Review of Ayurvedic, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects of Schleichera oleosa.
a traditional plant with enormous biological activity
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Ayurvedic, phytochemical and pharmacological review of schleichera oleosa (lour.) oken
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: a traditional plant with enormous biological activity
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Shambaditya Goswami and Ravindra Pal Singh
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Ayurvedic, phytochemical and pharmacological review of schleichera oleosa (lour.) oken
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201710-9370
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, a member of the Sapindaceae family, is a traditional plant widely recognized in Ayurvedic medicine for its therapeutic benefits and has applications in livestock feeding. Primarily found in Southeast Asia and the sub-Himalayan tract of India, this plant has a long history of use in treating various ailments such as helminthiasis, itching, and rheumatism, among others. Scientific evaluations have identified several pharmacological properties of S. oleosa, including anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities, attributed to its diverse phytochemical constituents like phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and triterpenoids.
Anti-inflammatory Properties
The anti-inflammatory benefits of Schleichera oleosa stem from its phytochemical constituents, particularly tannins and flavonoids, which demonstrate inhibition of inflammatory mediators. Extracts of the plant have been shown to reduce paw edema and ear swelling in laboratory models, alleviating symptoms associated with inflammation. The mechanism of action involves the suppression of nitric oxide and other inflammatory mediators, thereby reducing tissue inflammation and pain. Given the side effects of traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), herbal alternatives like S. oleosa offer a safer and potentially more effective option for managing inflammatory conditions.
Anticancer Potential
Research into the anticancer properties of Schleichera oleosa reveals its ability to inhibit the growth of various cancer cell lines. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, triterpenoids, and flavonoids contribute to significant cytotoxic effects in cultures derived from colon, lung, breast, and liver cancers. Specifically, the extracted compounds known as schleicherastatins have shown impressive inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, suggesting that S. oleosa may contain valuable components for cancer treatment. Moreover, these compounds exhibit potential in overcoming drug resistance seen in various cancer therapies, highlighting the plant’s promise as a complementary approach to oncology.
Nutritional and Agricultural Value
The plant is also noted for its nutritional value, especially in livestock feeding, where tannins have been shown to improve protein supply in ruminants and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties beneficial for animal health. The seeds yield an oil known as 'kusum oil,' which is used not only for cooking but also for treating various skin ailments and aiding in hair growth. The biomass remaining after oil extraction, known as oil cake, serves as a nutritious feed supplement for livestock, thus enhancing the agricultural viability of S. oleosa while contributing to sustainable farming practices.
Conclusion
In summary, Schleichera oleosa emerges not only as a crucial component of traditional medicine in India but also as a plant of significant pharmacological interest. Its therapeutic effects, particularly in inflammation and cancer, alongside its nutritional benefits for livestock, underscore the multifaceted applications of this plant. The continued exploration of its phytochemical constituents may enhance our understanding of its mechanisms of action and lead to the development of new holistic treatments for a range of health issues, reinforcing the value of traditional plants in modern medicine and agriculture.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Schleichera oleosa and where is it found?
Schleichera oleosa, commonly known as Kusum, is a member of the Sapindaceae family found in Southeast Asia and the sub-Himalayan regions of India. It is traditionally used for its numerous therapeutic benefits.
What are the traditional uses of Schleichera oleosa in Ayurveda?
In Ayurveda, Schleichera oleosa is used for various ailments including helminthiasis, acne, itching, menorrhea, and malaria. Its bark is an astringent, while the seed oil is used for rheumatism and promoting hair growth.
What are the main phytochemical constituents of Schleichera oleosa?
The main phytochemical constituents of Schleichera oleosa include phenolic compounds, fatty acids, tannins, hydroxyl sterols, and triterpenoids, contributing to its therapeutic effects.
What medicinal properties does Schleichera oleosa possess?
Schleichera oleosa exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities, making it valuable in both traditional and modern medicine.
How is Schleichera oleosa used in livestock feed?
The leaves and seed cakes of Schleichera oleosa are used as livestock feed, providing nutritional benefits, especially due to their tannin content, which supports digestion and has anti-inflammatory properties.
What are the environmental benefits of Schleichera oleosa?
Schleichera oleosa contributes to environmental sustainability as its non-edible oil can be used for biodiesel production, supporting green chemistry initiatives.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Review of Ayurvedic, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects of Schleichera oleosa.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
In pharmacological contexts, 'Activity' refers to the biological effects or therapeutic potential of a substance, particularly its ability to produce a desired response in living organisms. The term is crucial for evaluating how natural compounds like those from Schleichera oleosa impact health, drive research, and influence Traditional Medicine practices.
