Traditional approach to the treatment of parkinson’s disease
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Traditional approach to the treatment of parkinson’s disease
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:
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S. K. Syed Hussain, Mubeen Unnisa Shamsia and Shaik Mohammed Aliuddin
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Traditional approach to the treatment of parkinson’s disease
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201818-13595
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. The disease presents with motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, along with non-motor symptoms including depression, anxiety, and fatigue. As synthetic medications often carry undesirable side effects, there has been rising interest in exploring herbal therapies derived from natural sources to manage the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease effectively.
Dopaminergic Neuron Loss
A central feature of Parkinson's disease is the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which leads to a significant depletion of dopamine levels, critically impacting motor coordination. Approximately 80% of dopamine depletion in the striatum results in the hallmark motor symptoms of PD. The condition also involves the presence of Lewy bodies, which are protein-rich inclusions primarily consisting of alpha-synuclein, indicating neurodegenerative processes at work. This neuronal loss and dysfunction underline the critical pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease.
The Role of Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. This phenomenon occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the brain's ability to detoxify these harmful compounds. Neurons, alongside other components of the central nervous system, are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to their high oxygen consumption. The presence of ROS is linked to various pathological processes associated with neuronal injury, and mitigating oxidative stress is a target for therapeutic interventions.
Traditional Treatments and Herbal Remedies
The ancient Indian medical system of Ayurveda has recorded Parkinson's disease under the term "Kampavata," identifying herbal remedies that include anticholinergics and L-DOPA. One particularly noteworthy plant is Mucuna pruriens, which contains L-DOPA, a compound that significantly alleviates PD symptoms. Many other plants have been noted for their potential neuroprotective properties, exemplifying nature's wealth in providing medicinal alternatives. The study lists various plants known for their anti-Parkinsonian activities, showcasing how ancient practices align with current scientific investigations.
Conclusion
The exploration of herbal remedies is gaining momentum as researchers seek to address the side effects associated with synthetic drugs used in treating Parkinson's disease. Nature offers a plethora of medicinal plants with documented benefits, particularly within traditional frameworks like Ayurveda. A systematic study of these plant-based treatments could lead to the identification of effective therapies that alleviate symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by Parkinson’s disease. The integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches holds promise for advancing Parkinson’s disease management.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Parkinson's disease and its primary characteristics?
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms like tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and non-motor symptoms such as depression and anxiety.
Why are researchers exploring herbal therapies for Parkinson’s disease?
Researchers are seeking herbal therapies due to the side effects associated with synthetic drugs. Herbal remedies have shown potential in alleviating Parkinson's symptoms, and utilizing natural resources may provide effective treatment alternatives.
What role do medicinal plants play in treating Parkinson's disease?
Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that may provide neuroprotective effects, helping to alleviate symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Various studies indicate that specific herbs are effective in managing the condition.
What is Mucuna pruriens and its significance in treatment?
Mucuna pruriens is a plant used in Ayurveda, known to contain Levodopa. This compound is crucial in enhancing dopamine levels, thus improving symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Can you list some plants with anti-Parkinson's properties?
Several plants show promise against Parkinson’s disease, including Albizia adianthifolia, Allium sativum, and Mucuna macrocarpa. Each has unique active constituents that may provide beneficial effects.
What is the historical context of Parkinson's disease treatment in India?
In India, the treatment of Parkinson's disease dates back to Vedic times, wherein herbal preparations including anticholinergics and L-Dopa were used. This ancient practice laid the foundation for modern herbal therapies.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Traditional approach to the treatment of parkinson’s disease”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a class of phytonutrients found in many plants and are known for their antioxidant properties. They play a significant role in traditional medicine, as their ability to reduce oxidative stress may contribute to alleviating symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson's, and support overall health.
2) Disease:
A disease is a pathological condition caused by specific factors, often leading to various symptoms and health complications. Parkinson’s disease, as discussed in the text, exemplifies a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, resulting in motor and non-motor symptoms affecting quality of life.
3) India:
India has a rich history of traditional medicine, particularly through Ayurveda. The practice of utilizing plants for healing can be traced back to Vedic times, highlighting the importance of natural remedies in the treatment of ailments, including Parkinson’s disease, through various herbal preparations and treatments derived from indigenous plants.
4) Nature:
Nature serves as a vital source for effective medicinal remedies. The increasing side effects of synthetic drugs used in the treatment of diseases like Parkinson’s have prompted researchers to explore natural substances. These substances may provide beneficial therapeutic effects rooted in historical use and biological activity against health conditions.
