Phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial analysis of Caesalpinia pulcherrima.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Priliminary phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial analysis of caesalpinia pulcherrima
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Sasi Premila J. M. and Sreeja N.
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Priliminary phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial analysis of caesalpinia pulcherrima
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20185-11355
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study investigates the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, a flowering plant traditionally used in Indian medicine. This plant is known for producing antimicrobial agents that may serve as potential sources for new antibacterial treatments. The research specifically aims to analyze various extracts from the leaves and explore their chemical compositions, antioxidant capacities, and their effectiveness against various microbes.
Phytochemical Composition
The phytochemical analysis of the leaf extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima revealed significant findings regarding the bioactive compounds present in different solvent extracts. The ethanol extract predominantly contained tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, and terpenoids, while the methanol extract revealed alkaloids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, flavonoids, and amino acids. In contrast, the petroleum ether extract showed a chemical profile that included alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, and phenolic compounds. This variability underscores the complex composition of C. pulcherrima leaf extracts and highlights the potential medicinal benefits derived from these phytochemicals.
Antioxidant Activity
The antioxidant potential of the ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The extract displayed a notable percentage of scavenging activity, indicating its capacity to combat oxidative stress. The results indicated that the extract showed the highest scavenging potential, particularly at lower concentrations, thus suggesting that the phenolic compounds present in the extract contribute significantly to its antioxidant activity. This finding aligns with the understanding that phenolic compounds are effective antioxidants and could have important therapeutic implications.
Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial efficacy of the various extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima was assessed against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The ethanol extract exhibited superior antimicrobial activity compared to the other solvents. Notably, it demonstrated the highest effectiveness against Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli, indicating that the gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible. This suggests that the ethanol extract has significant potential as a natural antimicrobial agent, which could be a valuable addition to the search for new infection-fighting strategies in a landscape increasingly marked by antibiotic resistance.
Conclusion
The findings from this study highlight the considerable potential of Caesalpinia pulcherrima as a source of bioactive compounds with notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. With the rising demand for herbal medicines, further investigation into the isolation and characterization of these bioactive compounds is warranted. Such research could lead to the development of effective therapies derived from traditional medical practices, thus enhancing our arsenal against microbial infections and oxidative damage. The study concludes that C. pulcherrima holds promise for future applications in natural medicine.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the main focus of the study on Caesalpinia pulcherrima?
The study investigates the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaves, aiming to evaluate their potential as sources of new bioactive natural products.
Which phytochemicals were found in the ethanol extract of C. pulcherrima?
The ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, indicating its rich phytochemical composition with possible health benefits.
How was the antioxidant activity measured in the study?
Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, measuring the percentage inhibition of DPPH absorbance by different concentrations of ethanol extract.
What method was used to evaluate antibacterial activity?
The antibacterial activity was assessed using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method on various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, measuring the zones of inhibition.
Which bacteria were most susceptible to Caesalpinia pulcherrima extracts?
Gram-negative bacteria, specifically Klebsiella pneumonia and E. coli, showed greater susceptibility to the ethanol extracts of C. pulcherrima compared to gram-positive bacteria.
What conclusions were drawn about C. pulcherrima extracts?
The extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, suggesting that C. pulcherrima could be valuable in traditional medicine and for developing effective therapies.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial analysis of Caesalpinia pulcherrima.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
The term 'activity' in this context refers to the biological or physiological effects of substances derived from plants. In the study, it denotes the ability of extracts from 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' to demonstrate antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, which are essential in evaluating their potential as natural therapeutic agents.
2) Phytochemical:
'Phytochemical' refers to the bioactive compounds found in plants. These compounds are significant for their medicinal properties and contribute to the health benefits associated with consuming plant materials. The study focuses on identifying these compounds in 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' and explores their effects on health, particularly their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
3) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Antibiotic' refers to substances that combat bacterial infections. The increasing resistance to antibiotics necessitates the exploration of plant-based alternatives. This study provides insight into how 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' might serve as a source of new antibacterial agents to complement existing antibiotics in treating infections.
4) Flavonoid:
'Flavonoid' is a type of phytochemical known for its antioxidant properties. Flavonoids can help reduce oxidative stress and may play a role in preventing various diseases. The presence of flavonoids in the extracts of 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' is examined for their potential health benefits and contributions to the plant's medicinal value.
5) Study (Studying):
'Study' refers to the systematic investigation conducted to explore the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima.' It underscores the scientific process involved in gathering data and validating the traditional uses of the plant in medicine, which is vital for advancing herbal therapy.
6) Disease:
The term 'diseases' is plural and encompasses a broad range of health conditions that can be treated or alleviated. The research discusses the potential of 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' in providing alternative treatments for various diseases, reinforcing the need for continued exploration of medicinal plants.
7) Table:
'Table' typically refers to a structured presentation of data in rows and columns. In this research article, tables are utilized to summarize findings, such as phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities. They allow readers to easily compare and interpret results related to the efficacy of different extracts.
8) Medicine:
'Medicine' encompasses any substance or treatment used to improve health or treat disease. This study focuses on the traditional usage of 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' in medicine, exploring how its phytochemical properties can be harnessed for therapeutic purposes in modern healthcare.
9) Water:
'Water' serves as a universal solvent in the extraction processes of phytochemicals from plants. In this study, water may have been used during the extraction of certain compounds, emphasizing its role in preparing plant extracts for analysis of their medicinal properties.
