Carbon Sequestration: A Vital Strategy for Reducing Global CO2 Emissions
a solution to global problem
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Carbon sequestration
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: a solution to global problem
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Arushi Saxena and Pammi Gauba
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World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Carbon sequestration
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 0.20959/wjpr201816-13117
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
Summary of article contents:
Summary of the Review on Carbon Sequestration
Introduction
The escalating levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions due to fossil fuel combustion over the past three decades have significantly altered the global climate, resulting in consequences like global warming, glacial melting, and rising sea levels. The need for effective emissions reduction technologies has led to the evolution of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, which aims to capture CO2 from major emission sources and store it securely. This technology comprises three essential stages: carbon reduction, transportation, and storage. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) supports CCS as a viable mitigation strategy, particularly for developing nations like India, which has set ambitious emissions reduction targets.
Importance of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
CCS is pivotal in addressing global warming, with its primary function being the capture of CO2 emissions before they enter the atmosphere. The process involves capturing, transporting, and securely storing CO2 in geological formations, thus preventing its release. There are two main components of CCS: carbon capture, which seeks to find safe storage spaces for CO2, and its subsequent storage either underground or in alternative environments. Enhancing CO2 sequestration capabilities is not only crucial for combating climate change but also represents a significant leap toward sustainable energy practices.
Measurement of CO2 Emissions and Reduction Strategies
Measuring CO2 emissions can be effectively performed using Kaya’s Equation, which incorporates factors like population, GDP per capita, energy generation per unit GDP, and carbon intensity. To mitigate emissions, reduction strategies are categorized into three main approaches: increasing energy efficiency to lower energy intensity, decreasing carbon intensity in power generation by shifting to renewable sources, and enhancing the CO2 sequestration rate. Each strategy not only contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions but also encourages the development of sustainable technologies and practices.
CO2 Sequestration Techniques
Several methods are employed for CO2 sequestration, divided into natural sinking processes and artificial techniques. Natural processes involve enhancing the natural carbon absorption mechanisms of ecosystems, while artificial methods focus on capturing CO2 from major point sources and sequestering it underground or in oceans. Existing carbon capture technologies include absorption/stripping, adsorption/desorption, and membrane separation, each with distinct advantages and operational principles. Implementing these technologies can lead to significant improvements in CO2 capture efficiency and long-term storage solutions.
Conclusion
The urgent demand to curtail CO2 emissions globally can be met through the effective application of existing CCS technologies. These methods offer environmentally friendly solutions for long-term CO2 sequestration while facilitating continued reliance on fossil fuels. As the technological landscape continues to evolve, understanding and improving CCS technologies will ensure they remain economically viable and efficient, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable energy future. The challenge lies in overcoming existing barriers such as site data availability, cost implications, and infrastructure requirements to fully realize the potential of CCS in climate change mitigation.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is carbon sequestration and why is it important?
Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide. It is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, mitigating global warming, and combating climate change.
What are the main stages of carbon capture and storage?
The carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology involves three main stages: carbon reduction technologies, transportation of captured CO2, and its secure storage in appropriate reservoirs.
What types of reservoirs are suitable for CO2 sequestration?
The primary reservoirs suitable for CO2 sequestration include saline formations, depleted oil and gas fields, and deep coal seams which can securely store large volumes of CO2.
What are the barriers to CCS implementation in India?
Barriers include lack of geological site data, increased electricity costs, limited infrastructure, legal issues, and the need for effective monitoring of stored CO2.
What role does the IPCC play in carbon sequestration?
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has approved CCS technology as a viable mitigation option for reducing CO2 emissions, especially in developing countries.
How much CO2 reduction is targeted by India by 2020?
India has targeted a 20% reduction in CO2 emissions by the year 2020 as part of its efforts to mitigate climate change and adhere to international agreements.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Carbon Sequestration: A Vital Strategy for Reducing Global CO2 Emissions”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) India:
India is a significant player in global carbon dioxide emissions, contributing heavily from its energy sector. As the country seeks to become more environmentally sustainable, research into carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is essential for reducing emissions and achieving international climate targets while balancing economic growth.