2) Table:
In scholarly articles, 'Table' refers to a structured arrangement of data or information for easy reference and understanding. Tables display key aspects, such as traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, or pharmacological effects of Schleichera oleosa, aiding researchers in analyzing and comparing data effectively.
3) India:
India is a nation rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge of herbal medicine. It is the native habitat of Schleichera oleosa, where various regions have historically utilized the plant for its therapeutic properties. Understanding the cultural context enhances appreciation for traditional medicine practices and the relevance of local flora.
4) Tree:
In botanical terms, a 'Tree' is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, known as a trunk, supporting branches and leaves. Schleichera oleosa, commonly known as the Lac Tree, is a significant species in India, valued for its medicinal properties, ecological contributions, and use in traditional practices.
5) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a diverse group of plant compounds known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Found in various plant parts of Schleichera oleosa, these phytochemicals contribute to the plant's therapeutic effects, supporting its traditional use and potential as an alternative medicine.
6) Cancer:
Cancer denotes the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. Many natural compounds, including those from Schleichera oleosa, are researched for their anti-cancer properties. The study of these compounds aims to discover novel treatments and understand their mechanisms of action in combating cancer cells.
7) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds in plants that contribute to their color, flavor, and disease resistance. In Schleichera oleosa, phytochemicals like tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids are associated with various therapeutic effects, making their study essential for understanding the biological activity of medicinal plants.
8) Ulcer:
An ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the stomach or intestines. Schleichera oleosa has been investigated for its anti-ulcer activity, providing an alternative treatment option. Understanding the plant's effects can aid in developing herbal remedies for managing gastric disorders effectively.
9) Line:
In scientific literature, a 'Line' often refers to a sequence of text or a specific detail discussed in a study. It's pivotal for organizing findings and guiding readers through complex information, enhancing comprehension of the therapeutic aspects and phytochemical effects of Schleichera oleosa.
10) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial substances inhibit the growth of bacteria, promoting health and preventing infections. Schleichera oleosa demonstrates significant antibacterial activity, making it a valuable candidate for natural medicinal compounds. Research in this area focuses on isolating and understanding the mechanism behind its antibacterial properties.
11) Inflammation:
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection, often involving redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Schleichera oleosa is studied for its anti-inflammatory effects, which can provide insights into alternative treatments for inflammatory disorders and contribute to understanding the plant's medicinal efficacy.
12) Edema (Oedema):
Edema refers to the swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues. In pharmacological studies, assessing the potential of Schleichera oleosa in reducing edema can provide valuable information for developing effective treatments for conditions related to fluid retention and inflammation.
13) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological studies explore the interactions and effects of various compounds on biological systems. Research on Schleichera oleosa's pharmacological aspects aims to validate its traditional uses and identify active constituents responsible for its medicinal properties, contributing to the field of herbal medicine.
14) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that emphasizes natural healing and holistic practices. The utilization of Schleichera oleosa in Ayurveda highlights its importance as a herbal remedy, providing a rich context for evaluating its therapeutic effects and traditional applications.
15) Disease:
Disease refers to a pathological condition characterized by specific symptoms and functional impairments. The traditional use of Schleichera oleosa for ailments provides insights into its potential in treating various diseases, underscoring the significance of herbal remedies in managing health conditions.
16) Animal:
In the context of pharmacology, animal studies provide vital data about the therapeutic potential and safety of compounds. Investigating Schleichera oleosa's effects on animals helps confirm its traditional uses and paves the way for future clinical applications in human medicine.
17) Veda:
The term Vedic relates to the Vedas, ancient Indian texts that are foundational to Hindu philosophy and practices. The mention of Schleichera oleosa in Vedic literature emphasizes its long-standing significance in traditional medicine, underscoring the historical roots of its use.
18) Katu:
In Ayurveda, 'Katu' signifies a pungent taste associated with certain herbs and foods. Schleichera oleosa, with its various properties, includes the 'Katu' taste in its pharmacological profile, contributing to its classification and guiding its medicinal applications in traditional systems.
19) Rajasthan:
Rajasthan, a state in India, is known for its diverse flora and traditional practices. Schleichera oleosa is found here, contributing to the rich botanical heritage and the potential for research on its medicinal properties within the cultural context of Rajasthan.
