Iron oxide nanoparticles from Vitex negundo extract in MCF-7 cells.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Synthesized iron oxide nano particles treated mcf-7 cell lines from aqueous leaves extract of vitex negundo
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Karnan P., Usha R. and Anbarasu A.
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Synthesized iron oxide nano particles treated mcf-7 cell lines from aqueous leaves extract of vitex negundo
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20187-11597
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study explores the therapeutic potential of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃ NPs) synthesized from the aqueous leaves extract of Vitex negundo, particularly focusing on their effects on MCF-7 cell lines, which are a well-known breast cancer model. The research exists within the broader context of seeking effective cancer therapies from medicinal plants, as traditional medicine remains a crucial source of pharmaceutical compounds. The synthesis and application of these nanoparticles were evaluated using various assays, indicating their potential in targeting cancer cells while demonstrating a need to harness natural resources for drug development.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical precipitation method, leveraging the organic compounds present in the Vitex negundo leaf extract. The process involved soaking the leaf powder in distilled water, followed by boiling and filtering to obtain the extract. Characterization was performed using UV-VIS spectroscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction techniques, revealing the successful formation of black-colored nanoparticles. The infusion of plant extracts not only facilitated the growth of nanoparticles but also acted as both reducing and capping agents, indicating the significant role of natural components in nanomaterial synthesis.
Effects on MCF-7 Cell Lines
The impact of Fe₂O₃ NPs and aqueous extract on MCF-7 cells was assessed through cell viability and morphological studies. The results indicated a decrease in cell viability in response to the treatment with nanoparticles and the plant extract. The IC50 values were determined—5.993 µg/ml for iron oxide nanoparticles and 6.009 µg/ml for the aqueous extract—indicating a notable inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Morphological observations revealed evidence of cell apoptosis, with characteristics such as cell shrinkage and DNA fragmentation, corroborated by DAPI staining methods.
Antiproliferative Activity of Vitex Negundo Extract
The Vitex negundo leaf extract exhibited significant antiproliferative activity when tested on MCF-7 cells. Various concentrations of the extract demonstrated a dose-dependent response in decreasing cell viability, showing effects comparable to those of the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles. This highlights the therapeutic potential of V. negundo in cancer treatment, as the extract not only triggers apoptosis in cancer cells but also supports the notion that plant-derived compounds can serve as effective anticancer agents.
Conclusion
The findings underscore the potential of Vitex negundo and its synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles in cancer therapy. This research paves the way for further exploration and evaluation of medicinal plants as sources for novel therapeutic agents. By utilizing traditional medicinal knowledge combined with modern nanotechnology, there is a promising opportunity to develop effective treatments for cancer and other ailments. Continued investigation into the phytochemical constituents of V. negundo could lead to breakthroughs in drug development aimed at improving health outcomes for cancer patients.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are iron oxide nanoparticles and their role in cancer therapy?
Iron oxide nanoparticles are systems being explored for targeted cancer therapy. They show promise by targeting cancer cells, potentially enhancing therapeutic effects while reducing damage to healthy cells.
How was the aqueous leaf extract of Vitex negundo prepared?
Fresh leaves of Vitex negundo were collected, washed, dried, powdered, and soaked in distilled water. The mixture was then boiled, cooled, and filtered to obtain the aqueous extract.
What methodologies were used to assess the effects on MCF-7 cell lines?
The DAPI staining method and MTT assay were used to evaluate the effects of synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles on MCF-7 cell lines, revealing cellular morphology and viability.
What were the key findings regarding cell viability and morphology?
The study found that treated MCF-7 cells exhibited distinct morphological changes, indicating unhealthy cells, with 50% viability loss observed at certain concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles.
What medicinal properties are attributed to Vitex negundo?
Vitex negundo is known for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, and anticancer properties, traditionally used in herbal medicine for various ailments.
What is the significance of screening medicinal plants like Vitex negundo?
