Evaluating bark extracts of Adenanthera pavonina for antibacterial activity

| Posted in: Science

Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and in vitro anti-bacterial activity of the bark extracts of adenanthera pavonina l
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:

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Author:

Somani Jethi and Kunja Bihari Satapathy


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and in vitro anti-bacterial activity of the bark extracts of adenanthera pavonina l

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20189-12129


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Summary of article contents:

1. Introduction

The study focuses on the evaluation of the phytochemical constituents and in vitro antibacterial activity of the bark extracts of Adenanthera pavonina L., commonly known as red sandalwood, which is recognized for its traditional medicinal uses in treating ailments like gonorrhea, hematuria, and ulcers. Conducted at the Microbiology Research Laboratory of Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, the research aimed to explore the antibacterial potential of this plant against various pathogenic bacteria known to cause diseases such as diarrhea and dysentery, particularly in the region of Odisha.

2. Antibacterial Activity of Bark Extracts

The research demonstrated that the methanolic extract of Adenanthera pavonina exhibited significant antibacterial activity, showcasing the highest zone of inhibition against Shigella flexneri at a concentration of 6 mg/ml—comparable to the performance of the reference antibiotic, Ciprofloxacin. In contrast, the n-hexane extract displayed moderate effectiveness across all tested bacteria strains, which included Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and both Salmonella strains. This highlights the potential of methanolic extracts as effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics in combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens.

3. Phytochemical Composition

The phytochemical analysis of the bark revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The methanolic extract demonstrated a higher yield of phytochemicals compared to the n-hexane extract, indicating that solvent selection plays a crucial role in extracting medicinal properties from plant materials. Notably, the presence of these compounds suggests that the bark extracts of Adenanthera pavonina could serve as a source for developing new pharmaceutical drugs aimed at treating diarrheal diseases.

4. Implications in Traditional Medicine

Historically, the use of Adenanthera pavonina in folk medicine aligns with the results of this study, which provides scientific backing for its traditional applications. The effective antibacterial properties observed in the laboratory indicate that extracts from this plant could potentially offer new treatment options for bacterial infections that commonly lead to diarrhea and dysentery, particularly in regions where these diseases are endemic. The findings encourage further research to isolate specific compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity, which could lead to the enhancement of herbal medicinal practices.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, the research affirms the significant antibacterial potential of the bark extracts of Adenanthera pavonina, with particular emphasis on its methanolic extract's potency. This study serves as a foundational step for pharmaceutical exploration, meriting deeper investigation into both the isolation of active components and their mechanisms of action against pathogenic bacteria. Given the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, natural plant-based alternatives like Adenanthera pavonina hold promise for future therapeutic developments in combating infectious diseases.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is the primary objective of the study on Adenanthera pavonina?

The main objective was to investigate the antibacterial potential of Adenanthera pavonina's bark extracts against selected human pathogenic bacterial strains to validate its traditional medicinal uses.

Which bacterial strains were tested in this study?

The study tested five bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella paratyphi, and Salmonella enteric typhi for their susceptibility to the bark extracts.

What extract showed the highest antibacterial activity?

The methanolic extract of Adenanthera pavonina demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity, particularly against Shigella flexneri, with a zone of inhibition comparable to the reference antibiotic Ciprofloxacin.

What phytochemical constituents were identified in the bark extracts?

Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and triterpenoids, indicating the potential for these compounds to contribute to antibacterial properties.

Where was the plant material for this study collected?

The plant material was collected from the Chandaka reserve forest area near Bhubaneswar, Odisha, and identified through existing literature and a voucher specimen.

What conclusion can be drawn about Adenanthera pavonina?

Adenanthera pavonina's bark exhibits promising antibacterial activity, suggesting its potential as a natural source for developing medicines against pathogens causing diarrhoea and dysentery.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Evaluating bark extracts of Adenanthera pavonina for antibacterial activity”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical refers to the bioactive compounds derived from plants, such as flavonoids and alkaloids. These compounds often exhibit medicinal properties, contributing to the therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicines. The study investigates phytochemicals in Adenanthera pavonina, identifying their antibacterial activity that may lead to developing new treatments against bacterial infections.

2) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Anti-bacterial signifies the ability of a treatment or substance to combat bacterial infection. The study demonstrates that extracts from Adenanthera pavonina exhibit strong anti-bacterial effects, indicating potential applications in developing alternative therapies for treating various bacterial infections that resist conventional treatments.

3) Jethi:
Somani Jethi is the corresponding author of the study, representing the research team exploring the antibacterial properties of Adenanthera pavonina. The acknowledgment of authors is critical in academic publications, as it attributes the research and findings to their rightful contributors, ensuring recognition of their efforts and expertise in the field of botany.

4) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a class of phytochemicals known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The study's findings indicate the presence of flavonoids in Adenanthera pavonina's extracts, suggesting these compounds may play a significant role in the plant's antibacterial effects against various bacterial strains. Their health benefits are widely recognized in traditional medicine.

5) Activity:
In the context of the study, 'activity' refers to the biological effects of plant extracts, specifically their antibacterial properties. The evaluation of antibacterial activity involves measuring the efficacy of the extracts in inhibiting bacterial growth, which is crucial for validating their medicinal potential against pathogens responsible for diarrheal diseases.

6) Disease:
Diseases refer to disorders causing physiological dysfunction, often resulting from pathogenic microorganisms. The research specifically targets diarrheal diseases, a major health concern in areas like Odisha, motivating the investigation into plant extracts' efficacy. Understanding disease mechanisms is vital for developing effective treatments derived from natural sources.

7) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease. The research emphasizes the traditional use of dietary and herbal remedies, particularly examining the medicinal properties of Adenanthera pavonina to substantiate its effectiveness in treating bacterial infections, thus bridging folk knowledge and scientific validation.

8) India:
India is the country of origin for the plant Adenanthera pavonina, which has traditional uses in folk medicine. The research conducted in Odisha highlights the valuable contributions of Indian flora to global pharmacology, emphasizing the nation’s rich biodiversity and the importance of exploring indigenous plants for medicinal applications.

9) Table:
In research, tables are essential for presenting data in a structured format, enabling easy comparison and analysis. The study includes several tables summarizing findings on percentage yields and zones of inhibition against bacterial strains, which facilitate a clearer understanding of the extracted compounds' antibacterial effectiveness.

10) Study (Studying):
A study is a systematic investigation designed to contribute to knowledge in a field. This particular research assesses the antibacterial properties of Adenanthera pavonina, aiming to validate its traditional uses. It highlights methods, findings, and implications for developing new antibacterial agents from plant sources.

11) Bhubaneswar (Bhubaneshvar, Bhubanesvar):
Bhubaneswar is the capital city of Odisha, India, and the location where the study was conducted. Its significance lies in its role as a center for research and higher education, providing a conducive environment for scientific exploration into local flora, such as Adenanthera pavonina, for potential medicinal applications.

12) Aureus:
Aureus, as in Staphylococcus aureus, is a significant human pathogen associated with various infections. The study examines how the extracts of Adenanthera pavonina inhibit this bacterium along with others, addressing the need for new antimicrobial strategies in light of rising antibiotic resistance against common infectious agents.

13) Botany:
Botany is the scientific study of plants, encompassing their structure, growth, and physiology. The research is rooted in botanical sciences, as it investigates the phytochemical constituents of Adenanthera pavonina, linking plant biology with its potential therapeutic applications, thereby contributing to pharmacological advancements.

14) Drug:
A drug is a chemical substance utilized for therapeutic purposes. The exploration of Adenanthera pavonina aims to uncover potential new drugs derived from its extracts, highlighting the importance of studying phytochemicals and their interactions with bacterial pathogens to bolster the pharmaceutical arsenal against infectious diseases.

15) Species:
Species is a term used in biological classification representing a group of organisms capable of interbreeding. The research identifies specific bacterial species targeted by the extracts of Adenanthera pavonina, emphasizing the importance of species-specific responses to antibacterial treatments in devising effective medical interventions.

16) Water:
Water is a vital solvent used in the extraction and preparation of plant materials. In this study, it could refer to the methodology employed for preparing extracts of Adenanthera pavonina, underscoring the significance of proper solvent selection in maximizing the extraction of bioactive compounds for testing antibacterial properties.

17) Tree:
A tree is a perennial plant typically characterized by an elongated stem or trunk. Adenanthera pavonina is a tree species widely recognized for its medicinal properties. Studying such trees contributes to understanding how various plant parts, such as bark, can be harnessed for health-promoting substances.

18) Science (Scientific):
Sciences encompass various disciplines aimed at understanding the natural world. This research exemplifies interdisciplinary collaboration, merging botany, pharmacology, and microbiology to explore the medicinal properties of a specific plant, demonstrating how multiple scientific fields converge to advance health-related discoveries.

19) Powder:
Powder in the context of this research refers to the processing of collected plant material for extracting bioactive compounds. The bark of Adenanthera pavonina is dried and ground into a coarse powder, which is essential for subsequent extraction processes aimed at isolating pharmacologically active substances.

20) Ulcer:
An ulcer specifically refers to a sore that develops on the skin or mucous membranes. The study examines the use of Adenanthera pavonina for treating ulcers, showcasing the desire to scientifically validate traditional claims about its healing properties and potential effectiveness against ulcer-inducing pathogens.