20) Samhita:
Samhita refers to ancient texts that compile knowledge on various subjects, including medicine. The reference to Schleichera oleosa in the Sushruta Samhita illustrates its historical value in Ayurvedic medicine and highlights the importance of traditional sources in herbal research.
21) Species:
In biology, 'Species' denotes a group of organisms that can interbreed and share common characteristics. Schleichera oleosa is a unique species within the Sapindaceae family, distinguished by its specific phytochemical profile and therapeutic applications in traditional medicine.
22) Itching:
Itching is an uncomfortable sensation on the skin often leading to scratching. The application of Schleichera oleosa in treating itching conditions demonstrates its potential as a natural remedy, reinforcing the importance of herbal treatments in managing skin-related ailments.
23) Vipaka:
In Ayurveda, 'Vipaka' refers to the post-digestive effect of food or substances on the body. Understanding the 'Vipaka' of Schleichera oleosa is essential for determining its long-term effects on health and its role in traditional formulations.
24) Jaipur:
Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan, is a significant city in India where traditional medicine practices thrive. Research on Schleichera oleosa in this area may focus on local applications and the integration of traditional plants into contemporary healthcare frameworks.
25) Family:
In biological classification, 'Family' is a rank that groups related genera. Schleichera oleosa belongs to the Sapindaceae family, which includes several other important species. Understanding its family relationships aids in comparative studies and conservation efforts.
26) Virya:
Virya, in Ayurveda, refers to the potency of a substance. It defines how a compound acts within the body to maintain health or alleviate disease. Understanding the virya of Schleichera oleosa is crucial for accurately incorporating it into herbal medicine.
27) Fever:
Fever is a common clinical symptom indicating the body's response to infection or illness. Schleichera oleosa has traditional applications in managing fever, showcasing its potential in herbal medicine for treating this prevalent condition.
28) Study (Studying):
In scientific contexts, a 'study' refers to a structured inquiry that investigates a specific hypothesis or question. Numerous studies on Schleichera oleosa facilitate the identification of its therapeutic properties and potential applications in modern medicine.
29) Rasa (Rasha):
In Ayurveda, 'Rasa' signifies the taste and primary quality of a substance. The classification of Schleichera oleosa based on its rasa helps determine its therapeutic applications, illustrating the relevance of taste in traditional healing philosophies.
30) Guna:
Guna refers to the inherent qualities or attributes of a substance in Ayurveda that influence its effects on the body. Identifying the guna of Schleichera oleosa provides insight into its pharmacological actions and traditional uses.
31) Hair:
Hair pertains to the keratinous outgrowth on mammals. Schleichera oleosa is recognized for promoting hair growth, which contributes to its use in traditional treatments for conditions like alopecia, illustrating a significant aspect of the plant’s therapeutic profile.
32) Drug:
A 'Drug' is any substance used for medical treatment. Research into compounds derived from Schleichera oleosa aims to identify effective natural drugs, emphasizing the growing interest in herbal medicine within contemporary pharmacology and the search for alternatives to synthetic medications.
33) Gyana (Gyan):
Gyan, meaning knowledge in Hindi and several Indian languages, represents the understanding and expertise surrounding herbal medicine. Knowledge of Schleichera oleosa's properties is essential for its effective integration into traditional practices and modern healthcare systems.
34) Science (Scientific):
Science encompasses the systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. Researching Schleichera oleosa within scientific frameworks validates its traditional uses, ensuring that herbal knowledge aligns with modern healthcare practices.
35) Nighantu (Nighamtu):
The Nighantu refers to ancient Ayurvedic texts cataloging medicinal plants and their properties. Schleichera oleosa's inclusion highlights its significance in traditional medicine, offering insights into its uses, preparation, and pharmacological evaluations rooted in historical texts.
36) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses the science and practice of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Schleichera oleosa exemplifies an important area of study for those exploring herbal remedies and integrating traditional knowledge with modern medical practices.
37) Bengali:
Bengali, an Indo-Aryan language, is spoken in the Indian state of West Bengal. The cultural context of Schleichera oleosa in Bengali communities informs its traditional uses and potential integration into modern health practices in this region.
38) Habitat:
Habitat refers to the natural environment where a species grows and thrives. Schleichera oleosa's habitat primarily includes sub-Himalayan regions and parts of Southeast Asia, essential for understanding its ecological requirements and conservation needs.
