Molecular complexes of ddq with some drugs
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Molecular complexes of ddq with some drugs
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Dr. T. Charan Singh
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Molecular complexes of ddq with some drugs
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20172-10999
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The research presented in the World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research delves into the molecular complexes formed between 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-para-benzoquinone (DDQ) and various antibiotic drugs, including Ofloxacin, Trazadone, Losartan K, Irbesartan, Cisapride, and Ramipril. The study utilized spectrophotometric analysis in chloroform to examine these complexes, focusing on their charge transfer (CT) characteristics. The primary goal of this investigation was to understand the stoichiometry and stability of these complexes, which are vital for their potential application in the quantitative estimation of drugs.
Charge Transfer Complexes
A critical focus of the study is the identification of charge transfer bands exhibited by the complexes. When DDQ is mixed with the drugs, variations in color and distinct CT bands arise, indicating that these interactions result in new electronic states that are not observed in the individual components. In particular, Irbesartan displayed two CT bands, while the other drugs exhibited one each. The formation of these complexes is attributed to the excitation of electrons from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the donor drugs to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of DDQ, suggesting a strong π-π* interaction between the molecules involved.
Stoichiometry and Stability
The stoichiometry of the complexes was investigated using Job’s continuous variation method, revealing a consistent 1:1 ratio between DDQ and the drug donors across the board. The stability of these complexes was assessed through plotting stability constants against the ionization potentials of the drugs. It was observed that the stability constants increased with the electron-donating ability of the drugs, indicating a direct correlation between the drug structure and its ability to form more stable complexes with DDQ. Thus, the ranking of stability constants was established as Ofloxacin > Trazadone > Losartan K > Irbesartan > Cisapride > Ramipril.
Thermodynamic Parameters
Furthermore, the research evaluated thermodynamic parameters associated with the formation of these CT complexes. By applying Van’t Hoff’s method, the authors calculated changes in enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) with respect to temperature variations, showing a significant relationship between these parameters. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG) was also derived, underscoring the nature of interactions as energetically favorable and suggesting that stable complex formation is predominantly driven by electrostatic interactions and structural compatibility between the molecules.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this study provides an insightful analysis of the molecular complexes formed between DDQ and selected antibiotic drugs, highlighting their spectral characteristics and the nature of their interactions. The findings elucidate the importance of molecular structure in influencing charge transfer phenomena and complex stability, which can serve as a basis for developing new methodologies in drug estimation and enhancing our understanding of drug-donor interactions. Such investigations pave the way for applying these complexes in pharmacological settings, potentially improving the efficacy of drug analysis and validation in therapeutic applications.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the focus of Dr. T. Charan Singh's research?
Dr. T. Charan Singh's research focuses on studying molecular complexes formed between 2,3-Dichloro 5,6-dicyano-para-benzoquinone (DDQ) and several antibiotic drugs, analyzing their charge transfer properties using spectrophotometry.
Which antibiotics were studied in relation to DDQ?
The antibiotics studied in relation to DDQ include Ofloxacin, Trazadone, Losartan K, Irbesartan, Cisapride, and Ramipril, which are currently available in the market.
How were the molecular complexes characterized in the study?
The molecular complexes were characterized spectrophotometrically in chloroform, identifying charge transfer bands in the visible region that indicated complex formation between DDQ and the drugs.
What type of charge transfer was identified in the complexes?
The complexes exhibited π-π* type charge transfer, with the study indicating energy transitions from electron-rich donor molecules to electron-deficient acceptors.
What method was used to determine the stoichiometry of the complexes?
The stoichiometry of the complexes was determined using Job's continuous variation method, confirming a 1:1 ratio between DDQ and the antibiotic drugs.
What factors influenced the stability constants of the complexes?
Stability constants of the complexes increased with the electron-releasing ability of the drugs and showed a linear relationship with the ionization potentials of the donors.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Molecular complexes of ddq with some drugs”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Drug:
In the context of the study, 'drug' refers to pharmaceutical compounds like Ofloxacin, Trazadone, Losartan K, and others examined for their interactions with the charge transfer complex DDQ. Understanding the molecular complexes helps in quantitative estimation and enhances the understanding of pharmacological properties and behaviors of these specific drugs.
