Concept of eugenics in ayurveda
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Concept of eugenics in ayurveda
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Dr. Neelam Sagwan
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
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Full text available for: Concept of eugenics in ayurveda
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201812-12712
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Eugenics, a term derived from Greek meaning "good in birth," was first coined by Francis Galton in 1883. While the specific term does not appear in ancient texts, its themes resonate throughout classical texts, particularly in Ayurveda, with significant mention in the works of Charaka and Sushruta. Ayurveda provides insights into methods aimed at enhancing genetic quality, including marriage practices, optimal timing of conception, and specific therapeutic regimens. This review highlights various concepts of eugenics within Ayurveda and their relevance in preventing congenital disorders.
The Concept of Atulyagotra
One of the critical eugenic principles in Ayurveda is the concept of Atulyagotra, which prohibits marriages within the same clan or Gotra. Acharya Chakrapani's commentary emphasizes this practice as essential for avoiding genetic deformities in offspring. Marrying within the same Gotra is considered an Adharma (unethical) practice, as it is believed to increase the likelihood of congenital abnormalities among children due to the close genetic relationship of the parents. This ancient wisdom aligns with modern genetic understanding, which recognizes the risks associated with consanguineous marriages and the resultant increase in autosomal recessive disorders.
Appropriate Age for Conception
The timing of conception is another significant aspect of Ayurvedic eugenics. According to Acharya Charaka, both men and women should reach certain developmental milestones before engaging in procreation; men should not father children before 16 or after 70 years, while women's readiness is also linked to their age. This is particularly critical for preventing conditions like Down Syndrome, which is prevalent among first-time mothers in their later reproductive years. Adequate age at conception is portrayed as vital for ensuring the health and viability of the offspring, thereby enhancing the quality of future generations.
Pumsavana Karma
Pumsavana Karma is an Ayurvedic practice aimed at enhancing the desired traits and qualities of progeny. This ritual is performed after conception but before the biological sex of the fetus manifests, allowing couples to influence the characteristics of their child. Specific preparations, such as consuming particular foods during auspicious astrological timings, are prescribed. This process exemplifies a proactive approach to genetics, where efforts are made to ensure not only the health but also the preferred qualities of the offspring.
Conclusion
In summary, Ayurveda presents a holistic understanding of eugenics that incorporates both positive and negative measures aimed at enhancing the quality of the human population. Positive eugenics focuses on encouraging desirable traits through practices like Pumsavana Karma and specific pre-cohabitation regimens. Negative eugenics emphasizes avoiding close-kin marriages (Atulyagotra) and ensuring appropriate age for conception to mitigate genetic risks. These ancient principles continue to hold relevance in contemporary discussions on genetics and reproductive health, advocating for informed and responsible approaches to procreation.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the definition of eugenics according to Francis Galton?
Eugenics, coined by Francis Galton in 1883, means 'good in birth' and studies agencies that may improve or impair future generations' racial qualities.
What does Ayurveda suggest about consanguineous marriages?
Ayurveda prohibits consanguineous marriages, termed as 'Adharma,' as they are thought to increase the risk of genetic deformities in children.
What are the two types of eugenics?
Eugenics is divided into negative and positive types. Negative eugenics aims to prevent reproduction among individuals with undesirable traits, while positive eugenics encourages reproduction among those with desirable traits.
How does Ayurveda recommend preparing for conception?
Ayurveda recommends specific regimens for both partners, including detoxification and dietary measures, to enhance reproductive health before conception.
What is the role of age in conception according to Ayurveda?
Ayurveda emphasizes appropriate ages for conception. Marriages involving individuals too young or too old are believed to increase the likelihood of congenital disabilities.
What is the 'Pumsavana' Karma in Ayurveda?
Pumsavana Karma is a process aimed at improving the quality and characteristics of the fetus, where specific regimens are followed to influence the desired sex and health of the child.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Concept of eugenics in ayurveda”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Marriage:
The term 'marriages' highlights the importance of mating choices in the context of eugenics. Ayurvedic texts advise against marriages between close relatives to avoid genetic deformities, underscoring a strategic approach to reproductive pairings that promotes healthier genetic outcomes in offspring.
2) Pumsavana:
Pumsavana refers to a ritual practice in Ayurveda aimed at securing a healthy progeny and ensuring the desired sex of the child. It is performed post-conception to enhance the characteristics and qualities of the fetus, highlighting Ayurveda’s proactive approach to reproductive health and favorable outcomes.
3) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that encompasses holistic approaches to health, including concepts related to genetics. It addresses eugenics through guidelines on marriage, timing of conception, and lifestyle regimens that aim to enhance reproductive health and minimize congenital disorders.