39) Bengal (Bemgal):
Bengal, comprising present-day West Bengal and Bangladesh, is known for its biodiversity and traditional healing practices. The presence of Schleichera oleosa reinforces the region's connection to herbal medicine and contributes to the exploration of local flora's efficacy.
40) Garlic:
Garlic is a widely used culinary and medicinal plant known for its health benefits. In the context of Schleichera oleosa, garlic is used in traditional remedies, demonstrating the importance of combining various herbs for enhanced therapeutic effects.
41) Powder:
Powder refers to a fine form of a substance obtained through grinding. The seed powder of Schleichera oleosa is utilized in traditional medicine, showcasing the significance of processing techniques in enhancing the usability and efficacy of herbal products.
42) Water:
Water is a vital resource for all life forms and plays a significant role in traditional medicine. Infusions or decoctions of Schleichera oleosa often involve water, highlighting its importance as a solvent for extracting medicinal properties from plants.
43) Hindi (Himdi):
Hindi is one of India’s principal languages and serves as a medium for communication about traditional medicine. Knowledge of Schleichera oleosa in Hindi-speaking populations emphasizes its relevance in regional practices and the dissemination of herbal medicine knowledge.
44) Guru:
Guru embodies the concept of a teacher or mentor in Indian culture. In the context of traditional medicine, guidance from experienced practitioners or gurus ensures the proper use of herbs like Schleichera oleosa, emphasizing knowledge transmission through generations.
45) Amla:
Amla, known as Indian gooseberry, is a rich source of vitamin C and a prominent herb in Ayurveda. Its mention alongside Schleichera oleosa signifies the importance of synergistic properties and complementary roles different plants play in traditional healing.
46) Ushna (Usna):
Usna, an Ayurvedic term, refers to the hot potency of certain substances. Understanding the usna nature of Schleichera oleosa is instrumental in its application in treating conditions where heat-related remedies are recommended, guiding its therapeutic use.
47) Food:
Food encompasses substances consumed to provide nutritional support. The consumption of Schleichera oleosa fruits and seeds reflects their role as nutritional sources and their potential to integrate into dietary practices for health benefits.
48) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
A burn is a type of injury to skin or flesh caused by fire, heat, chemicals, or radiation. Schleichera oleosa is traditionally applied for treating burns, exemplifying its use in wound care and demonstrating the plant's medicinal qualities.
49) Genetic disorder:
Genetic disorders arise from anomalies in genes or chromosomes. While Schleichera oleosa is not directly associated with genetics, exploring its healing properties can aid in managing symptoms related to diseases with genetic underpinnings, especially in herbal medicine contexts.
50) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of drug action and effects in biological systems. Investigating Schleichera oleosa within pharmacology seeks to uncover its therapeutic properties and validate its usage in traditional healing practices.
51) Kaphapitta (Kapha-pitta):
Kapha-pitta refers to two of the three doshas in Ayurveda, representing biological energies in the body. Utilizing Schleichera oleosa can address imbalances in these doshas, guiding herbal practitioners in formulating treatments based on individual health conditions.
52) Performance:
In scientific research, 'performance' typically relates to the efficacy or activity of a compound or treatment. Studying the performance of Schleichera oleosa helps establish its therapeutic potential and effectiveness in various medical applications.
53) Shankhini (Sankhini):
Shankhini is a term relating to certain properties or uses in Ayurvedic texts. Identifying Schleichera oleosa in this context emphasizes its traditional significance and the importance of understanding historical knowledge related to medicinal plants.
54) Substance:
A substance refers to a specific material with distinct properties. In herbal medicine, understanding the substances within Schleichera oleosa, including active phytochemicals, guides therapeutic applications and informs users about its safe and effective use.
55) Pesticide:
Pesticides are substances used to eliminate pests that can harm crops and livestock. The cultivation of Schleichera oleosa may benefit from an understanding of natural pest deterrents, promoting sustainable agricultural practices and reducing the reliance on synthetic chemicals.
56) Prabhava:
Prabhava denotes the specific action or result of a substance's properties in Ayurveda. Understanding the prabhava of Schleichera oleosa offers insights into its targeted therapeutic effects, guiding practitioners in applying it effectively for specific health issues.
57) Language:
Language serves as a medium for communication and knowledge transmission. Conducting research and disseminating information on Schleichera oleosa often involves various languages, which helps bridge cultural and scientific communities in understanding herbal medicine.