2) Table:
Tables in research articles present structured data clearly, facilitating easy comprehension of results. In this study, tables are used to summarize spectral characteristics of charge transfer complexes and thermodynamic parameters, allowing readers to quickly compare values and draw conclusions regarding the stability and behavior of the studied drugs.
3) Indian:
This keyword signifies the geographical and cultural context of the research, specifically indicating that the study is associated with Indian institutions and researchers. It reflects the contributions of Indian scientists to global scientific knowledge and highlights the importance of local expertise in the pharmaceutical field.
4) Study (Studying):
'Study' pertains to the systematic investigation conducted to explore the interactions of DDQ with various drugs. It encompasses methods of analysis, results, and discussions on the formation and characteristics of charge transfer complexes, contributing valuable insights to the fields of chemistry and pharmacology.
5) Science (Scientific):
The term 'science' represents the systematic and empirical approach adopted in the investigation of molecular complexes. It underscores the application of scientific methods to understand the interactions at a molecular level, enabling the advancement of knowledge in chemistry and its applications in drug formulation and pharmacodynamics.
6) Charan:
Charan refers to Dr. T. Charan Singh, the primary author of the study. His contributions to the research reflect individual expertise, dedication, and innovation in the field of pharmaceutical science, playing a crucial role in elucidating the molecular interactions between DDQ and various drugs.
7) Kumar:
Kumar, included in the context of authorship, relates to T. Vinod Kumar, who is acknowledged in previous studies cited within the article. This reference illustrates collaborative research efforts and the intellectual lineage leading to the current study's findings on charge transfer complexes in drugs.
8) Line:
The term 'line' often refers to graphical representations in the context of the study, especially in plots such as the Rose-Drago plot used to determine stability constants. In this case, 'line' may symbolize the mathematical relationships explored in deducing thermodynamic parameters and the stability of drug complexes.
9) Species:
In the study, 'species' may refer to various molecules involved in the charge transfer processes, including the drug molecules and DDQ. Understanding the behavior and interactions between these different species is essential for grasping the mechanisms behind the formation of charge transfer complexes.
10) Purification:
'Purification' refers to the processes employed to obtain pure samples of DDQ and the studied drugs before experimentation. It is crucial for reliable results, ensuring that the properties observed in the study stem from the compounds of interest without interference from impurities or contaminants.
11) Discussion:
'Discussion' encapsulates the section where researchers interpret their findings, relate them to existing literature, and suggest implications or future research directions. It is integral in providing context to the results, showcasing the significance of charge transfer interactions in pharmaceuticals and potential applications in drug estimation.
12) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
The term 'antibiotic' relates to the classification of certain drugs, including Ofloxacin and Trazadone, investigated in the study. This categorization emphasizes the therapeutic applications of the drugs and their roles in combating bacterial infections, further motivating the need to understand their molecular interactions with DDQ.
13) Purity:
'Purity' refers to the quality of the chemical compounds used in the study, indicating the absence of impurities. High purity is essential for accurate spectrophotometric analysis and reliable results, as impurities can interfere with the formation and characteristics of charge transfer complexes during experiments.
14) Nature:
In this context, 'nature' may refer to the inherent characteristics and behaviors of the molecules being studied. Understanding the nature of the interactions between the drug molecules and DDQ is critical for predicting their stability, charge transfer behavior, and potential applications in pharmaceutical research.
15) Alla:
'Alla' references A. Alla Hassan, another author cited in the references of the study. His previous contributions and relevancy demonstrate the collaborative nature of scientific research, where multiple researchers build upon each other's work to expand the understanding of molecular complexes and drug interactions.
16) Rama:
Rama likely refers to Rama Agarwal, another contributing author cited in past studies that form the background for the current research. Reference to her work highlights the continuity in research efforts in the field and the importance of collaboration among scientists to advance pharmaceutical knowledge.
17) Goud:
'Goud' refers to Rakesh Goud Battini, mentioned in the acknowledgments for providing support in the research. Acknowledging contributions from colleagues underscores the collaborative aspect of scientific research, which often relies on teamwork and shared expertise to produce significant findings in the field.
18) Bell:
The term 'Bell' relates to the reference to Bell. Fac. Pharm., which is likely a citation for previously published work that provides foundational knowledge for the study. Such references are critical in academic research, linking current findings to prior studies and facilitating the advancement of scientific discourse.