Phytochemical and toxicological study of Entada mannii extracts
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Phytochemical screening and toxicological study of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of entada mannii (fabaceae)
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Kassi Bosson Jean Aristide Jacob, Doumbia Idrissa, Coulibaly Adama, Kipré Gueyraud Rolland, N'guessan Jean David and Djaman Allico Joseph
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Phytochemical screening and toxicological study of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of entada mannii (fabaceae)
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20186-11371
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study conducted by Doumbia et al. aimed to evaluate both the acute toxicity and phytochemical composition of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Entada mannii, a plant traditionally used for diabetes treatment in the southeastern region of Côte d'Ivoire. The research highlights the growing reliance on medicinal plants in Africa, where over 80% of the population reportedly uses them for healing. However, it underscores concerns about the safety and efficacy of such practices, especially given the potential therapeutic risks associated with their empirical use without proper dosing and toxicity knowledge.
Phytochemical Composition of Entada mannii
The phytochemical analysis revealed that both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Entada mannii contain significant bioactive compounds, including sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. Notably absent from the extracts were catechic tannins, gallic tannins, and quinones. This diversity in phytochemicals suggests a potential for various therapeutic benefits, as some of these compounds are known for their antioxidant properties and other health-promoting effects in humans and animals. The study illuminates the medicinal potential of Entada mannii, reinforcing the importance of further investigatory work on this plant.
Acute Toxicity Assessment
The acute toxicity study, conducted according to OECD guidelines, involved administering various dosages of both extracts to Wistar rats. The results indicated that even at high doses (up to 5000 mg/kg), there were no significant behavioral changes or mortalities observed in the animals over a 14-day observation period. Clinical signs typically indicative of acute intoxication, such as agitation or convulsions, were also absent, leading to the classification of these extracts as having low toxicity. This finding is significant, as it suggests that Entada mannii can be used safely at these tested dosages.
Safety Margin and Implications for Use
The study determined an estimated LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg for the extracts, placing them in category 5 of the GHS classification system, indicating low toxicity. This suggests that the maximum tolerated doses are substantially higher than those required for pharmacological effects. Therefore, the extracts show a promising safety margin, indicating their potential for effective herbal medicine with minimal risk of harmful effects when used appropriately. However, the authors suggest that further biochemical and haematological evaluations in animal models are necessary to establish a comprehensive understanding of the extracts' biological tolerance.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the findings of this study provide valuable insights into the phytochemical properties and safety profile of Entada mannii. The presence of various beneficial chemical groups combined with the indication of low toxicity supports the potential for its use in traditional medicine, particularly for managing diabetes. However, while the results are promising, additional studies focusing on the long-term effects and safety parameters are essential for rationalizing its use in human populations effectively. This research contributes to the body of knowledge necessary for harnessing the therapeutic potentials of African medicinal plants.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What was the aim of the study on Entada mannii?
The study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and conduct a phytochemical analysis of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Entada mannii, a plant traditionally used to treat diabetes in southeastern Côte d'Ivoire.
What method was used to assess the toxicity of the extracts?
The acute toxicity study followed OECD Guideline 423, where 60 Wistar rats were divided into groups and given varying doses of the extracts, with observations made for mortality and clinical signs over 14 days.
What were the main chemical groups identified in the extracts?
Phytochemical screening revealed that both extracts contained sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, but were absent of catechic tannins, gallic tannins, and quinones.
What were the findings regarding the toxicity of Entada mannii extracts?
The study concluded that the extracts of Entada mannii had no toxicity at doses up to 5000 mg/kg, indicating they can be classified as low toxicity substances.
How were the extracts prepared for the study?
Aqueous extracts were made by soaking powdered bark in distilled water, while ethanolic extracts were prepared with 70% ethanol, followed by evaporation to obtain the extracts used for testing.
What is the significance of the study's findings for traditional medicine?
The study provides essential insights into the safety and chemical composition of Entada mannii, supporting its traditional use while indicating a need for further biological and safety evaluations.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Phytochemical and toxicological study of Entada mannii extracts”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Study (Studying):
Studying involves the systematic examination of subjects, in this case, the plant extracts. Thorough studying of Entada mannii facilitates a deeper understanding of its phytochemical properties and therapeutic potential, reinforcing the importance of scientific inquiry in validating traditional practices.
2) Toxicity:
Toxicity denotes the degree to which a substance can harm organisms. In this context, evaluating the toxicity of Entada mannii extracts ensures that they can be safely consumed, and informs users of potential risks associated with traditional medicinal practices, contributing to safer health choices.
3) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical relates to the chemical compounds produced by plants, which can have biological activities. The identification of phytochemicals in the extracts of Entada mannii is crucial for understanding their medicinal properties and potential health benefits, helping to validate traditional herbal remedies.
4) Animal:
The plural form of 'Animal' emphasizes the group of living organisms being studied. In this research, animals are used to provide crucial data regarding the toxicity and pharmacological properties of the extracts of Entada mannii, ensuring comprehensive and reliable scientific results.