5) Indian:
The term 'Indian' refers to the cultural and traditional practices originating from India, where ancient medical systems like Ayurveda are utilized. It stresses the significance of incorporating Indian herbal medicine in the treatment of health issues, including neurodegenerative conditions, showcasing historical plant-based remedies and their modern relevance.
6) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that emphasizes balance in bodily systems using natural substances. It is crucial in recognizing the medicinal properties of plants for treating conditions like Parkinson's disease, highlighting the use of herbal treatments, lifestyle changes, and holistic approaches to enhance well-being.
7) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses the field of science concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. The text highlights traditional medicine, particularly herbal therapies, in managing neurodegenerative diseases, illustrating the impact of plant-based remedies in alleviating symptoms, in contrast to synthetic pharmaceuticals, within pharmacological practices.
8) Activity:
In the context of pharmacology and traditional medicine, 'activity' refers to the efficacy of various plant compounds in exerting therapeutic effects. The activity of plants like Mucuna pruriens and others results in neuroprotective and symptomatic relief properties, contributing significantly to ongoing research in alternative treatments for Parkinson’s disease.
9) Death:
Death refers to the cessation of biological functions that sustain life. In relation to neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s disease, neuronal death, particularly of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, is a critical pathological feature which manifests in debilitating motor and cognitive symptoms affecting patients’ lives.
10) Drug:
A drug is a substance used for medical treatment, typically to diagnose, cure, mitigate, or prevent diseases. The text contrasts synthetic drugs with natural remedies, emphasizing the search for safer alternatives from medicinal plants in treating conditions like Parkinson's disease with fewer side effects and potentially better outcomes.
11) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine that focuses on drugs and their effects on living organisms. The relevance of pharmacology is underscored in the research of traditional herbal medicines, as it may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic avenues for treating diseases like Parkinson’s through plant-based interventions.
12) Mineral:
Minerals are inorganic substances essential for various biological functions. In the text, certain plants contributing to anti-parkinsonian activity also contain minerals that may enhance their therapeutic effects and overall efficacy in treatments, underlining the need to consider the complete profile of medicinal plants in traditional health systems.
13) Veda:
Vedic refers to the ancient texts of India, which are foundational to Hindu philosophy and practices. The mention of Vedic times highlights the historical use of herbal medicine in India, showcasing the early documentation of medicinal plants which have influenced modern approaches to treatment for conditions like Parkinson's disease.
14) Beta:
Beta denotes a prefix often used in scientific nomenclature, but in this context, it refers to beta-sitosterol, a plant sterol found in many medicinal herbs. This compound is known for its potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering effects, contributing to overall therapeutic strategies in managing diseases.
15) Tree:
Tree species can be significant sources of medicinal compounds. In the discussion on herbal treatments, trees like the Peepal and their constituents are acknowledged for their therapeutic potential against symptoms of diseases such as Parkinson’s, showcasing the vital role of plants in traditional healing practices.
16) Rich (Rch):
Rich refers to an abundance of resources or qualities. In a medicinal context, certain plants are noted for being rich in beneficial compounds, such as antioxidants or active phytochemicals, which can contribute effectively to treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing their therapeutic utility found in nature.
17) Nardostachys jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamamsi):
Nardostachys jatamansi, commonly known as Jatamansi, is an herbal plant used in traditional medicine. It contains valuable bioactive compounds with neuroprotective properties, making it relevant for the treatment of various neurological disorders, including Parkinson's, and illustrating the significance of exploring lesser-known plants in pharmacological research.
18) Tinospora cordifolia:
Tinospora cordifolia, known as Guduchi, is a climbing shrub recognized in Ayurveda for its diverse medicinal properties. It is employed for its immunomodulatory and adaptogenic effects, contributing to enhanced overall health and supporting treatments for various ailments, including neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease.
19) Withania somnifera:
Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, is a prominent adaptogen in Ayurveda. It is renowned for its potential to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, and its neuroprotective properties make it relevant in the context of Parkinson's disease treatment, emphasizing the holistic approach of traditional Indian medicine.
20) Cynodon dactylon:
Cynodon dactylon, known as Bermuda grass, is often recognized for its health benefits in traditional medicine. It is used for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, contributing to various therapeutic applications, including potential benefits in alleviating certain symptoms associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease.
21) Cuminum cyminum:
Cuminum cyminum, or cumin, is a widely used spice known for its culinary and medicinal properties. Its active compounds may possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, showcasing the importance of spices in traditional medicine and their potential roles in managing chronic diseases including Parkinson’s.
