Review of domestication and breed development in India.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Review of domestication and breed development in India.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Animal:
The term 'animal' encompasses domesticated species that serve various utility functions for humans, including cattle and buffaloes, which are central to agricultural practices. Their domestication has enabled human societies to utilize them for food, labor, companionship, and other purposes, significantly impacting human civilization and development.

2) Milk:
Milk is a vital source of nutrition derived from mammals, particularly from cattle and buffalo breeds detailed in the review. It provides essential nutrients, contributes to human diets globally, and has economic importance in dairy farming. Certain breeds have been developed or selected for higher milk yield, affecting agricultural practices.

3) Horn:
Horns are a defining physical feature of many cattle and buffalo breeds, influencing their classification and identification. They can indicate breed characteristics and reproductive status, and their shape and size may have implications for aesthetics, breed traits, and the management of the animal in agricultural settings.

4) Buffalo (Buffaloes):
Buffalo refers specifically to the domesticated water buffalo, which holds great cultural and economic significance in many regions, especially in Asia. The review categorizes various breeds, emphasizing their roles in dairying and agriculture, alongside adaptations for local environments and human needs.

5) Medium:
The term 'medium' often describes the size of certain cattle and buffalo breeds, which can vary significantly in physical dimensions. For example, some breeds are deemed medium-sized based on weight, height, and body frame, impacting their utility as draft animals or for milk production within varied farming systems.

6) India:
As the geographic focus of the review, India is home to a diverse array of cattle and buffalo breeds, shaped by its unique agricultural practices, cultural significance, and historical domestication efforts. The study emphasizes the importance of breed conservation and development in meeting nutritional and economic needs in India.

7) Bull:
Bulls are male cattle used primarily for breeding purposes. They play a crucial role in maintaining genetic diversity within livestock populations. The review discusses various traits related to male animals, their characteristics, and their impact on herd productivity, especially in dairy farms.

8) Male:
The term 'male' encompasses gender-specific traits, particularly in breeding contexts. In the review, the discussion includes the performance and physical characteristics of male breeds, highlighting their importance in genetics, behavior, and herd dynamics for both cattle and buffalo production systems.

9) Sindhi (Sindh, Shindhi):
Sindh is highlighted as a region of origin for specific cattle breeds like the Red Sindhi. The mention emphasizes the importance of geographic heritage in the context of cattle domestication and the traits associated with local adaptations.

10) Dewlap:
The dewlap is a prominent physical feature in certain breeds of cattle and buffalo, characterized by a hanging fold of skin. It can serve physiological functions and may be more pronounced in specific breeds, influencing their appearance and potentially their thermal regulation in hot climates.

11) Hair:
Hair serves as an insulation and protection for cattle and buffalo breeds. Its characteristics, such as length, thickness, and distribution, can vary among breeds and have implications for maintaining health and comfort in diverse environmental conditions. Some breeds are noted for their unique fur traits.

12) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra is a key state in India with significant contributions to livestock farming. The review mentions breeds of cattle and buffalo originating from this region, underscoring its role in dairy production and agricultural practices, which supports local economies and sustains rural livelihoods.

13) Brahmin:
The Brahmin breed represents a type of cattle known for its hybrid vigor and valuable qualities such as milk production. This breed plays a critical role in cross-breeding programs aimed at improving the overall productivity of dairy and dual-purpose cattle in various agricultural settings.

14) Andhra (Amdhra):
Andhra Pradesh is another Indian state recognized for specific cattle breeds, particularly Ongole, which is celebrated for both its milk production and draft capabilities. The breeds from Andhra have distinct characteristics suited to local environmental conditions, enhancing agricultural efficiency and sustainability.

15) Horse:
The mention of horses in the context of animal domestication highlights their historical significance alongside cattle and buffaloes. Horses played crucial roles in transportation and labor, influencing human societies and agricultural practices, and their breeding has parallels with cattle and buffalo conservation efforts.

16) Veterinary science:
Veterinary science encompasses the medical and health management aspects of animal husbandry. Its importance is underscored in the review regarding maintaining breed health, controlling diseases, and ensuring optimal productivity in livestock, which is vital for effective dairy and agriculture management.

17) Karnataka:
Karnataka is a prominent Indian state known for its unique breeds of cattle, particularly in relation to agricultural practices. The review outlines how these breeds contribute to local economies and provides insights into breeding practices that support the state's dairy and agricultural sectors.

