Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Innovative drug delivery systems for antiretroviral drugs
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: an overview
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Abdulsalam Alhalmi, Marwan Altowairi, Marwan Almoiliqy and Puneet Utreja
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Innovative drug delivery systems for antiretroviral drugs
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201814-12927
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a severe viral disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which undermines the body’s immune system. As a result, individuals become susceptible to opportunistic infections and diseases. The management of HIV/ AIDS requires long-term treatment with antiretroviral drugs, often leading to issues such as missed doses and fluctuating drug levels, which can adversely affect patient compliance and therapeutic effectiveness. Conventional drug formulations typically necessitate frequent dosing, leading researchers to explore innovative drug delivery systems that aim to enhance patient adherence and drug bioavailability.
The Role of Novel Drug Delivery Systems
One of the critical innovations in the treatment of HIV is the development of novel drug delivery systems, including microspheres, nanoparticles, and controlled release tablets. These systems are designed to provide sustained drug release, thereby minimizing side effects and improving the bioavailability of antiretroviral medications. By overcoming the limitations associated with traditional dosage forms, these advanced systems enhance the therapeutic efficacy and safety profile of HIV treatments. A variety of approaches, such as mucoadhesive microspheres and nanoparticle formulations, have been investigated to achieve better outcomes.
Importance of Microspheres in Drug Delivery
Microspheres are small spherical particles capable of delivering drugs in a sustained and controlled manner. Made from biodegradable materials, they can improve drug absorption and provide targeted therapy. Studies have shown that various antiretroviral drugs encapsulated in microspheres can result in extended drug release over several hours, thereby contributing to improved patient compliance. The controlled release mechanisms of these microspheres can ensure that patients do not need to take their medication as frequently, which could lead to better adherence to treatment regimens.
Advancements with Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles represent another promising technology for the delivery of antiretroviral drugs. Their unique properties allow for targeted therapy specifically aimed at HIV-infected cells, which enhances the efficacy of the treatment while reducing systemic toxicity. Formulations of drugs like zidovudine and lamivudine into nanoparticles demonstrate sustained release profiles, potentially minimizing the need for frequent dosing while improving the overall therapeutic experience. Various studies have successfully highlighted the capacity of nanoparticles to address the physicochemical challenges and improve the delivery of antiretroviral drugs.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the landscape of HIV treatment is evolving through the innovative development of drug delivery systems such as microspheres and nanoparticles. These technologies offer notable advantages over traditional forms of medication, including sustained release, better absorption, and enhanced patient compliance. The continuous exploration and implementation of these novel drug delivery systems are integral to optimizing the efficacy of antiretroviral therapies, ultimately improving health outcomes for individuals affected by HIV/AIDS. The ongoing research in this field is essential to mitigate side effects, enhance bioavailability, and make treatment regimens more manageable for patients.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is HIV and how does it affect the immune system?
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which weakens the immune system by destroying CD4 cells. This makes the individual more susceptible to infections and diseases, ultimately leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), where the body cannot fight off common infections.
What are the main challenges with conventional antiretroviral drug therapies?
Conventional antiretroviral therapies have challenges like missed doses, fluctuations in drug levels, side effects, and poor patient compliance. These factors can lead to reduced therapy effectiveness and make managing HIV infection more difficult.
What are the benefits of sustained release tablets for antiretroviral therapy?
Sustained release tablets improve patient compliance by reducing the frequency of dosing. They also minimize side effects and stabilize drug levels in the body, enhancing the therapeutic effect of potent antiretroviral medications.
How do microspheres contribute to antiretroviral drug delivery?
Microspheres allow targeted, sustained, and controlled drug release, improving bioavailability and absorption. They can be mucoadhesive, enhancing drug delivery to the systemic site and prolonging drug presence in the body, aiding patient compliance.
Why are nanoparticles significant in controlled drug delivery systems?
Nanoparticles enhance drug efficacy, enable targeted delivery to HIV-infected cells, and allow sustained release. They help reduce dosage and toxicity, overcoming many of the physicochemical challenges faced by antiretroviral drugs.
What advantages do niosomes offer for antiretroviral drug delivery?
Niosomes provide better stability compared to liposomes, allowing for controlled drug release. They can encapsulate a wide range of solubility drugs, enhancing central nervous system penetration and targeting, making them promising for HIV therapy.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Innovative drug delivery systems for antiretroviral drugs”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Drug:
The term 'Drug' refers to any substance that causes a physiological change in the body when consumed. In the context of antiretroviral therapy, drugs like zidovudine and lamivudine are pivotal for the treatment of HIV/AIDS, affecting viral replication and improving patient outcomes. Their delivery systems are crucial for enhancing efficacy and compliance.