2) Mineral:
Mineral carbonation is a process that captures carbon dioxide and converts it into stable mineral form, providing a permanent storage solution. This method not only helps in mitigating CO2 emissions but also utilizes abundant mineral resources, making it an eco-friendly and sustainable option in carbon sequestration technologies.
3) Fossil fuel:
Fossil fuels are a primary source of energy but are also the largest contributors to CO2 emissions when burned. As societies aim to transition towards renewable energy sources, understanding the impact of fossil fuel combustion on climate change is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies through technologies such as CCS.
4) Indian:
The term 'Indian' refers to the context of India, particularly relating to its unique environmental challenges and carbon emissions scenario. India’s ongoing research efforts into CCS reflect its commitment to tackling climate change while striving for balanced economic development and energy security.
5) Delhi:
Delhi, as the capital of India, plays a central role in the nation's policy-making regarding climate action. It also hosts various institutions and universities that contribute to research and development in carbon sequestration technology, making it a hub for innovation in response to environmental concerns.
6) Study (Studying):
The 'study' refers to the systematic investigation into various carbon sequestration technologies and their application in India. Research in this field aims to identify effective strategies for capturing and storing CO2, contributing to overall emissions reduction and the exploration of sustainable energy alternatives.
7) Science (Scientific):
Science underpins the research and technological advancements required for effective carbon sequestration. Understanding chemical processes and biogeochemical cycles involved in CO2 capture and storage is essential for the development of reliable and economically viable solutions to combat global warming.
8) Post:
The term 'post' often relates to post-combustion carbon capture technologies, which remove CO2 after fossil fuels are burned. This method is significant for retrofitting existing power plants, ensuring reductions in greenhouse gas emissions while continuing to utilize fossil fuel energy during the transition to renewable sources.
9) New Delhi:
New Delhi serves as a focal point for India's governmental initiatives on climate policy and research. It represents the intersection between scientific advancement, policy frameworks, and public awareness, making it instrumental in mobilizing resources and stakeholders toward serious climate action through CCS.
10) Measurement:
Measurement refers to the quantification of CO2 emissions and the effectiveness of sequestration technologies. Accurately assessing emissions through methodologies like Kaya's Equation is vital for understanding the impact of mitigation strategies and for establishing benchmarks for progress in carbon management efforts.
11) Chennai:
Chennai is notable for its research contributions related to carbon sequestration, specifically projects that explore innovative ways of using micro-algae to capture CO2 emissions from industries. This city exemplifies the regional efforts in India towards advancing the field of carbon capture technology.
12) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
'Burned' describes the combustion of fossil fuels, which releases significant amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. Understanding the effects of burning fossil fuels is crucial for developing strategies to reduce emissions and implement carbon capture technologies, mitigating the adverse effects of climate change.
13) Pammi:
Pammi Gauba is cited as a contributing author in the study on carbon sequestration. Her expertise in biotechnology likely informs various strategies for CO2 capture and storage, highlighting the important role of academia in addressing climate change challenges through innovative research.
14) Table:
Tables in the article present organized information about specific projects related to carbon capture and storage supported by Indian institutions. They serve as a visual aid for readers, facilitating comprehension of CCS activities and emphasizing research efforts in India.
15) Field:
In the context of carbon sequestration, 'field' could refer to geological formations where CO2 can be stored, such as depleted oil and gas fields. Understanding these geological characteristics is important for determining suitable sites for effective and safe carbon storage.
16) Coral:
The term 'coral' appears in discussions on natural processes for CO2 sequestration. Coral reefs can play a crucial role in carbon cycling and fixation, but they are also threatened by climate change, underscoring the connection between ecosystems and global carbon management strategies.
17) Performance:
Performance relates to the effectiveness and efficiency of carbon capture and storage technologies in reducing CO2 emissions. Continuous improvement in performance metrics is vital for making CCS a viable option for large-scale implementation and meeting international climate goals.
18) Reliability:
Reliability is a key factor in the adoption of carbon sequestration technologies. For CCS to be widely accepted, it must demonstrate consistent operational performance and safety, ensuring that captured CO2 remains securely contained to prevent leakage back into the atmosphere.
