially leading to the development of new, safer treatments for epilepsy. Further studies are warranted to understand the specific mechanisms and active principles involved, along with their safety profiles.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the main focus of the study on Populus deltoides?
The study evaluates the antiepileptic activity of ethanolic extract of Populus deltoides leaf in albino mice, assessing its effectiveness against various convulsive models.
How was the ethanolic extract of Populus deltoides prepared?
The leaves were dried, powdered, and extracted with 65% ethanol using Soxhlet extraction for 72 hours, followed by concentration under reduced pressure.
What models were used to test the anticonvulsant activity?
Anticonvulsant activity was assessed using models like maximal electroshock (MES), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), and strychnine induced convulsions in mice.
What significant effects did the ethanolic extract show in tests?
The extract showed significant anticonvulsant activity by reducing seizure duration and increasing protection against seizures in the tested animal models.
What neurotransmitters increased due to the administration of the extract?
The extract administration increased the levels of nor-adrenaline and dopamine in the brain, contributing to its antiepileptic effects.
What future work is suggested after this study?
Further studies are needed to clarify the specific mechanisms, identify active principles, and evaluate the safety profile of Populus deltoides as a potential treatment for epilepsy.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Eval of antiepileptic activity of Populus deltoides leaf extract in mice.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Drug:
Drugs, in this context, reference various pharmaceutical agents approved for seizure management. The study's importance lies in the observation that existing antiepileptic drugs can have significant side effects, which leads to a push for discovering alternative agents that might be effective with fewer adverse reactions.
2) Epilepsy:
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It poses significant health challenges, necessitating the exploration of alternative treatments, such as plant extracts like Populus deltoides, offering hope for effective management with minimized side effects compared to traditional medications.
3) Kumar:
Kumar is the surname of one of the authors, Kalbant Kumar, of the study being discussed. His participation, along with his colleagues, signifies the collaborative effort in pharmaceutical research to explore the efficacy of natural remedies for epilepsy and contribute to the broader scientific understanding of antiepileptic agents.
4) Activity:
Activity in this research context refers to the observed effects of the ethanolic extract on seizure inhibition in various models. It signifies the testing of the extract's therapeutic potential, exploring whether it exhibits a significant an- tleptic effect, reflecting the extract's capability to counteract epileptic seizures effectively.
5) Animal:
Animals are the living subjects used for experimental purposes in the research study. The choice of Swiss albino mice allows for the assessment of the biological effects of the ethanolic extract under controlled conditions, advancing the knowledge base for pharmacological developments in epilepsy treatments.
6) Table:
Table refers to the structured presentation of data within the study, summarizing key results regarding the efficacy of the ethanolic extract on seizure activity compared to control groups. Tables organize complex information, making it accessible for researchers to analyze and interpret findings quickly and effectively.
7) Study (Studying):
Study indicates the systematic research conducted to evaluate the antiepileptic properties of the ethanolic extract of Populus deltoides leaves. This study aims to contribute to scientific literature by providing evidence of the extract's protective effects against seizures, supporting the discovery of new treatments for epilepsy.
8) Hind:
Hind refers to the hind limbs of the mice, which are specifically observed during the maximal electroshock test. The extension of the hind legs is a critical endpoint to measure the effectiveness of the treatment in preventing seizures, indicating the severity and duration of the convulsions experienced.
9) Channel:
Channels, referring to ion channels, are crucial components of neuronal function, facilitating the flow of ions across cell membranes. In the context of epilepsy, understanding how natural extracts influence channel activity can provide insights into mechanisms of seizure control, paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies.
10) India:
India is the country where the research study was conducted and where the specific plant, Populus deltoides, was sourced. The diversity of medicinal plants in India presents a valuable resource for pharmacological research, exploring traditional medicine and its applications in modern healthcare practices.
11) Karnataka:
Karnataka is a state in India where the study took place, highlighting the geographical relevance of the botanical source. The region's biodiversity could be integral to discovering novel medicinal entities, reflecting the area's ecological offering in academic and traditional medicinal practices.
12) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are bioactive compounds identified in the ethanolic extract that may contribute to its antiepileptic activity. Their effects on neurotransmission and potential neuroprotective mechanisms stimulate interest in plant-derived interventions to alleviate epilepsy and other neurological disorders, emphasizing the relevance of these metabolites in treatment designs.
13) Mallige:
Mallige refers to Mallige College of Pharmacy, where part of the research took place. The institution is significant for providing resources and ethical oversight necessary for conducting animal research, crucial for ensuring humane practices while exploring potential antiepileptic treatments from natural sources.
14) Powder:
Powder refers to the processed form of Populus deltoides leaves used in the extraction process. The creation of a powder from dried plant materials is essential for effective extraction, enabling researchers to harness bioactive compounds, ultimately assessing their pharmacological effects in scientific investigations.
15) Firing:
Firing denotes the action of neurons when they become active and transmit signals. In the context of epilepsy, understanding abnormal neuronal firing patterns is vital for developing treatments, as controlling these patterns can influence seizure activity, demonstrating the physiological underpinnings involved in convulsive disorders.
16) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds derived from plants, significant in therapeutic applications. The study identifies various phytochemicals in the ethanolic extract of Populus deltoides, highlighting the importance of these naturally occurring substances in combatting diseases like epilepsy, advocating for further exploration of plant-based therapies.
17) Transmission:
Transmission refers to the process by which signals are relayed across neuronal pathways. In epilepsy, understanding neurotransmission—particularly the balance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling—is crucial for developing effective treatments, making it an essential focus in studies evaluating the effects of various extracts on seizure activity.
18) Discussion:
Discussion in the study represents the section where researchers interpret and elaborate on their findings, relating them to existing literature on epilepsy and treatment alternatives. This narrative helps contextualize the research within the broader field, allowing for insights into future research directions and clinical applications.
19) Container:
Container refers to the airtight storage used for the powdered plant material prior to extraction. Proper storage is essential to maintain the integrity of the phytochemicals, preventing degradation or contamination, which could skew experimental results and affect the reliability of the findings in the study.
20) Medicine:
Medicine refers broadly to the field focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. This study aligns with the field of medicine by exploring potential new therapies for epilepsy, contributing to the ongoing quest for effective treatments with fewer side effects for individuals suffering from seizure disorders.
21) Mineral:
Mineral refers to naturally occurring inorganic substances that can be critical for various bodily functions. In the context of the study, minerals present in the plant extract might contribute to its therapeutic properties, emphasizing the importance of examining the complete composition of the substances being tested for efficacy.
22) Chauhan:
Chauhan is the surname of one of the co-authors, Ratandeep Chauhan. His role in the research reflects collaborative efforts within the academic community aimed at understanding natural compounds' pharmacological benefits. His contributions help broaden the knowledge base on alternative therapies for epilepsy treatment.
23) Science (Scientific):
Science refers to the systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. This research embodies scientific inquiry by assessing the efficacy of Populus deltoides extract on seizures, contributing to the growing body of knowledge on natural treatment alternatives for epilepsy and other neurological disorders.
24) Kerala:
Kerala is another state in India known for its rich biodiversity and medicinal plants. The inclusion of Kerala in conjunction with Karnataka highlights the geographical significance of plant sourcing in pharmaceutical research, aiming to uncover the various therapeutic potentials inherent in India's flora for medical applications.
25) Family:
Family denotes the taxonomic classification of plants. Populus deltoides belongs to the Salicaceae family, which impacts the study's focus on particular botanical characteristics and potential shared pharmacological properties among closely related species, guiding further research on the broader implications of plant-derived therapeutics.
26) Reason:
Reason refers to the justification for conducting the study, primarily driven by the need for safer, effective alternatives to existing antiepileptic drugs. This rationale underscores the ongoing challenges in managing epilepsy and reinforces the significance of exploring natural extracts as potential therapeutic agents in modern medicine.
27) Shiva (Siva):
Shiva refers to Dr. Shiva Kumar Swamy, acknowledged in the study for providing research facilities. His role embodies the collaborative nature of scientific research, emphasizing mentorship and support in academic settings, which are vital for advancing studies aimed at discovering novel treatment modalities for epilepsy and enhancing healthcare.
28) Water:
Water is used in the study to provide hydration to the experimental mice. The importance of clean, filtered water in animal studies cannot be overstated, as it ensures the health and welfare of the subjects, therefore, leading to reliable results during testing without the influence of unaccounted variables.
29) Death:
Death refers to one of the measurements observed during the study, particularly concerning mortality rates following treatments. Monitoring death rates following convulsive events is crucial in evaluating the efficacy and safety of the evaluated extract, providing insights into its potential risks and therapeutic benefits.
30) Babu:
Babu refers to Dr. N. M. Ganesh Babu, the botanist involved in identifying and authenticating the plant material. His role is significant in ensuring the scientific integrity of the research, confirming the species used in the study, which is fundamental for establishing the basis of the pharmacological evaluations.
31) Food:
Food represents the nutritional support provided to the experimental animals during the study. Ensuring consistent access to quality food is essential for maintaining the health of the subjects, minimizing variables that could affect the outcome of the experiments being conducted on antiepileptic activity.
32) Diet:
Diet refers to the specific nutritional intake provided to the mice throughout the research. The use of a standard diet ensures that the animals have a consistent nutritional baseline, which is important for isolating the effects of the test substances on seizure activity without interference from varying dietary factors.
33) Cage:
Cage refers to the habitat in which the experimental mice are housed during the study. Proper caging is crucial for ensuring animal welfare, with considerations for space, ventilation, and comfort. This contributes to the reliability of research data by preventing stress-related variables that could influence outcomes.
34) Post:
Post refers to the follow-up analysis or interpretative section of the research, commonly associated with statistical comparisons. The post hoc analyses allow researchers to determine the specific effects of treatments, elucidating how each variable influenced the overall outcomes in epilepsy models, which is essential for accurate conclusions.