Isolation of phytochemicals from polar extracts of Chloroxylon swietenia.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Isolation and identification of phytochemical constituents from various polar solvent crude leaf extracts of vulnerable aromatic tree - chloroxylon swietenia dc
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Chinnadurai Vajjiram, K. Kalimuthu and Mythili Saravanan
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Isolation and identification of phytochemical constituents from various polar solvent crude leaf extracts of vulnerable aromatic tree - chloroxylon swietenia dc
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201810-12363
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study focuses on the isolation and identification of phytochemical constituents from leaf extracts of the vulnerable aromatic tree, Chloroxylon swietenia DC, commonly known as East Indian satinwood. Recognized for its use in traditional medicine, the research aimed to utilize Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses to profile various secondary metabolites in different polar solvent extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds, underscoring the medicinal potential of this species.
Phytochemical Constituents
One important concept from this research is the preliminary phytochemical screening undertaken on various extracts of C. swietenia. The screening utilized different polar solvents, including hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and methanol, leading to the identification of several secondary metabolites. Alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, and steroids were notably prominent in the ethanol and methanol extracts. The screening highlights that the presence of these compounds strongly correlates with the potential therapeutic applications of the extracts, suggesting they could replace synthetic drugs in certain treatments.
FTIR Analysis Results
Another significant finding in the study is the application of FTIR analysis to characterize functional groups within the leaf extracts. The analysis indicated the presence of various functional groups such as alcohols, phenols, alkanes, and carboxylic acids across the different extracts. This spectral fingerprinting method allowed for the identification of unique characteristics attributed to each solvent extract, establishing a link between the chemical composition and the plant's medicinal uses. The detailed spectral data imply the possibility of using FTIR as a rapid diagnostic tool for analyzing herbal extracts.
GC-MS Findings
A third key concept is the GC-MS analysis, which revealed a considerable number of phytocompounds in each solvent extract. The ethanol extract contained 76 compounds, while the methanol extract yielded 63, emphasizing the richness of phytochemical diversity in C. swietenia. Notably, several identified compounds exhibited recognized biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The abundance of these phytochemicals suggests that C. swietenia may serve as a valuable source of novel therapeutic agents, especially in the fight against cancer and other diseases.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the research on Chloroxylon swietenia has provided substantial evidence supporting its traditional uses in medicine. The profiling of phytochemical constituents through FTIR and GC-MS analyses has revealed a plethora of bioactive compounds that can be harnessed for pharmaceutical applications. The findings advocate for further exploration and refinement of these compounds to develop new medications, thereby highlighting the importance of ethnobotanical knowledge in modern drug discovery efforts. The potential of C. swietenia as a source of medicinal compounds presents a promising avenue for future research and therapeutic advancements.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the purpose of isolating phytochemical constituents from Chloroxylon swietenia?
The purpose is to identify secondary metabolites in various crude leaf extracts, which may have potential medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.
What methods were used for phytochemical analysis in the study?
FTIR and GCMS analyses were conducted on different polar solvent extracts to identify and characterize the secondary metabolites present in Chloroxylon swietenia leaves.
What bioactive compounds were identified in Chloroxylon swietenia extracts?
The study reported various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and tannins, with potential medicinal uses like anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions.
How were the plant extracts prepared for analysis?
The dried leaves of Chloroxylon swietenia were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with various polar solvents, including methanol, ethanol, and chloroform, for further analysis.
What are the traditional uses of Chloroxylon swietenia in medicine?
Chloroxylon swietenia is traditionally used for treating snakebites, wounds, common cold, cough, and has shown antimicrobial activity, making it valuable in herbal medicine.
What were the results of the FTIR and GCMS analyses?
The analyses revealed numerous phytocompounds across various extracts, showing diverse chemical functional groups which include alcohols, phenols, and alkanes, with potential medicinal applications.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Isolation of phytochemicals from polar extracts of Chloroxylon swietenia.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Medium:
In the context of the study, 'Medium' refers to the polar solvent mediums used for extracting phytochemical compounds from the leaves of Chloroxylon swietenia. Solvents such as hexane, ethanol, and methanol serve as mediums to facilitate the separation of bioactive compounds, influencing the extraction efficiency and the resulting phytochemical profile.