Screening medicinal plants is crucial for discovering bioactive compounds, contributing to pharmacological studies and the development of new therapeutic drugs for various health conditions.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Iron oxide nanoparticles from Vitex negundo extract in MCF-7 cells.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Medium:
The term 'Medium' refers to the nutrient solution used for cell culture, particularly in the context of cancer research. In this study, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) was utilized to facilitate the growth of MCF-7 cell lines, enabling the assessment of treatments with iron oxide nanoparticles and plant extracts.
2) Medicine:
'Medicines' are substances used to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases. This research seeks to explore plant-derived medicines, focusing on the therapeutic potential of Vitex negundo and its compounds through experimental assays, which may inform future drug development.
3) Line:
'Line' in this context relates to 'cell lines,' which are cultures derived from specific cells that provide a consistent model for biological experiments. The MCF-7 cell line, which is a widely used breast cancer cell model, serves as the basis for investigating the effects of various treatments on cell viability.
4) Water:
'Water' is the solvent used for extracting active compounds from plant materials, essential in phytochemical research. The aqueous extraction method of Vitex negundo leaves highlighted in the study is central to synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles, illustrating the significance of water in conducting biological assays and studies.
5) Tree:
'Tree' refers to the plant form of Vitex negundo, commonly known as the five-leaved chaste tree. This aromatic shrub, utilized in traditional medicine, is characterized by its distinct phytochemical profile, making it relevant for medicinal research aiming to uncover new organic compounds for disease treatment.
6) Nirgundi (Nirgumdi):
'Nirgundi' is the Hindi name for Vitex negundo, emphasizing the plant’s cultural significance in traditional medicine systems in India. The name underscores the plant’s usage in various ethnomedicinal practices, and highlights the plant’s reputation as beneficial for treating inflammation, pain, and other ailments.
7) Activity:
'Activity' in the context of pharmacological studies refers to the biological effects produced by a compound, particularly its effectiveness in inhibiting cell growth or inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. The study examines the activity of synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles and Vitex negundo extracts on MCF-7 cell lines.
8) Chennai:
'Chennai' is a major city in Tamil Nadu, India, where the research was conducted. Its geographical and cultural context adds relevance by identifying local medicinal plants, such as Vitex negundo, and contributes to the understanding of traditional practices integrated into modern pharmacological research.
9) Study (Studying):
'Study' indicates the systematic investigation conducted to understand the effects of iron oxide nanoparticles and Vitex negundo on MCF-7 cell lines. It encompasses methodologies, results, discussions, and conclusions drawn from experimental data, highlighting the significance of each process in scientific inquiry.
10) Drug:
'Drugs' encompass substances used for medical purposes to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose diseases. This investigation focuses on identifying natural compounds and synthesized nanoparticles that may lead to the development of effective new drugs in the realm of cancer treatment.
11) Tapi:
'DAPI' refers to a fluorescent stain that binds strongly to DNA, used in microscopy to visualize cell nuclei. In this study, DAPI staining was employed to assess apoptotic changes in MCF-7 cells, thus serving as a crucial tool for observing the effects of treatments on cell morphology.
12) Disease:
'Diseases' refer to a range of health conditions that can impact human well-being. The study addresses various diseases, especially cancer, while noting the traditional medicinal applications of plants to treat ailments, underlining the need for further pharmacological investigation.
13) Cancer:
'Cancer' is a term for a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division. The study's primary focus is on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and evaluates the anti-cancer potential of synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles and Vitex negundo leaf extracts as therapeutic options.
14) India:
'India' represents the geographical context for this research, particularly in relation to traditional medicine practices. The diverse flora of India, including Vitex negundo, provides a wealth of resources for pharmacological studies aimed at discovering new medicinal compounds with therapeutic properties.
15) Pharmacological:
'Pharmacological' relates to the study of drugs and their effects on biological systems. The context of this research involves exploring the pharmacological properties of natural compounds derived from plants, evaluating their effectiveness in treating diseases, especially in the realm of cancer therapeutics.
16) Sambhālū (Sambhalu):
'Sambhalu' is another local name for Vitex negundo, showing the variety of names attributed to this plant across different cultures in India. This points to the plant's recognized historical significance and its wide usage in traditional healing practices.