18) Gujarat:
Gujarat hosts several indigenous breeds of cattle and buffaloes, such as Gir and Jaffarabadi. These breeds are vital for dairy production in the region and demonstrate the importance of local adaptation and breed conservation in response to environmental challenges and consumer demands.

19) Science (Scientific):
Science refers to the systematic study of the natural world, including animal genetics and breeding practices highlighted in the review. Understanding the genetic principles underlying livestock breeds is essential for optimizing their management, improving productivity, and addressing issues related to food security.

20) Indian:
The term 'Indian' relates to the various breeds of cattle and buffalo that have been developed and maintained within India. The review emphasizes the significance of genetic diversity in these breeds and their adaptation to local conditions, which is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices.

21) Blood:
Blood refers to the genetic lineage and breeding stock of livestock, which is critical for understanding traits and performances of specific breeds. The review discusses the role of bloodlines in improving productivity and efficiency in dairy farming through selective breeding practices.

22) Performance:
Performance refers to the productivity and efficiency of livestock in terms of milk production, growth, and overall health. The review emphasizes the necessity of maintaining records and understanding heritability for better breeding strategies that enhance performance in cattle and buffalo farming.

23) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
Tamil Nadu is an Indian state known for its indigenous cattle breeds. The mention of this region highlights its contributions to livestock diversity and the role of these breeds in local agricultural practices, showcasing genetic resources that are essential for regional food security and economy.

24) Varanasi (Varanashi):
Varanasi, home to Banaras Hindu University, is noted in the review as a significant educational and research center in animal genetics and breeding. Its involvement in research enhances our understanding of breed characteristics, supporting advancements in livestock management and animal welfare.

25) Brahman:
Brahman refers to a breed of cattle known for its adaptability and heat tolerance. This breed plays a crucial role in cross-breeding programs for enhancing resilience and productivity in various environments, emphasizing the importance of genetic diversity in agricultural practices around the world.

26) Channel:
Channel refers to the geographical feature of the region where certain breeds of cattle, like the Jersey, originated. Understanding geographic influences is essential for assessing the traits of specific livestock breeds, which impacts their distribution, breeding programs, and adaptability to different environmental conditions.

27) Species:
Species refers to distinct groups within the animal kingdom, such as different breeds of cattle and buffalo. Understanding species distinctions is vital for breeding practices aimed at enhancing specific traits, productivity, and managing genetic diversity, impacting agricultural sustainability and economic viability.

28) Nature:
Nature encompasses the inherent attributes and qualities of livestock breeds, including their genetic makeup and physical adaptations to environments. The review highlights how an understanding of these natural traits informs breeding decisions, animal care, and management strategies for enhanced productivity.

29) Santa (Shanta, Samta, Shamta):
Santa refers to the Santa Gertrudis breed, developed in Texas through cross-breeding, which showcases the impact of selective breeding for specific traits, including adaptability and meat quality. This breed highlights the interconnectedness of livestock management practices globally.

30) Delhi:
Delhi, recognized for the Murrah buffalo breed, plays a key role in dairy production in India. The mention of this region illustrates the significance of regional breeds that contribute to overall food security and economic stability through effective livestock management.

31) Water:
Water is crucial for the survival and productivity of livestock, particularly for dairy breeds. The review emphasizes how access to clean water influences growth, reproduction, and overall health in cattle and buffalo farming, supporting effective management practices.

32) Birth:
Birth signifies the beginning of life in livestock, and it is a critical factor in breeding strategies. The review discusses how age at first calving and calving intervals are significant metrics for evaluating the productivity and genetic potential of different breeds.

33) Tamil:
Tamil refers to the regional influence in southern India, particularly regarding indigenous cattle. The mention of Tamil indicates the cultural and agricultural significance of local livestock breeds, highlighting the diversity and adaptability inherent in these animals.

34) Study (Studying):
Study refers to the systematic examination and analysis of livestock breeds, their characteristics, and management practices. The review highlights the importance of research in understanding genetic performance and developing breeding strategies for enhancing productivity in agriculture.

35) Tarai:
Tarai references a geographical region in India known for specific buffalo breeds. This region is significant as it represents the ecological diversity that influences breed characteristics and adaptations, contributing to local agricultural practices and livestock management.