5) Flavonoid:
Flavonoid describes a class of phytonutrients present in many plants, known for their antioxidant properties. The presence of flavonoids in Entada mannii may imply potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects, thus highlighting the plant's value in traditional medicine for disease prevention.
6) Ivory:
Ivory here relates to Ivory Coast, the region where the study was conducted. Understanding the local flora, like Entada mannii, is essential for developing medicinal knowledge rooted in indigenous practices, ultimately supporting healthcare strategies and conservation of local biodiversity.
7) Substance:
Substances, in terms of various compounds, signify the different chemical constituents identified in the extracts. The understanding of these substances is integral for attributing specific health benefits to Entada mannii and determining its role in traditional medicine based on its chemical diversity.
8) Table:
Table refers to the organized presentation of data, facilitating the comparison of results from the phytochemical screening. It enhances clarity, allowing for easier interpretation of the findings, which is vital for drawing conclusions regarding the efficacy and safety of Entada mannii extracts.
9) Powder:
Powder indicates the processed form of the plant material used in the study. The preparation of the extracts from powdered bark signifies the importance of proper extraction techniques to ensure the bioactive compounds are effectively retrieved for toxicity and phytochemical analyses.
10) Water:
Water is the solvent used for preparing aqueous extracts of Entada mannii. Its role as a universal solvent is fundamental, as it extracts a diverse range of phytochemicals, ensuring that the resultant extract can be evaluated for both safety and efficacy in therapeutic applications.
11) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological pertains to the study of how substances interact with biological systems. Investigating the pharmacological aspects of Entada mannii is crucial for understanding its potential therapeutic effects, guiding its use in treating conditions like diabetes, and ensuring evidence-based integration into healthcare.
12) Observation:
Observation involves monitoring the effects and behaviors of test subjects throughout the study. Careful observation of Wistar rats after administering extracts provides essential data for assessing the safety and potential side effects of Entada mannii, crucial for scientific rigor.
13) Colouring (Coloring):
Coloring describes the changes in coloration observed during reactions to test for phytochemical presence. These visual indicators are significant in identifying the potential bioactive compounds in Entada mannii, which serve as markers for understanding the plant's medicinal properties.
14) Death:
Death signifies the most critical outcome monitored during toxicity studies. The absence of death among the test subjects indicates the low toxicity of Entada mannii extracts, providing reassurance about their safety for potential medicinal use and promoting further research into their health benefits.
15) Food:
Food in this context refers to the sustenance provided to the experimental animals. Ensuring that animals have ad libitum access to food during the study is important for maintaining their health and comfort, which contributes to the reliability of experimental outcomes.
16) Sign:
Sign represents the observable effects or symptoms recorded during the study. Noting signs of toxicity or behavioral changes in the animals is essential for determining the safety profile of the extracts and understanding potential physiological implications for human use.
17) Civilization:
Civilization refers to the cultural and societal practices regarding traditional medicine and the use of plants. The relevance of this term underscores the long-standing relationship between human societies, like those in Cote d'Ivoire, and their reliance on plant-based remedies for health and healing.
18) Discussion:
Discussion is the section where findings are interpreted and contextualized. It allows researchers to examine the implications of their results regarding Entada mannii, facilitating knowledge sharing and advancing understanding in both traditional and contemporary medicinal research.
19) Knowledge:
Knowledge represents the insights gained through research and investigation. The study contributes to the broader understanding of the medicinal uses of Entada mannii, enriching the collective knowledge surrounding traditional medicine and guiding future research endeavors in phytochemistry.
20) Richness:
Richness refers to the biodiversity and variety of plants available for medicinal use. Emphasizing the richness of Ivorian flora, including Entada mannii, illustrates the potential untapped resources that can further benefit healthcare and provide new avenues for drug discovery.
21) Science (Scientific):
Science represents the systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge. The scientific approach used in this study of Entada mannii aligns with global efforts to explore natural products for therapeutic use, promoting evidence-based practices in health care.
22) Disease:
Disease, as a singular term, reiterates the focus on specific health conditions which could be treated through the application of phytochemicals found in Entada mannii. Understanding therapeutic interactions is essential for establishing effective plant-based remedies in healthcare.
23) Blood:
Blood serves as a critical component in examining physiological responses to extracts. Monitoring hematological effects is significant for understanding how Entada mannii may influence bodily functions, particularly in the context of managing diseases like diabetes.
24) Jacob:
Jacob is one of the co-authors noted in the study. His contribution underscores the collaborative effort involved in conducting this research, emphasizing the importance of teamwork and shared knowledge in advancing scientific inquiry and discovery.
25) Cage:
Cage, being the singular form of cages, emphasizes the importance of the individual living space for each animal. Ensuring adequate space and conditions within the cage supports the health and well-being of the experimental subjects during the research.
26) Wall:
Wall relates to the structural boundary of the cage, representing an important aspect of the animals' environment. The design of the cage walls ensures safety and security for the experimental animals while allowing researchers to monitor their behavior effectively.