17) Zoology:
'Zoology' is the scientific study of animals, represented in this study through the department conducting the research. The inclusion of zoological perspectives enhances the understanding of biological systems, including human cells used in cancer research involving MCF-7 cell lines.
18) Surface:
'Surface' typically refers to the outer layer or interface of an object or material. In nanotechnology, surface characteristics of particles, such as the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles in this study, impact their reactivity and interaction with biological systems, which are critical in determining therapeutic efficacy.
19) Family:
'Family' refers to the taxonomic classification of organisms. In this context, Vitex negundo belongs to the Verbenaceae family, which encompasses numerous plants known for their medicinal properties, highlighting the value of understanding plant taxonomy for herbal medicine research.
20) Hindi (Himdi):
'Hindi' represents the language spoken predominantly in Northern India, linking the study with cultural practices and traditional medicine. The use of local terms for plants such as Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) reflects the intertwined nature of language, culture, and medicinal knowledge.
21) Table:
'Table' refers to a structured presentation of data, such as the percent cell viability of MCF-7 cells observed in the study. Tables enable clear communication of experimental results, facilitating easier interpretation of findings in scientific research.
22) Tamil:
'Tamil' is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The language contributes to the cultural background of the study, particularly in relation to local practices and the traditional naming of medicinal plants like Vitex negundo as Nirgundi.
23) Transmission:
'Transmission' refers to the process of conveying information or effects. In a biological context, it can imply how cellular responses or treatments spread through cell lines, which is relevant in understanding the effects of nanoparticle treatment on MCF-7 cells.
24) Observation:
'Observation' denotes the act of carefully watching and examining phenomena. In this study, observations of cellular changes were made under microscopy, crucial for determining effects of treatments with iron oxide nanoparticles, contributing to the overall comprehension of the experiments.
25) Sindhuvara (Sindhu-vara, Simdhuvara):
'Sindhuvara' is another name for Vitex negundo in various Indian languages, highlighting the plant’s regional significance. Recognizing different cultural references enhances the broader understanding of the plant's traditional uses in alternative medicine practices across different regions.
26) Discussion:
'Discussion' reflects the analytical commentary presented after experimental results. This section interprets findings related to the effects of treatments on MCF-7 cells, drawing conclusions about the implications of the results for future research and therapeutic applications involving natural compounds.
27) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
'Tamil Nadu' is the Indian state where the research takes place, noted for its rich tradition in herbal medicine. The locality is vital for the sourcing of medicinal plants, emphasizing the cultural heritage associated with traditional therapeutic practices in the region.
28) Substance:
'Substance' refers to a specific chemical compound or material. In this context, the text discusses various substances obtained from plants that exhibit therapeutic properties, and highlights the need to identify and extract these for further pharmacological studies.
29) Shephalika (Sephalika):
'Sephalika' represents another local name for Vitex negundo, showcasing its diverse nomenclature in regional languages. This reflects the culturally specific recognition and utilization of the plant, which is crucial for understanding its traditional medicinal roles.
30) Evolution:
'Evolution' in a biological context refers to the ongoing development or change of species or treatments over time. This study emphasizes the evolution of medicinal practices and the search for novel compounds through assessing the efficacy of traditional plants in modern therapy.
31) Container:
'Container' refers to the vessel used to hold or store solutions, cultures, or extracts in the laboratory setting. Proper containment is crucial for maintaining sterility and ensuring accurate results in biological experiments, particularly in handling growth media and cell cultures.
32) Flavonoid:
'Flavonoid' denotes a class of plant metabolites recognized for their antioxidant properties. The study discusses the chemical composition of Vitex negundo and highlights the relevance of flavonoids as bioactive compounds that may offer therapeutic benefits, especially in treating diseases like cancer.
33) Gujarati:
'Gujarati' refers to the language spoken in the Indian state of Gujarat. Together with other regional languages, this indicates the multifaceted cultural significance of plants like Vitex negundo, which have different names and uses in various parts of India.