36) Tanki (Tamki):
Dangi refers to a breed of cattle in India known for its robustness and adaptability. The mention of Dangi highlights the importance of local breeds that can thrive in specific environments, contributing to the sustainability of agricultural practices in their respective regions.

37) Nadu:
Nadu, derived from Tamil, refers to a region in southern India known for its indigenous cattle breeds. The term emphasizes the cultural significance of livestock in local practices and the genetic diversity inherent in regional cattle farming.

38) Wool:
Wool is a fiber derived from sheep, mentioned in the context of livestock products alongside milk and meat. While not directly linked to cattle, the mention underscores the importance of diverse agricultural outputs from different species and the interrelation of livestock management.

39) Meat:
Meat refers to the flesh of livestock, utilized as a food source. The review focuses on specific breeds of cattle that are also raised for meat production, highlighting the dual purpose of certain breeds and their economic significance alongside dairy production.

40) Rich (Rch):
Rich refers to the high nutritional value and economic potential of livestock products, specifically milk and meat. The review highlights the significance of breed selection for improving both the quality and quantity of these products to meet human dietary needs and economic demands.

41) Pur:
Poor is a term that can refer to low-quality stock or suboptimal growth, which is often a concern in livestock management. The review discusses the importance of breeding strategies to enhance overall productivity and address issues related to animal welfare and health for better outcomes.

42) Central India:
Central India refers to the region that encompasses various indigenous breeds of cattle and buffalo. The mention emphasizes the genetic diversity and regional adaptations of livestock, which are critical for understanding agricultural practices and contributions to local economies.

43) Civilization:
Civilization denotes the development of human societies and their interactions with domesticated animals. The review illustrates the historical evolution of cattle and buffalo breeding as integral to agricultural civilization, shaping economies, cultural practices, and human-animal relationships through history.

44) Measurement:
Measurement is crucial for evaluating the performance traits of livestock, including milk yield and growth rates. The review emphasizes the importance of accurate measurements in breeding strategies to ensure the sustainability and efficiency of livestock production systems.

45) Ahmednagar:
Ahmednagar is a district known for its specific cattle breed, the Dangi. The geographical mention highlights the importance of local adaptations and breed characteristics that contribute to agricultural practices and the economic landscape in the region.

46) Prosperity:
Prosperity in the context of livestock refers to the economic benefits derived from effective cattle and buffalo management. The review underscores how domesticated animals contribute significantly to human prosperity through food production, labor, and economic stability in agricultural communities.

47) Similarity:
Similarity refers to the shared traits among different livestock breeds, which can be important for breeding programs. Understanding similarities helps in selecting breeding stock, enhancing desired characteristics, and maintaining genetic diversity within cattle and buffalo populations.

48) Bilaspur:
Bilaspur is noted as a region associated with the Gowdoo breed, highlighting the local contributions to livestock diversity. It showcases how specific regions contribute distinct breeds to the overall genetic landscape and agricultural practices in India.

49) Activity:
Activity refers to the behaviors and movements of livestock, which are important for their health and productivity. The review emphasizes monitoring livestock activity to ensure proper care and optimize breeding and management practices, impacting overall productivity.

50) Relative:
Relative refers to the connections among different livestock breeds and their genetic relationships. Understanding these relations is crucial for effective breeding strategies, ensuring that desirable traits are passed through generations, enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture.

51) Hanging:
Hanging often describes the physical characteristics of certain breeds, such as the dewlap in cattle. This anatomical feature can indicate breed characteristics and potentially influence physiological and management considerations within livestock farming.

52) Disease:
Disease refers to health issues that can affect livestock productivity and welfare. The review underscores the importance of veterinary science and management in preventing diseases, highlighting the impact of health on the economic viability of cattle and buffalo farming.

53) Madhya:
Madhya denotes the central region of India, notable for its diverse agricultural practices and breeds of cattle. The review highlights the importance of this region in contributing to the genetic resource base and supporting sustainable livestock management and productivity.

54) Kerala:
Kerala is identified as a state contributing to the diversity of cattle breeds in India. The region's specific breeds highlight the significance of local adaptations and historical practices in shaping the agricultural landscape and livestock management in this area.

55) Thomas:
Thomas refers to Thomas Bates, a significant figure in the history of animal breeding known for his structural methods. His practices contributed to the development of efficient cattle breeding strategies, impacting livestock management and enhancing productivity across various breeds.