19) Developing:
Developing countries like India face unique challenges in implementing carbon capture technologies. These nations strive for economic growth while addressing climate change, making the development of affordable and scalable CCS solutions essential for achieving sustainable development goals.
20) Calcutta:
Calcutta (Kolkata) is mentioned in connection with research initiatives focused on carbon sequestration. The involvement of institutions from this city illustrates the collective effort within India to explore diverse methods for capturing and managing carbon dioxide emissions effectively.
21) Activity:
Activity refers to ongoing research and fieldwork related to carbon capture and sequestration technologies. Understanding the range of activities across various stakeholders highlights the collaborative approach required to develop effective solutions for mitigating climate change.
22) Fixation:
Fixation in this context pertains to the natural processes through which CO2 is converted into stable compounds, such as in mineral carbonation. These biological and geological processes are essential for reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and contributing to climate mitigation efforts.
23) Lighting:
Lighting, as mentioned in the context of reducing energy intensity, highlights the potential for energy-efficient technologies in mitigating carbon emissions. Improved lighting solutions can reduce overall energy consumption, which is a critical component of achieving sustainability and meeting climate targets.
24) Heating:
Heating refers to energy consumed for maintaining comfortable temperatures, which contributes significantly to CO2 emissions. Enhancing the efficiency of heating systems can lead to substantial reductions in energy consumption and emissions, forming a crucial part of carbon management strategies.
25) Andhra (Amdhra):
Andhra Pradesh is associated with projects investigating the potential of micro-algae in carbon sequestration. The state emphasizes the importance of regional research initiatives and contributions to national efforts in understanding and combating climate change through innovative approaches.
26) Forest:
Forests act as natural carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. Research into forest conservation and afforestation is vital for enhancing carbon sequestration and plays a crucial role in overall strategies to mitigate climate change impacts.
27) Saxena (Sakshena, Saksena):
Saxena is likely a contributing author in the study focusing on carbon sequestration. The collaboration of multiple authors reflects the interdisciplinary nature of addressing climate change, drawing upon various fields of expertise to develop comprehensive solutions.
28) Botany:
Botany encompasses the study of plant life, which can contribute to carbon capture through processes such as photosynthesis. Understanding botanical contributions to carbon sequestration can inform better practices in agriculture and ecosystem management to enhance carbon fluxes.
29) Water:
Water plays a critical role in ecosystems and their ability to act as carbon sinks. Understanding the interactions between water systems and carbon sequestration strategies is essential for effectively managing natural resources and mitigating the effects of climate change.
30) Worry (Worried, Worrying):
Worry underscores the concerns associated with climate change and its impacts on ecosystems, human health, and global weather patterns. Addressing the widespread worries through effective carbon management strategies, including CCS, helps foster a more sustainable future.
31) Anna:
Anna refers to institutions like Anna University, which contribute to research in carbon sequestration. The participation of educational institutions indicates the importance of academic involvement in addressing environmental challenges and innovating effective technologies for climate mitigation.
32) Kaya:
Kaya's Equation offers a framework for understanding and quantifying CO2 emissions in relation to population, economic growth, and energy use. This equation is essential for developing and implementing effective policies and strategies for carbon reduction and management.
33) Wind:
Wind refers to renewable energy sources, which play a significant role in reducing carbon emissions. Transitioning from fossil fuels to wind energy is critical for mitigating climate change and meeting global sustainability targets, serving as a crucial component of the energy mix.
34) Soil:
Soil acts as a vital carbon reservoir, storing significant amounts of carbon and facilitating natural sequestration processes. Research into soil management practices can enhance carbon fixation and support strategies aimed at reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Carbon Sequestration: A Vital Strategy for Reducing Global CO2 Emissions’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Global warming, Energy Efficiency, Carbon Sequestration, Carbon Capture and Storage, CO2 Emission Reduction, Ocean Acidification, Post-combustion Capture, Oxyfuel Combustion, Mineral Carbonation, Enhanced Oil Recovery, Climate Change Mitigation, Geological Storage, Carbon Intensity, Renewable Energy Resources.