21) Post:
Post typically refers to the publication's section or hierarchy relevant to academic writings. In this context, it likely refers to the Post Graduate Department of Botany involved in the research. Such institutions are crucial for fostering academic inquiry and advancing knowledge in specific disciplines.

22) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological relates to the study of drugs and their effects on biological systems. This research investigates the pharmacological properties of the extracts from Adenanthera pavonina, aiming to bridge traditional medicine with scientific inquiry to develop new therapeutic agents against resistant bacterial strains.

23) Civilization:
Civilization refers to the complex societies formed through cultural development. The study emphasizes the historical use of plant medicines in different civilizations, illustrating how traditional knowledge and practices have evolved into modern pharmacology, paving the way for new drug discoveries based on previously established herbal remedies.

24) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a biological response to harmful stimuli or injury, often characterized by redness, swelling, and pain. Investigating anti-inflammatory properties in Adenanthera pavonina could reveal additional therapeutic benefits, further enhancing its potential as a multifaceted treatment option for various health issues beyond antibacterial applications.

25) Agriculture:
Agriculture pertains to the cultivation of plants and livestock for food and materials. The intersection of agriculture and phytochemical research is critical, as understanding plant compounds can yield sustainable agricultural practices and improve crop resistance against pathogens, ultimately benefiting food security and health.

26) Discussion:
Discussion in academic papers contextualizes the results, offering interpretations and implications for broader understanding. This section explores the significance of the findings regarding the antibacterial properties of Adenanthera pavonina, linking them to existing knowledge and suggesting avenues for future research and potential therapeutic applications.

27) Developing:
Developing refers to the process of creating or improving something. In the context of this research, it pertains to the potential for developing novel antibacterial drugs derived from the extracts of Adenanthera pavonina, highlighting the continuous search for effective treatments in the face of escalating antibiotic resistance.

28) Forest:
Forest denotes a large area dominated by trees and underbrush. The collection site for Adenanthera pavonina, near a forest, underscores the importance of biodiversity in discovering medicinal plants, highlighting how ecological environments provide rich sources for research into natural compounds with therapeutic potential.

29) Family:
Family in biological taxonomy groups organisms sharing common characteristics. Adenanthera pavonina belongs to the Fabaceae family, indicating specific traits related to plant physiology and chemistry, which are significant for understanding its medicinal applications and compounds, thus guiding research efforts in phytotherapy.

30) Misuse:
Misuse refers to the inappropriate or excessive use of substances, often leading to adverse outcomes. The text addresses the misuse of antibiotics, emphasizing the need for alternative treatments like plant extracts, promoting responsible usage of both prescribed medications and traditional remedies in combatting bacterial infections.

31) Saxena (Saksena, Sakshena):
Saxena is an author and researcher referenced for plant identification methodologies in the study. Citing established scholars reinforces the credibility and rigorous approach taken in the research, positioning it within the existing body of scientific literature surrounding plant-based medicine and phytochemical analyses.

32) Cotton:
Cotton can refer to cotton swabs used in microbiology for sampling bacteria in the study. Its relevance highlights the practical aspects of conducting experiments in sterile environments, ensuring accurate isolation and testing of bacterial strains, which is essential for evaluating the efficacy of plant extracts.

33) Rakta:
Rakta is a term associated with the Bengali name for Adenanthera pavonina, meaning 'red' or 'blood'. This traditional name reflects the plant's cultural significance and medicinal uses in local practices, emphasizing the intersection of linguistic heritage and botanical knowledge in exploring the plant's therapeutic potential.

34) Field:
Field refers to an area of study or a place where specific academic research occurs. In this study, the field encompasses botany, pharmacology, and microbiology as researchers examine the antibacterial properties of Adenanthera pavonina, illustrating the collaborative efforts required to address complex health challenges.

35) Cina:
China is mentioned as one of the native regions for Adenanthera pavonina, indicating the geographical distribution of the species. Recognizing its native habitats is crucial for understanding the plant's ecological significance and potential applications in traditional medicine, potentially enriching pharmacological research worldwide.

36) Vani:
Vani may refer to Vani Vihar, a part of Bhubaneswar where the research was conducted. This location serves as an academic hub for the study and exploration of plant-based medicines, providing a framework for understanding local botanical resources and their implications for health and wellness.

37) Miti:
Miti could refer to a local or regional phenomenon or terminology within traditional medicine practices. Its mention underscores the importance of community knowledge and practices surrounding medicinal plants, which may enhance scientific understanding and validate the cultural significance of local flora in traditional healing.

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Evaluating bark extracts of Adenanthera pavonina for antibacterial activity’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Traditional medicine, Zone of inhibition, Phyto-chemical analysis, Phytochemical studies, Methanolic extract, Anti bacterial activity, Traditional medicinal plant, Bacterial strain, Health risk, Antimicrobial studies, Drug-resistant pathogens, Ciprofloxacin antibiotic.

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