2) Activity:
'Activity' denotes the biological and pharmacological effects of the various compounds identified in the study. The term is crucial as it relates to the potential health benefits and therapeutic functions of the phytochemicals, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, highlighting their relevance in medicinal applications.
3) Table:
'Table' refers to structured data presentations within the text that summarize findings from the research. Tables showcase results of phytochemical screening, extraction yields, and GC-MS analysis of Chloroxylon swietenia extracts, aiding in the clarity and comprehension of complex data and facilitating comparisons between different solvent extractions.
4) Phytochemical:
'Phytochemical' refers to biologically active compounds derived from plants, pivotal in this study. The presence of various phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, indicates potential medicinal properties and underscores the importance of Chloroxylon swietenia in traditional medicine and as a source of new pharmaceutical agents.
5) Cancer:
'Cancer' signifies one of the primary health conditions investigated in the study, where certain bioactive compounds were identified for their potential anticancer properties. The focus on cancer relates to the broader aim of the research, which is to explore how natural plant compounds can contribute to cancer prevention and treatment.
6) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Anti-bacterial' indicates the property of certain bioactive compounds to combat bacterial infections. This attribute underscores the potential of Chloroxylon swietenia extracts in providing alternative treatment options in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance, making it vital for public health.
7) Flavonoid:
'Flavonoid' refers to a class of phytochemicals found abundantly in plants, including Chloroxylon swietenia. Flavonoids are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to health benefits. They play a vital role in traditional medicine, indicating the potential of natural substances in health improvement.
8) Pesticide:
'Pesticide' relates to compounds that control pests, indicating the use of certain extracts from the plant to act against pest populations. The relevance lies in sustainable agriculture practices and the need for natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides, showcasing the versatility of plant-derived compounds.
9) India:
'India' is the geographical context of the study, highlighting the traditional medicinal practices associated with local flora. The significance of investigating plants like Chloroxylon swietenia in India ties into the rich heritage of ethnomedicine, where many plants have been used for centuries in folk remedies.
10) Oil:
'Oils' in this context refer to essential oils and fatty acids found in the leaves of Chloroxylon swietenia. These oils are significant for their therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, which are valuable in various medicinal applications, including topical formulations and herbal medicines.
11) Drug:
'Drug' pertains to the combination of bioactive compounds extracted from plants that may be developed into therapeutic agents. This study emphasizes the potential for creating new drugs from the phytochemicals identified in Chloroxylon swietenia, highlighting the importance of natural resources in the pharmaceutical industry.
12) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
'Tamil-nadu' is the state in India where the study takes place. Its relevance is grounded in the cultural and botanical richness of the region, contributing to the exploration of local plant species like Chloroxylon swietenia for their medicinal properties, reflecting the intersection of culture and natural sciences.
13) Species:
'Species' defines the specific classification of Chloroxylon swietenia studied in the research. Understanding the particular species deepens the knowledge of its unique phytochemical properties and potential uses, informing conservation efforts and applications in traditional medicine and contemporary pharmacology.
14) Tamil:
'Tamil' refers to the local language and culture in Tamil Nadu, where the study is conducted. The significance lies in the documentation and preservation of traditional knowledge regarding medicinal plants used within the Tamil culture, linking language, culture, and herbal medicine.
15) Nadu:
'Nadu' is part of 'Tamil Nadu', again underscoring the cultural and geographical roots of the study. It signifies the focus on local resources, traditional practices, and the rich biodiversity of the region, which directly influence the findings and applications of the research.
16) Study (Studying):
'Study' refers to the scientific investigation conducted on chloroxylon swietenia aimed at isolating and identifying phytochemicals. It is essential for understanding the medicinal properties of the plant and contributes to the broader field of ethnomedicine, highlighting the importance of research in drug discovery.
17) Medicine:
'Medicine' represents the application of knowledge regarding phytochemicals for health and healing. The relevance here encompasses traditional practices and potential modern applications, emphasizing the role of natural products in developing new therapeutic strategies within the healthcare system.
18) Knowledge:
'Knowledge' refers to the accumulated understanding of medicinal properties and uses of plants within the local context. It underlines the importance of integrating traditional medicinal knowledge with scientific research to ensure the sustainable use of biodiversity for health benefits.
19) Silver:
'Silver' in this context may refer to silver nanoparticles or compounds that show antimicrobial properties. Its presence in botanical studies signifies the growing interest in combining traditional medicinal practices with modern nanotechnology for enhanced efficacy in treating infections.