22) Ocimum sanctum:
Ocimum sanctum, commonly known as Tulsi or Holy Basil, is revered in Ayurveda for its medicinal properties, particularly its ability to combat stress and enhance mental clarity. Its adaptogenic properties highlight its potential in holistic approaches toward managing health conditions like Parkinson’s disease.
23) Curcuma longa:
Curcuma longa, known as turmeric, contains curcumin, which possesses strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It has been studied for its potential neuroprotective effects, thus being relevant in the context of Parkinson’s disease management, emphasizing the significance of incorporating turmeric in therapeutic diets.
24) Human body:
The human body comprises complex biological systems that maintain health and function. Understanding the body's responses to both synthetic drugs and herbal remedies is crucial for developing effective treatments for diseases like Parkinson’s, where the balance of components and biochemical pathways can significantly affect overall health outcomes.
25) Plumbago zeylanica:
Plumbago zeylanica, known as Chitrak, is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for its various health benefits. Its potential role in enhancing digestive health and metabolic processes indicates its broader applications and relevance in treating conditions, including those affecting the neurological system.
26) Solanum melongena:
Solanum melongena, commonly known as eggplant, is a vegetable rich in various phytonutrients. Its antioxidant properties may contribute to health benefits, including potential protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases, making it relevant in dietary considerations for managing symptoms associated with conditions like Parkinson's disease.
27) Ficus religiosa:
Ficus religiosa, commonly called Peepal, is a sacred tree in Indian culture known for its medicinal properties. Its extracts are believed to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, thus may offer supportive benefits in managing health conditions, including those associated with neurodegeneration, emphasizing traditional practices in medicine.
28) Allium sativum:
Allium sativum, or garlic, is renowned for its health-promoting properties due to its active compounds, such as allicin. It exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, providing support in managing various health issues, including chronic conditions like Parkinson’s disease, thus highlighting its value in natural medicine.
29) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a biological response of body tissues to injury or infection, often resulting in pain and swelling. Chronic inflammation is linked to many diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s, emphasizing the importance of anti-inflammatory compounds found in various medicinal plants for their potential therapeutic benefits.
30) Ashvagandha (Asvagandha, Ashwagandha, Ashvagamdha, Ashva-gandha):
Ashwagandha is a prominent adaptogenic herb in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, known for its stress-relieving properties. It is researched for its potential neuroprotective effects, making it relevant for managing conditions like Parkinson’s disease, where stress plays a significant role in the overall health of affected individuals.
31) Depression:
Depression is a mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest. It is common in individuals with chronic illnesses such as Parkinson’s disease, emphasizing the importance of integrating holistic approaches and natural remedies, like medicinal plants, to address both mental and physical health.
32) Rudraksha (Rudraksa, Rudra-aksha):
Rudraksha refers to the seeds of the Rudraksha tree, which hold spiritual significance in Indian culture. Additionally, these seeds are believed to posses medicinal properties, contributing to mental clarity and emotional balance, which may support overall well-being, especially relevant for individuals with health challenges like Parkinson’s.
33) Fenugreek:
Fenugreek is a traditional herb used widely in cooking and medicine. Its seeds contain beneficial compounds that may exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making them potentially useful in supporting overall health and wellness, including providing symptomatic relief in neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson’s disease.
34) Turmeric:
Turmeric is celebrated for its active compound, curcumin, known for its numerous health benefits. It possesses strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can be particularly beneficial in preventing or alleviating symptoms of chronic conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, highlighting the integration of dietary components in holistic health.
35) Mustard:
Mustard seeds, derived from the mustard plant, are valued for their culinary use and health benefits. They contain various bioactive compounds that can provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, relevant for managing oxidative stress in neurological conditions, thus contributing to traditional practices in herbal medicine.
36) Camphor:
Camphor is a substance obtained from the wood of the camphor tree and is commonly used in traditional medicine for its medicinal and aromatic properties. It possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, making it relevant in alleviating symptoms associated with various ailments, including neurodegenerative diseases.
37) Species:
Species refers to a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. In herbal medicine, different species of plants are studied to determine their therapeutic benefits, showcasing how botanical diversity can contribute to developing effective treatments for health conditions like Parkinson's disease.
38) Anxiety:
Anxiety is a mental health condition characterized by excessive worry or fear. It is frequently reported among individuals with chronic conditions like Parkinson's disease, underscoring the importance of employing holistic approaches, including herbal remedies, like Ashwagandha, to effectively manage psychological symptoms alongside physical health.
39) Peepal:
Peepal or Ficus religiosa is a sacred tree in India recognized for its spiritual and medicinal significance. The leaves and bark of Peepal have been traditionally used for a variety of ailments, emphasizing the importance of incorporating this plant in natural health practices and treatments.