4) Karma (Karman):
In this context, Karma refers to actions and rituals that can influence both genetic outcomes and the quality of progeny. Ayurvedic practices, such as Pumsavana, incorporate Karma to suggest that specific actions taken before and during pregnancy can impact the health and characteristics of the child.
5) Birth:
Birth signifies the culmination of the conception process and the introduction of a new individual into society. The Ayurvedic perspective on birth includes understanding the hereditary qualities and health of the newborn, thereby linking it to the concepts of eugenics and genetic improvement.
6) Quality:
Quality here pertains to the desirable traits passed from parents to offspring. The Ayurvedic focus on ensuring high genetic quality through mindful marital practices and health regimens underscores the broader eugenic goal of enhancing the genetic makeup of future generations.
7) Samhita:
Samhitas are ancient text compilations holding Ayurvedic knowledge, where guidelines on health, marriage, and eugenics are documented. These texts serve as foundational resources for understanding the relationship between genetics and traditional practices.
8) Desire:
Desire in this context relates to the intentional wish of couples to produce healthy offspring. The Ayurvedic approach emphasizes aspirations for good progeny and involves specific practices, such as regimens before conception to align with the goal of a healthy birth.
9) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the analytical exploration of concepts such as eugenics and its application within Ayurveda. It encourages a critical examination of how ancient practices align with modern understandings of genetics and reproductive health, highlighting their relevance in contemporary society.
10) Suffering:
Suffering, in terms of birth defects or congenital diseases, signifies the negative outcomes that can arise from poor genetic pairings. Understanding the potential for suffering motivates the implementation of eugenics principles within Ayurveda to promote healthier generations without such afflictions.
11) Disease:
Disease refers to medical conditions that can arise from genetic factors. Ayurvedic practice emphasizes the prevention of genetic diseases through careful consideration of eugenics, focusing on suitable marital practices and health regimens to promote genetic wellness.
12) Nostril:
Nostril pertains to a specific method used in the Pumsavana ritual, where substances are administered nasally to influence the sex of the unborn child. This practice showcases Ayurveda’s unique approach to eugenics through targeted interventions during pregnancy.
13) Jaipur:
Jaipur, mentioned as the location of the P.G. Department of Sharir Rachana Nia, represents a hub of Ayurvedic education and research. It highlights the geographical context within which ancient knowledge is being explored and re-evaluated in modern practices.
14) Family:
Family denotes the foundational social unit involved in reproduction. In Ayurvedic eugenics, the health of the family lineage is prioritized, with a strong emphasis on choosing partners that enhance the overall genetic quality of future generations.
15) Nilam:
Neelam refers to Dr. Neelam Sagwan, the scholar conducting the research. Her contributions shed light on the application of Ayurvedic principles in eugenics, emphasizing the relevance of ancient practices in contemporary genetic discussions.
16) Dosha (Dosa):
Dosha represents the biological humors or energies in Ayurveda. The concept is significant in eugenics, as imbalances or the presence of particular Doshas can impact reproductive health, necessitating therapies before conception to ensure a healthy offspring.
17) Gotra:
Gotra denotes a lineage or clan. In Ayurvedic eugenics, marrying outside of one’s Gotra is encouraged to prevent genetic diseases and ensures a diversified genetic pool, thus improving the health of future generations.
18) Death:
Death relates to the outcomes of congenital disorders or diseases that may arise from unfavorable hereditary conditions. Ayurvedic practices aim to minimize such occurrences through informed reproductive choices, highlighting the importance of health throughout the life cycle.
19) Study (Studying):
Study refers to the research and exploration of Ayurvedic texts and practices concerning genetics and eugenics. It is integral for understanding how ancient wisdom can inform modern medical practices about improving hereditary qualities.
20) Hand:
Hand symbolizes the manual engagement with Ayurvedic practices, wherein precise methods and rituals are employed to influence reproductive health. Techniques and therapies require the skilled 'hand' of practitioners to implement effectively.
21) Garbhashaya (Garbhasaya, Garbha-ashaya):
Garbhashaya refers to the womb, a critical focus in Ayurvedic reproductive health. It embodies the maternal aspect where the fetus develops, and highlights the importance of maintaining a healthy womb environment for the proper growth of the unborn child.
22) Observation:
Observation involves the attentive study of progeny traits and reproductive outcomes. This principle is essential in Ayurveda for refining eugenics practices based on empirical evidence drawn from previous generations’ experiences and health.
23) Asthapana:
Asthapana is a therapeutic procedure in Ayurveda, often used to ensure the physical and energetic balance of a couple before conception. This aligns with the eugenic goal of enhancing the genetic health and vitality of future offspring.