10) Drug:
'Drugs' represent various pharmaceutical compounds used to diagnose, treat, and prevent illnesses. This study assesses the medicinal potential of herbal extracts from 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' and positions them within the broader category of drugs for their healing properties in natural medicine.
11) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
'Tamil Nadu' is important in the context of this study as it is the location where 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' is found and traditionally used. This geographic focus emphasizes the cultural significance of the plant in local herbal medicine and its relevance to the study's findings.
12) Substance:
'Substance' refers to a specific physical matter or chemical compound. In the context of this study, the diverse substances identified from 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' are analyzed, emphasizing their individual roles in contributing to antioxidant or antibacterial properties essential for medicinal applications.
13) Tamil:
'Tamil' typically refers to the Tamil language and culture, prevalent in Tamil Nadu. The cultural context of herbal medicine in Tamil heritage is significant in understanding the usage of plants like 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' in traditional health practices, forming a bridge between folklore and scientific validation.
14) Nadu:
'Nadu' means 'land' in Tamil. When combined with 'Tamil,' it forms 'Tamil Nadu,' representing the southern Indian state where the research was conducted. It establishes the geographic and cultural significance of the study, tying the plant's traditional uses to its indigenous roots.
15) Caci:
'Sasi' in this context is likely referring to Dr. Sasi Premila, the corresponding author of the study. Recognizing the author highlights the key contributors in researching 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' and underscores the human element behind the findings in phytochemistry and natural medicine.
16) Pharmacological:
'Pharmacological' pertains to the study of drugs and their effects on biological systems. The research investigates the pharmacological properties of 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima,' exploring how the bioactive compounds within the plant interact with biological targets for potential therapeutic applications.
17) Discussion:
'Discussion' refers to a section in research where findings are interpreted and contextualized. This part of the study aims to elucidate the implications of the results regarding the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima,' linking them back to traditional medicinal uses.
18) Developing:
'Developing' refers to the process of advancement, particularly in the context of medicinal practices or drug discovery. This study emphasizes the need for developing new infection-fighting strategies using plant-based extracts like those from 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' to combat antibiotic resistance.
19) Karnataka:
'Karnataka' is a neighboring state to Tamil Nadu in India which shares ecological and cultural elements. Mentioning Karnataka's geographical proximity emphasizes the potential for collaborative research on medicinal plants across states in promoting traditional medicine in the region.
20) Container:
'Container' refers to the storage medium used for the plant extracts after preparation. Proper containment is crucial for preserving the potency of the bioactive compounds extracted from 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' until they are analyzed for their medicinal properties.
21) Epidemic:
'Epidemic' indicates a sudden burst of a disease affecting many individuals. This term highlights the urgency of finding alternatives to synthetic drugs, positioning the study as timely in offering potential natural remedies against such health threats.
22) Tridosha (Tridosa, Tri-dosha):
'Tridosha' is a concept in traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), signifying the balance of three primary life forces. This term's mention in the context of 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' hints at its historical usage in managing imbalances and illnesses according to Ayurvedic principles.
23) Species:
'Species' in biological terms refers to a group of organisms capable of interbreeding. The study identifies 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' as a specific species whose phytochemical properties are examined, contributing to the understanding of biodiversity and the potential applications of various plant species.
24) Kerala:
'Kerala' is another state in India neighboring Tamil Nadu known for rich biodiversity. Its mention underlines the geographical significance of the region where 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' can potentially grow and thrive, expanding the dialogue on traditional medicines in Southern India.
25) Family:
'Family' refers to the taxonomic rank that classifies organisms into groups based on shared characteristics. In this study, 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' belongs to the Fabaceae family, providing insights into its relationships with other plants and their uses in traditional medicine within the family.
26) Nature:
'Nature' often refers to the environment and the intrinsic properties of organisms. The study reflects on the natural resources available for medicinal use, bringing attention to the ecological aspects of phytochemicals sourced from plants like 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima.'
27) Indian:
'Indian' relates to the cultural, geographic, and historical context of India, emphasizing that the study's plant is rooted in Indian tradition. This identification situates 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' within the larger framework of India's rich biodiversity and traditional medicine.
28) India:
'India' is the country where the study takes place, underscoring the unique plants and biodiversity it possesses. It highlights the importance of conducting research on local flora, like 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima,' to validate traditional medicinal knowledge with scientific evidence.
29) Ulcer:
'Ulcer' refers to a localized sore or lesion on an organ's surface, typically associated with chronic conditions. The study's exploration of 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' may indicate its historical use in treating ulcers, thereby linking traditional medicine to modern pharmaceutical science.
30) Fever:
'Fever' signifies an increase in body temperature often indicating infection or illness. The context within which 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' is studied may relate to its traditional role in managing febrile conditions, showcasing the application of herbal remedies in symptom relief.
31) Vata:
'Vata' is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda that is associated with air and space. The mention of 'Vata' in relation to 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' hints at its therapeutic potential in Ayurvedic medicine to restore balance among the doshas for holistic health.
32) Tree:
'Tree' refers to the growth form of 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima,' as it is a flowering plant. The significance of its tree structure in the ecosystem is relevant for understanding its contributions to biodiversity and its potential as a natural resource in medicine.
33) Hand:
'Hand' often symbolizes human agency and the manual effort in gathering or preparing plant materials. In this context, it may refer to the traditional practices followed by herbalists or practitioners in using 'Caesalpinia pulcherrima' in various medicinal applications.