40) Family:
Family, in a botanical context, refers to a group of related plants. Understanding plant family classifications is essential in herbal medicine as it helps identify similar properties and potential therapeutic actions shared among different species, guiding the selection of effective herbs for treating health conditions.
41) Garlic:
Garlic, or Allium sativum, is renowned for its various health benefits stemming from its active compounds. Its pharmacological properties include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and potential neuroprotective effects, reinforcing the necessity of incorporating garlic into diets for preventive and therapeutic purposes in chronic diseases like Parkinson's.
42) Powder:
Powder refers to a finely ground form of a substance, often used in traditional medicine. Many medicinal plants are prepared as powders for easy consumption, serving as herbal remedies in formulations aimed at alleviating symptoms of diseases such as Parkinson's disease, highlighting the practical aspect of plant-based treatments.
43) Gold (Golden):
Golden may refer to the color or symbolize quality; however, in the context of medicinal herbs, it can imply potent health benefits associated with specific plant extracts. The term emphasizes the valuable attributes of certain herbal remedies in effectively addressing various health conditions, including neurological disorders.
44) Tumpa:
Thumba, or Leucas aspera, is a traditional medicinal herb known for its various health-promoting properties. It contains beneficial compounds that may help in treating conditions such as respiratory issues or neuroprotective effects, reinforcing the significance of exploring diverse plant species within herbal medicine.
45) Kampa:
Kampa is the traditional Ayurvedic term related to Parkinson’s disease, representing the condition characterized by tremors. Understanding this term within the context of Indian medicine underscores the historical acknowledgment of neurological disorders and the continuous efforts to seek effective herbal treatments rooted in traditional practices.
46) Anana:
Anana, commonly associated with the pineapple plant, represents both a fruit and potential herbal benefits. While its primary use is culinary, its relevance in herbal medicine can extend to exploring its health benefits for digestion, suggesting an integrated approach to dietary practices in maintaining overall wellness.
47) Tulsi:
Tulsi, or Ocimum sanctum, is a revered herb in Ayurveda known for its medicinal properties. It possesses adaptogenic and antimicrobial effects, making it essential in promoting mental well-being, especially relevant for individuals facing chronic illnesses like Parkinson’s, emphasizing the role of traditional herbs in holistic health management.
48) Table:
In this context, 'Table' refers to a structured presentation of information, such as listing plants with anti-parkinson's activity. It facilitates easy access to data on various medicinal plants, their active constituents, and parts used, highlighting the importance of organized knowledge for effective herbal treatments.
49) Study (Studying):
Study refers to research and investigation into a particular subject. The text indicates that ongoing studies into medicinal plants are essential for discovering their effects on health conditions like Parkinson's disease, showcasing the need for evidence-based approaches in integrating traditional medicine into modern healthcare practices.
50) Cina:
China, with its own rich tradition of herbal medicine, is often compared to India's Ayurvedic system. The mention of China underlines the global exploration of medicinal plants, indicating a shared cultural appreciation for natural remedies and their relevance in treating chronic ailments like Parkinson's disease.
51) Sida (Shida):
Sida, or Sida cordifolia, is a medicinal plant recognized for its various health benefits in traditional practices. The active compounds in Sida may contribute to neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, illustrating the need to investigate various plant species for their potential therapeutic applications in managing diseases like Parkinson's.
52) Bala:
Bala is another name for Sida cordifolia, a plant used in traditional healing systems like Ayurveda. Its therapeutic properties are valued, especially for their role in enhancing strength and vitality, highlighting the plant's relevance in holistic approaches to health and wellness management in chronic illnesses.
53) Diet:
Diet encompasses the foods and beverages consumed, which play a crucial role in overall health. The text emphasizes the significance of incorporating specific medicinal plants into the diet, illustrating how nutrition, combined with traditional remedies, can provide complementary benefits for managing diseases like Parkinson's.
54) Pain:
Pain is a subjective experience often resulting from injury, inflammation, or illness. In the context of Parkinson’s disease, managing pain is a significant aspect of treatment; leveraging herbal remedies with analgesic properties can provide comfort and improve quality of life for individuals living with such chronic conditions.
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Ayurveda, Mucuna pruriens, Vedic Time, Clinical feature, Traditional approach, Plant material, Oxidative stress, Motor symptoms, Parkinson's disease, Herbal therapy, Levodopa, Plant Extract, Non-motor symptoms, Synthetic drug, Mitochondrial dysfunction, Anti-parkinsonian activity, Therapeutic method.