56) Baroda:
Baroda, along with Anand, is noted as a breeding area in Gujarat contributing to the Surti breed of buffaloes. The mention highlights the importance of local regions in the context of breed development and effective management for agricultural production.

57) Shatara (Satara):
Satara is another area known for specific cattle breeds, emphasizing the role of regional livestock in agricultural practices. The distinctive qualities of animals from Satara contribute to the overall genetic diversity in India’s farming practices.

58) Mysore:
Mysore is recognized for its historical association with specific breeds of cattle. The region showcases how traditional practices and local genetic resources can influence cattle breeding, ultimately fostering agricultural productivity and sustainability.

59) Punjab:
Punjab is a prominent agricultural region in India, known for its contribution to livestock farming. The mention highlights the significance of its indigenous breeds, showcasing the vital role of local adaptations in enhancing productivity and economic growth within the state.

60) Forest:
Forest refers to natural habitats where certain wildlife, potentially ancestral to domesticated breeds, may thrive. Understanding the relationship between domesticated animals and their wild relatives influences breeding practices and conservation strategies, highlighting ecological diversity.

61) Family:
Family in the context of livestock breeding refers to familial connections among breeds and individuals that can influence genetic traits. Understanding familial ties aids in implementing effective breeding programs to enhance livestock productivity and minimize inbreeding.

62) Reason:
Reason encompasses the rationale behind selecting specific breeding practices and managing livestock. The review underscores the importance of understanding genetic principles and environmental conditions to optimize agricultural outputs and support sustainable farming.

63) Silver:
Silver may refer to the coloration found in certain livestock breeds, impacting their physical appearance and genetics. Consideration of colors and markings can be essential for breed identification and selection in livestock management.

64) Nagapura (Naga-pura):
Nagpur is mentioned as a region linked to specific livestock breeds. The area’s breeds contribute to the diversity of Indian livestock, emphasizing regional traits and characteristics that have implications for agricultural practices and breed management.

65) Manda (Mamda):
Manda refers to a local breed known for its adaptability and resilience. The mention highlights the significance of indigenous breeds that thrive under specific environmental conditions, underscoring the importance of preserving such genetic diversity in livestock management.

66) Nasik:
Nasik is another region recognized for its unique cattle breeds. The mention emphasizes the role of local geography in shaping the traits of livestock and promoting sustainable agricultural practices aligned with specific ecological conditions.

67) Patna:
Patna is noted for its agricultural significance and its involvement in cattle breeding programs like Jersey crosses. The region reinforces the importance of local adaptations and practices in improving livestock productivity.

68) Roman (Roma):
Roman references relate to the historical context of animal breeding, where early practices laid the groundwork for modern breeding techniques. Understanding these foundations is essential for gaining insights into current livestock management practices.

69) Bihar:
Bihar is highlighted as a region associated with specific livestock traits and breeding practices. The emphasis on Bihar underlines the importance of regional diversity in contributing to agricultural practices and enhancing food security.

70) Malwa:
Malwa refers to a geographical region associated with specific local breeds, highlighting its contribution to the diversity of livestock in India. Understanding Malwa's breeds fosters appreciation of local adaptations significant for sustainable agricultural practices.

71) Death:
Death pertains to the impact of mortality in livestock populations on breeding programs and farm sustainability. The review discusses how tracking mortality can influence breeding strategies and agricultural practices for improving herd health and productivity.

72) Fight:
Fight refers to the behaviors of livestock in terms of dominance and territorial disputes. Understanding such behaviors is critical for managing herd dynamics and ensuring animal welfare within livestock farming, impacting overall productivity and health.

73) Tiger:
Tiger highlights the natural predators livestock may face in certain regions. Understanding predator-prey dynamics assists in developing effective management practices for protecting livestock, ensuring their safety, and maintaining agricultural viability.

74) Lola:
Lola refers to another name for the Sahiwal breed, known for its milk production and adaptability. The reference illustrates the importance of regional names in preserving breed identity and recognizing their unique contributions to agricultural practices.

75) Ravi (Ravin):
Ravi refers to a breed known for its adaptability and dairy performance. The mention emphasizes the role such breeds play within the broader context of livestock development and sustainable agricultural practices.

[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 83]