Liquid-liquid extraction of Zn(II) from aqueous solutions.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Liquid- liquid extraction method for extraction zn(ii) from aqueous solutions by organic reagent
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:
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Sahar A. Hussein, R. K. Al-Kubaisy, Taghreed H. Al-Noor, Hawraa K. Musa, Hadier K. Mubarak and Hayder Yaseen Noor
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Liquid- liquid extraction method for extraction zn(ii) from aqueous solutions by organic reagent
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20184-10528
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
1) Introduction
The research article presents a study on the extraction of zinc ions (Zn²⁺) from aqueous solutions using a novel azo derivative called 2-[(4-Benzyloxy phenyl) azo]-5-nitro-4-phenyl imidazole (BANI) as a complexing agent. The study focuses on optimizing various parameters such as pH, metal ion concentration, shaking time, and the choice of organic solvents to enhance the extraction efficiency of Zn²⁺ ions. The authors demonstrate that at optimal conditions—specifically, a pH of 9, a shaking time of 10 minutes, and a concentration of 100μg (1.5x10⁻⁴ M) of Zn²⁺ ions—the extraction method yields significant results with an established stoichiometry of 1:1 for the metal-ligand complex.
2) Optimum Conditions for Extraction
The study highlights the importance of establishing optimal conditions for the successful extraction of Zn²⁺ ions. The authors determined that an acidic environment negatively affects the extraction process due to the protonation of the ligand, while overly basic conditions can lead to the dissociation of the complex. Results show that the optimal pH for Zn²⁺ extraction was 9, allowing the ligand to effectively bind to the metal ion. Additionally, the research established that the concentration of the metal ion plays a critical role in the formation and stability of the extracted complex, with 50μg being the ideal concentration for achieving maximum extraction efficiency.
3) Effect of Shaking Time on Extraction Efficiency
Kinetic studies within the research revealed that shaking time significantly impacts the extraction process. The authors found that shaking for 10 minutes at the optimal pH allowed the system to reach equilibrium, resulting in the highest distribution ratio (D) and absorbance values. Timings shorter than 10 minutes did not provide sufficient duration for the extraction to equilibrate, leading to lower efficiencies, whereas extended shaking times would result in the dissociation of the metal-ligand complex, thereby reducing D values and effectiveness.
4) Stoichiometry of the Metal-Ligand Complex
The article also explores the stoichiometry of the formed metal-ligand complex through various methods, including slope analysis and the continuous variation method. The results from these analyses consistently indicated a 1:1 metal-to-ligand ratio in the extracted complex. These findings allow researchers to propose structural models of the complexes formed during the extraction process, providing insight into the nature of the interactions between Zn²⁺ ions and the azo ligand.
5) Conclusion
The research successfully establishes a method for the liquid-liquid extraction of Zn²⁺ ions utilizing the novel azo derivative BANI, outlining optimal extraction conditions and demonstrating a clear relationship between various parameters and extraction efficiency. The work not only contributes to the development of efficient ligand-based extraction methods for metal ions but also emphasizes the significance of understanding reaction kinetics and stoichiometry in the extraction processes. These findings have implications for both analytical chemistry and the broader field of environmental remediation of heavy metals.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the extraction method used for Zn(II) ions?
The extraction method involves using a laboratory-prepared azo derivative, specifically 2-[(4-Benzyloxy phenyl)azo]-5-nitro-4-phenyl imidazole (BANI), as a complexation agent.
What are the optimum conditions for extracting Zn(II)?
Optimum conditions for extracting Zn(II) are at pH 9, a shaking time of 10 minutes, and a concentration of 100 μg (1.5x10-4 M) for the Zn(II) ion.
What effect does pH have on Zn(II) extraction?
The pH significantly influences extraction efficiency. Acidic and overly basic conditions hinder extraction due to ligand protonation and complex dissociation, respectively.
How does shaking time affect extraction efficiency?
The optimum shaking time for extraction of Zn(II) is 10 minutes, allowing equilibrium to be reached. Longer shaking times can lead to complex dissociation.
What is the stoichiometry of the extracted complex?
The stoichiometric analysis indicates that the most probable extracted ion pair complex for Zn(II) is of a 1:1 ratio of metal to ligand.
Which spectroscopic methods were used in the study?
Spectrophotometric measurements, including UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, were employed to analyze the complexes formed during extraction.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Liquid-liquid extraction of Zn(II) from aqueous solutions.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Study (Studying):
'Studying' indicates the act of examining various aspects of Zn(II) extraction practices. This ongoing process is critical in research, facilitating a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved, the variables that influence extraction efficacy, and advancements in chemical methodologies.
2) Activity:
In this context, 'Activity' relates specifically to the efficacy of the extraction methods for Zn(II) ions. It assesses how effectively the organic reagent performs under different conditions such as pH and shaking time. The activity is key for optimizing extraction methods and improving yield in chemical processes.
3) Species:
The term 'Species' indicates the specific forms of ions or complexes being studied, particularly the ion pair complex involving Zn(II) and the azo ligand. Understanding the species present is crucial for determining the selectivity, reactivity, and stability of the complexes in solvent extraction processes.
4) Shahar (Sahar):
Sahar is likely the first name of the lead author, Sahar A. Hussein. Authors significantly contribute personal expertise to the research and often bear responsibility for the study's integrity and findings. The recognition of authors is also essential for attribution in academic and scholarly discussions.
5) Measurement:
Similar to 'Measurements', 'Measurement' emphasizes the practice of quantifying specific analytical aspects of the experiments. This single term can refer to instances of measuring absorbance or concentration, highlighting the importance of accuracy and precision in scientific experimentation and data collection.
6) Discussion:
The 'Discussion' section presents an analysis of the experimental results, interpreting the findings, and placing them in the context of existing literature. This critical part of any scientific paper allows researchers to explore implications, potential applications, and future directions of the study, enhancing overall understanding.
7) Education:
Education relates to the fundamental principle of disseminating knowledge through research findings and scientific discussion. In the context of this paper, it signifies how the research contributes to the broader body of knowledge in pharmaceutical and analytical chemistry, influencing future educational endeavors.
8) Science (Scientific):
Science encompasses the systematic study of the physical and natural world through observation and experimentation. This research contributes to the field by exploring the extraction of metal ions, exemplifying the scientific method and the quest for knowledge in chemistry and environmental studies.
9) Table:
In research papers, a 'Table' often summarizes data, allowing for quick visual reference of results, parameters, or comparative studies. Tables enhance the clarity of information presented, making it easier for readers to grasp findings and trends within the data.
10) Musha (Musa, Musá):
Musa likely refers to one of the co-authors, Hawraa K. Musa. The inclusion of multiple authors indicates collaborative effort, emphasizing the contribution of diverse expertise to the research process, as well as reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of scientific inquiry.
11) Line:
The term 'Line' may refer to plotted data points in graphs that represent relationships in the experimental results. Each line visually depicts trends and correlations, aiding in the understanding of how different factors influence extraction efficiency and complex formation in the study.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Liquid-liquid extraction of Zn(II) from aqueous solutions.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Synergistic effect, Endothermic reaction, Aqueous solution, Spectrophotometric determination, Liquid-liquid extraction method.