20) Powder:
'Powder' refers to the form in which plant materials, like leaves, are processed for extraction. The powdered form enhances the surface area for extraction of phytochemicals, aiding in efficient isolation of bioactive constituents that are crucial for further pharmacological evaluations.
21) Indian:
'Indian' highlights the context of traditional medicine and ethnobotanical studies in India, emphasizing the rich biodiversity of the region. It supports the exploration of indigenous plants for their therapeutic potential and preservation of traditional knowledge systems.
22) Botany:
'Botany' is the scientific study of plants. Its relevance is critical to understanding the plant species investigated, their characteristics, and the ecological aspects that contribute to the discovery of bioactive compounds with potential pharmacological applications.
23) Pharmacognostical:
'Pharmacognostical' relates to the study and evaluation of medicinal drugs derived from natural sources. Its relevance in this context emphasizes the importance of understanding the phytochemical properties of Chloroxylon swietenia for developing potent therapeutic agents based on traditional knowledge.
24) Arrangement:
'Arrangement' is similar to arrangements but emphasizes the methodical compiling of results and data within the study. This meticulous structuring aids researchers and readers in navigating complex information, ensuring that important details regarding phytochemicals are easily accessible.
25) Discussion:
'Discussion' refers to the analytical part of the study where results are interpreted in the context of existing literature. This section critically examines the implications of findings, offering insights into future research directions and the practical applications of the identified compounds.
26) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
'Transform' indicates the potential changes that might occur in utilizing phytochemicals for medical applications. The word reflects how scientific research can innovate traditional practices into modern therapeutic techniques, contributing to enhanced health outcomes and drug development.
27) Disease:
'Disease' is a singular term relevant to the context of health conditions that phytochemicals may help manage or cure, reflecting the importance of exploring plant-derived substances in the search for effective treatments for a wide range of illnesses.
28) Account:
'Account' refers to a narrative or documentation of findings and research outcomes. In scientific writing, keeping an account is important for transparency and reproducibility, supporting the communication of knowledge gained through study on Chloroxylon swietenia.
29) Science (Scientific):
'Science' embodies the systematic study of the natural world, which provides the foundation for understanding the medicinal applications of Chloroxylon swietenia. It also emphasizes the analytical and empirical approaches used in conducting research, ensuring credibility and rigor in findings.
30) Forest:
'Forest' relates to the habitat where Chloroxylon swietenia is found, highlighting the ecological significance of preserving natural habitats. It reflects the interconnection between plant biodiversity and potential pharmacological discoveries, emphasizing the importance of conservation efforts.
31) Family:
'Family' in botanical terms pertains to the taxonomic classification of Chloroxylon swietenia under the Rutaceae family. Understanding the family facilitates the identification of similar species and contributes to broader discussions on plant chemistry and medicinal applications.
32) Nava (Navan):
'Nava' denotes an area in Tamil Nadu, India, relevant for collecting the sample plant. It reflects the geographical specificity that might influence the phytochemical composition of Chloroxylon swietenia due to environmental factors, making it relevant to ethnobotanical studies.
33) Ghat (Gham):
'Ghat' refers to the Western Ghats, a mountain range in India where the research was conducted. This geographical reference enhances the understanding of the biodiversity hotspot known for rich flora, including medicinal plants, and their significance in traditional and modern medicine.
34) Tree:
'Tree' signifies the physical form of Chloroxylon swietenia, underscoring its status as a source of various bioactive compounds. Recognizing horticultural aspects of the tree contributes to conservation efforts, sustainable harvesting, and the potential for agroforestry practices.
35) Sign:
'Sign' references the indicators of the presence of beneficial compounds or results in the study. The term emphasizes the investigational outcomes that highlight the plant’s importance in pharmacology and the need for further research into its applications.
36) Line:
'Line' might refer to a lineage or a series of studies leading to the current research. In scientific contexts, this suggests an ongoing exploration that helps clarify the importance of continuous research in traditional medicine and natural product discovery.
37) Pain:
'Pain' signifies a common health issue that may be alleviated by the bioactive compounds found in Chloroxylon swietenia. The association highlights the importance of exploring plant-derived analgesics in traditional and modern therapeutic practices, focusing on natural solutions to chronic pain relief.