24) Relative:
Relative refers to individuals related by blood. In the context of eugenics, marriages between relatives are discouraged to mitigate the risks of genetic anomalies in offspring, reinforcing the guidance provided in Ayurvedic texts.
25) Aushadha (Ausadha):
Aushadha means medicinal herbs or substances used in Ayurveda. These are utilized in treatments and regimens to enhance reproductive health and support the objective of eugenics by improving the quality of gametes.
26) Madhura:
Madhura signifies sweet components used in Ayurvedic recipes for health. It promotes favorable conditions within the body, supporting the overall well-being of couples aiming to conceive healthy offspring through dietary choices.
27) Snehana:
Snehana refers to oleation therapies in Ayurveda aimed at nurturing the body before conception. These practices help prepare the body physiologically, aligning with eugenic principles to produce optimal reproductive health.
28) Shonita (Sonita):
Shonita represents the biological aspect of female reproductive fluid in Ayurveda. Its quality is linked to the health of the future child, emphasizing the importance of both partners’ genetic contributions in the eugenic process.
29) Mustard:
Mustard serves as an integral ingredient in Ayurvedic rituals, such as Pumsavana, where specific dietary selections are believed to influence the child’s health and characteristics, aligning with the eugenic goals of Ayurveda.
30) Ghrita (Ghrta):
Ghrita refers to clarified butter used in Ayurvedic medicine, praised for its nourishing properties. It plays a role in promoting reproductive health and is often prescribed as part of dietary regimens for couples planning a family.
31) Shukra (Sukra):
Shukra refers to seminal fluid or male reproductive health in Ayurveda. The quality of Shukra is emphasized as vital for producing healthy progeny, aligning with eugenic practices aimed at enhancing male fertility.
32) Vamana:
Vamana is a therapeutic procedure in Ayurveda involving emesis (vomiting). It is utilized to detoxify the body, helping couples return to a balanced state before conception, thus promoting healthier genetic outcomes.
33) Nasya (Nashya):
Nasya is a nasal therapeutic treatment in Ayurveda, used in specific eugenic rituals. It is part of the Pumsavana process, where particular substances are administered to influence fetal development towards a desired outcome.
34) Taila (Thaila):
Taila refers to oils used in Ayurvedic practices. They may be applied therapeutically to enhance health before conception and during pregnancy, supporting the reproductive health of both partners aiming for a healthy child.
35) Basti:
Basti signifies an enema therapy in Ayurveda aimed at cleansing and nourishing the body. It is a critical part of the preparation for couples to ensure optimal health before attempting to conceive, in accordance with eugenic principles.
36) Water:
Water is crucial for life and health, serving as a fundamental component of Ayurvedic remedies and regimens prior to conception. Hydration supports overall well-being and reproductive functionality, pivotal in achieving healthy progeny.
37) Masha (Masa, Ma-sha):
Masha refers to a type of pulse used in Ayurvedic dietetics. It is considered nourishing and beneficial for reproductive health, aligning with the eugenic aim of enhancing the quality of gametes and promoting the health of future generations.
38) Field:
Field symbolizes the broader domain of genetics where eugenics operates. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature of genetic health, merging ancient Ayurvedic practices with contemporary genetic science in pursuit of healthier populations.
39) Blood:
Blood signifies the essence of life and health. In Ayurveda, considerations around blood lineage play a role in eugenics, determining genetic health and the implications of hereditary traits inherited by offspring.
40) Tila:
Tila refers to sesame seeds, which are utilized in Ayurvedic practices for their nourishing properties. They are included in regimens aimed at enhancing reproductive health, supporting the goal of producing robust and healthy descendants.
41) Kula:
Kula denotes a family or clan group in Ayurveda and is crucial when discussing marriage. Marrying within one’s Kula is discouraged to avoid genetic disorders, emphasizing the importance of genetic diversity for healthier offspring.
42) Curd:
Curd is a staple in Ayurvedic diets believed to have nourishing properties. Consumed by women seeking pregnancy, it is thought to support reproductive health and may play a role in the quality of progeny.
43) Rice (Rce):
Rice, a staple food, is often incorporated into Ayurvedic regimens. It is recognized for its energy-giving properties, serving as an essential component of the diet for couples planning for conception aiming for optimal health.
44) Male:
Male signifies one half of the reproductive partnership. In Ayurvedic theory, the qualities of the male reproductive contribution (Shukra) are pivotal in determining the health and attributes of the offspring, directly relate to the eugenic themes of improving genetic profiles.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Concept of eugenics in ayurveda’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Pumsavana Karma, Acharya Charaka, Acharya Chakrapani, Consanguineous marriage, Age of conception.