58) Lighting:
Lighting refers to the illumination provided in spaces. The use of Schleichera oleosa for lighting purposes, specifically through its oil, indicates its multifaceted application beyond medicine, showcasing the traditional resourcefulness with natural products.
59) Marathi:
Marathi is a regional language spoken predominantly in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Knowledge of Schleichera oleosa in the Marathi language enhances the comprehension and accessibility of traditional medicinal knowledge among local populations.
60) Kannada:
Kannada is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Karnataka. The documentation and understanding of Schleichera oleosa's properties in Kannada contribute to preserving traditional knowledge and making it accessible to a broader audience in the region.
61) Pungent:
'Pungent' describes a strong taste or odor that can stimulate the senses. The presence of pungent compounds in Schleichera oleosa, particularly in its oil, contributes to its classification in traditional medicine and its therapeutic applications addressing specific health conditions.
62) Heating:
Heating refers to raising the temperature of a substance, which can alter its characteristics. In traditional medicine, heating certain plant extracts, like Schleichera oleosa's oil, can enhance their bioavailability and effectiveness in treating various ailments.
63) Leprosy:
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, affecting the skin and nervous system. Historically, Schleichera oleosa has been referenced in traditional treatment approaches for skin ailments, illustrating the importance of understanding herbal remedies in managing leprosy and similar conditions.
64) Mineral:
Minerals are inorganic nutrients that play essential roles in various bodily functions. The mineral content in Schleichera oleosa contributes to its nutritional profile and effectiveness in traditional healing practices, emphasizing the significance of plant-derived minerals in health.
65) Killing (Killed):
Killing refers to the act of causing death. In pharmacological contexts, it can relate to the ability of certain compounds within Schleichera oleosa to inhibit or destroy harmful pathogens, showcasing its potential as a natural therapeutic agent.
66) Kashmir:
Kashmir is a region known for its rich biodiversity and traditional knowledge of herbal medicine. The presence of Schleichera oleosa in this area underscores the region's significance in the study of medicinal plants and their applications in health.
67) Siddha:
Siddha is a system of traditional medicine originating in South India, closely related to Ayurveda. The mention of Schleichera oleosa in Siddha texts highlights its importance in the natural healing practices prevalent in specific regions of India.
68) Dravya:
Dravya is a term used in Ayurveda to refer to substances or materials with medicinal properties. Understanding the dravya of Schleichera oleosa plays a crucial role in establishing its therapeutic applications, ensuring accurate incorporation in traditional medicine.
69) Madhya:
Madhya, meaning 'middle' in Hindi, can refer to regions in India. The distribution of Schleichera oleosa across Madhya Pradesh and other central areas highlights its significance in various ecological and cultural contexts within the country.
70) Andhra (Amdhra):
Andhra refers to a state in India known for its rich cultural heritage and biodiversity. Schleichera oleosa's presence in Andhra state emphasizes its traditional value and potential for further research in local herbal practices.
71) Punjab:
Punjab is a northern state in India characterized by its agricultural richness and traditional practices. Schleichera oleosa’s distribution and use in Punjab signify the integration of herbal remedies into local health practices, enhancing knowledge of regional medicinal flora.
72) Nature:
Nature encompasses the physical world and its phenomena, including flora, fauna, and ecosystems. The ecological context of Schleichera oleosa in natural habitat showcases its role within biodiversity and the need for sustainable conservation efforts.
73) Timber:
Timber refers to wood that has been processed for construction and other uses. Schleichera oleosa is recognized not just for its medicinal properties but also as a source of timber, showcasing its multifaceted importance in local economies.
74) Insect:
Insects, being a diverse group of organisms, can have various ecological roles. Schleichera oleosa is associated with lac insects that produce resin on its bark, emphasizing the plant's significance to local ecosystems and economic frameworks.
75) Indian:
Indian refers to anything related to India, including its culture, languages, and traditions. The exploration of Schleichera oleosa within Indian medicine highlights the rich heritage of herbal healing practices prevalent across the nation.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 91]
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Review of Ayurvedic, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects of Schleichera oleosa.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Economic condition, Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity, Anti-inflammatory, Traditional use, Ayurvedic properties, Anticancer activity, Free radical scavenging activity, Chemical structure, Antiulcer activity, Triterpenoid, Phytoconstituent.
Concepts being referred in other categories, contexts and sources.
Vedic status, Significant therapeutic effect.