34) Assamese:
'Assamese' represents the language spoken in Assam, India. The utilization of the Assamese name for Vitex negundo reinforces the plant's cultural relevance throughout different states in India, underscoring local knowledge systems in traditional medicine.
35) Nishinda (Nisinda):
'Nisinda' is an alternative name for Vitex negundo in specific regional dialects, showing the diversity in naming and usage. This illustrates the plant's broad application in local medicinal practices, revealing cultural knowledge in treating various ailments effectively.
36) Sanskrit:
'Sanskrit' is an ancient language of India, often associated with historical texts on medicine and healing. The presence of Sanskrit names for plants demonstrates the deep-rooted history of phytotherapy and the foundational role of these herbs in traditional Indian medicine.
37) Indrani (Imdrani):
'Indrani' is another name for Vitex negundo in regional contexts, showcasing its varied cultural significance. Understanding the diverse nomenclature allows researchers to appreciate the reliance on traditional herbal medicines throughout history, particularly in South Asian practices.
38) Konkani (Komkani):
'Konkani' is the language spoken in the coastal regions of India, highlighting the geographical and cultural diversity of localized plant names, such as Vitex negundo. This demonstrates how regional languages capture the ecological and medicinal heritage intrinsic to local flora.
39) Bengali:
'Bengali' refers to the language spoken in West Bengal, India. Its inclusion signifies the plant's acceptance and use in Bengali medicine, emphasizing the exploration of traditional knowledge surrounding herbal remedies in various linguistically and culturally rich regions of India.
40) Species:
'Species' refers to distinct groups of organisms that can interbreed. The classification of Vitex negundo as a specific species encompasses both biological and pharmacological studies, enhancing the understanding of its growth patterns, medicinal properties, and potential therapeutic application.
41) Science (Scientific):
'Science' refers to the systematic study of the natural world, encompassing various methodologies, theories, and experiments. In this research, science underpins the examination and validation of traditional medicinal practices, proposing evidence-based approaches to herbal medicine and drug discovery.
42) Nepali:
'Nepali' represents the language spoken in Nepal, signifying the cross-cultural relevance of medicinal plants like Vitex negundo. This encompasses a broader understanding of herbal medicine across diverse linguistic and cultural boundaries, further emphasizing the universal appeal and application of plant-based remedies.
43) Powder:
'Powder' describes the processed form of dried plant materials, such as Vitex negundo leaves used for extraction. The conversion of plant parts into powder is essential for creating extracts and facilitating infusion into media for biological testing, thereby revealing potential therapeutic effects.
44) Nalla:
'Nalla' refers to the name associated with Vitex negundo in certain regions, highlighting local knowledge about plant-based remedies. Recognizing various terminologies for the same plant showcases the cultural diversity in traditional medicine and herbal therapy applications.
45) Field:
'Field' signifies the area of study or a specific discipline. The botanical and pharmacological investigations of medicinal plants occupy an important field within life sciences, emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches that integrate plant biology, ethnobotany, and pharmacology to advance understanding of herbal medicines.
46) Eagle:
'Eagle' in this context may denote a metaphorical representation of keen observation or insight typical of scientific inquiry. In contrast, it could also symbolize a broader scientific exploration, paralleling how researchers investigate the potential of plant compounds and their biological implications.
47) Genu:
'Genu' likely refers to the taxonomic classification aspect related to the genus. Understanding taxonomic relationships is crucial in scientific research, particularly in pharmacognosy, where plant classifications inform on bioactive compounds and potential therapeutic benefits derived from diverse plant species.
48) Usa (Usha):
'Usha' is the name of one of the authors involved in the research, illustrating the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry. Individual contributions underscore the collective effort required in exploring and validating the therapeutic properties of plant extracts and synthesized compounds.
49) Nadu:
'Nadu' is a Tamil term meaning 'land' or 'state,' referring to the geographical context of Tamil Nadu, where the research was conducted. This regional identification emphasizes the significance of local botanical resources in the study of traditional and herbal medicine.