2) Table:
A 'Table' in this context refers to a structured format used to present data, such as drug classifications, dosage forms, and pharmacokinetic parameters. Tables synthesize information clearly and concisely, facilitating comparisons among various antiretroviral drugs, thus aiding researchers and healthcare professionals in treatment decision-making.
3) Disease:
'Diseases' refers broadly to any condition that alters normal bodily functions. In the context of the article, the focus on HIV/AIDS underscores the importance of developing novel drug delivery systems to improve therapeutic outcomes amidst the challenges posed by chronic illnesses.
4) Pur:
'Poor' in this context describes the suboptimal outcomes often associated with traditional HIV treatments. Issues like low bioavailability, patient noncompliance, and high drug turnover contribute to 'poor' therapeutic effectiveness. Addressing these challenges through innovative drug delivery systems is vital for improving patient health and adherence to therapy.
5) Science (Scientific):
'Sciences' encompasses various fields of study, including pharmaceutical sciences, which focus on drug formulation, delivery, and efficacy. The interdisciplinary nature of sciences is essential in researching effective applications of antiretroviral drugs, fostering collaboration among chemists, biologists, and healthcare professionals.
6) Powder:
'Powder' refers to a solid substance composed of fine particles, often used in pharmaceutical formulations. In drug delivery, it represents a dosage form that can be compressed into tablets or used in mixtures. Powders can enhance solubility and absorption rates of antiretroviral drugs.
7) India:
'India' is a nation significant in the context of pharmaceuticals due to its extensive pharmaceutical research and manufacturing capabilities. Many studies referenced, such as those related to antiretroviral drug delivery systems, are conducted in Indian academic institutions, contributing to global healthcare strategies against diseases like AIDS.
8) Gold (Golden):
'Gold' in pharmaceuticals often refers to gold nanoparticles, which are utilized for targeted drug delivery systems. Such systems can enhance the efficacy of HIV treatments by delivering drugs specifically to infected cells, improving overall therapeutic effects while potentially reducing systemic side effects.
9) Biodegradable:
'Biodegradable' refers to materials capable of decomposing naturally through biological activity. In drug delivery, biodegradable polymers are crucial for developing microspheres and nanoparticles that enhance drug release and safety. This feature is particularly relevant in HIV treatment to minimize long-term environmental impacts and optimize therapeutic effects.
10) Surface:
'Surface' pertains to the outermost layer of a material, which is critical in drug delivery systems. Surface characteristics of nanoparticles or microspheres can dictate their interaction with biological tissues, influencing drug release profiles and targeted delivery, especially in treating diseases like HIV.
11) Punjab:
'Punjab' is a state in India that is notable for its contributions to pharmaceutical education and research. Institutions in Punjab, such as the PCTE Group of Institutes, are involved in advancing drug delivery systems for antiretroviral therapy, addressing local and global health challenges related to AIDS.
12) Trade:
'Trade' refers to the commercial aspects of pharmaceuticals, including the distribution of drugs and healthcare products. Effective trade practices ensure that antiretroviral medications are available at affordable prices, which is critical in combating the HIV/AIDS epidemic by improving access to treatment facilities.
13) Study (Studying):
'Study' involves detailed examination and analysis of specific topics. In this context, it pertains to research efforts investigating the efficacy and advancements of antiretroviral drugs, innovative delivery systems, and various formulations that enhance treatment adherence and patient outcomes for HIV/AIDS.
14) Viru:
'Viru' could refer to the term 'virus,' specifically related to retroviruses like HIV that cause AIDS. Understanding viral behavior is essential for developing effective antiretroviral therapies. Research aims at identifying efficient treatments and drug delivery methods for combating the viral spread and infection.
15) Life:
'Life' signifies the biological aspect affected by diseases like AIDS. The impact of HIV on a person’s life extends beyond physical health to mental, social, and economic challenges. Effective management of HIV/AIDS aims to improve the quality and length of life for affected individuals.
16) New Delhi:
'New Delhi' serves as the capital of India and is a hub for pharmaceutical research and education. Many significant studies and developments related to antiretroviral therapies and drug delivery systems are emerging from institutions in New Delhi, influencing practices on a national and global scale.
17) Pharmacology:
'Pharmacology' is the study of drugs, their actions, interactions, and effects on biological systems. This field is crucial for developing antiretroviral therapies and delivery systems, as it informs the mechanisms through which drugs can effectively target HIV, allowing for informed therapeutic applications and advancements.
18) Tuberculosis:
'Tuberculosis' (TB) is a bacterial infection that significantly impacts individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. The relationship between TB and HIV is critical, necessitating integrated treatment protocols and research to develop effective drug delivery systems that address both conditions.
19) Transmission:
'Transmission' refers to the spread of infections, particularly the pathways through which HIV is spread, such as sexual contact or contaminated blood. Understanding modes of transmission is essential for designing prevention strategies and therapeutic interventions to control the HIV epidemic effectively.
20) Meenakshi:
'Meenakshi' is a name likely referring to an author or researcher involved in studies related to drug delivery systems for antiretroviral drugs. Acknowledging contributions from individuals in published research highlights the collaborative efforts in advancing treatments for HIV/AIDS.
21) Education:
'Education' emphasizes the need for informed healthcare professionals and communities to understand HIV/AIDS. Programs that educate about prevention, treatment options, and drug delivery innovations are essential for improving public health outcomes and reducing the stigma associated with the disease.
22) Toxicity:
'Toxicity' refers to the adverse effects that drugs can have on the body. For antiretroviral therapies, understanding toxicity is critical for developing safer drug delivery systems that minimize side effects, improving patient adherence and the overall effectiveness of treatment regimens.
23) Epidemic:
'Epidemic' describes the rapid spread of infectious diseases within a population. HIV/AIDS has reached epidemic levels globally, necessitating comprehensive treatment strategies, including innovative drug delivery systems to ensure effective management and reduce new infections.
24) Delhi:
'Delhi' is not only the capital of India but also an important city for pharmaceutical research and academic collaboration. Many studies focusing on evolving drug delivery systems for HIV therapies are rooted in Delhi’s academic institutions, contributing significantly to the field.
25) Kumar:
'Kumar' is a common surname in India, likely referring to a co-author of a research study on drug delivery systems for antiretroviral drugs. Highlighting contributions of different authors showcases the collaborative nature of research in developing effective therapeutic approaches for HIV/AIDS.
26) Water:
'Water' is essential in formulating various pharmaceutical products, including drug delivery systems. It plays a critical role in dissolving and transporting drugs within the body. Effective hydration in preparation processes can enhance drug solubility and bioavailability, particularly in oral delivery forms.
27) Death:
'Death' underscores the severity of untreated HIV/AIDS, as it poses significant mortality risks. Understanding the implications of treatment and the need for effective antiretroviral therapies emphasizes the urgency of advancing drug delivery systems to improve life expectancy and quality for those affected.
28) Fight:
'Fight' symbolizes the ongoing struggle against diseases like HIV/AIDS. It encompasses the efforts of researchers, healthcare providers, and advocates to develop innovative treatments and prevention strategies, emphasizing the role of improved drug delivery systems in achieving stronger health outcomes.
29) House:
'House' in a clinical context could refer to environments where care and treatment occur. It emphasizes the role of healthcare facilities in managing patient care for chronic conditions like HIV and highlights the importance of supportive therapies that improve drug effectiveness and patient compliance.
30) Blood:
'Blood' is central to the transmission of HIV and the efficacy of antiretroviral drugs. Understanding its role in infection dynamics is crucial, as is developing delivery systems that optimize drug action within the bloodstream, ensuring effective management of the virus and improved patient outcomes.
31) Rati:
'Rathi' is likely a researcher contributing to studies on innovative drug delivery systems. Recognizing contributions from various authors strengthens the understanding of collaborative efforts in the development of antiretroviral therapies, highlighting the importance of diverse expertise in advancing treatment technologies.
32) Cina:
'China' represents a significant player in global pharmaceutical research, contributing to advancements in drug delivery systems and pharmacological studies. Collaborative international research, including studies referenced from Chinese institutions, supports the development of effective therapies for diseases like HIV/AIDS worldwide.
33) Asha (Asa):
'Asha' is likely a researcher mentioned in the studies related to drug delivery systems. Recognizing individual contributions emphasizes the collaborative nature of scientific research in advancing therapeutic approaches for HIV/AIDS treatment and the importance of cross-institutional efforts in this field.
34) Sah:
'Shah' might refer to a co-author involved in research related to drug formulations and delivery systems. Highlighting such names demonstrates the collective contributions of different researchers working to advance pharmaceutical sciences and develop innovative treatments for HIV/AIDS.
35) Sign:
'Sign' refers to indicators used in diagnosing diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Understanding clinical signs plays a significant role in guiding treatment decisions and developing drug delivery methods that enhance therapeutic effectiveness and overall healthcare outcomes for infected individuals.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Innovative drug delivery systems for antiretroviral drugs’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Bioavailability, Nanoparticle, Human immunodeficiency virus, Opportunistic infection, Patient compliance, Controlled drug delivery, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Antiretroviral therapy, Floating tablet, Sustained release tablet, HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, Microparticles, Microsphere, HIV Transmission, Bioadhesive drug delivery system, Innovative drug delivery system.