Vitex negundo linn in ayurvedic classics (a bird eyes view)
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Vitex negundo linn in ayurvedic classics (a bird eyes view)
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Dr. Madhuri Thokala and Dr. Chakrapanysharma
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Vitex negundo linn in ayurvedic classics (a bird eyes view)
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201715-10146
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Summary of article contents:
1) Introduction
Herbal medicine has been an integral part of human health practices for centuries, focusing not only on curing diseases but also on restoring the body to its natural state of wellbeing. Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, emphasizes the preservation of health and offers a vast array of herbs and plant-based formulations for treating various ailments. Among these, Vitex negundo Linn, commonly known as Nirgundi, holds significant medicinal importance as described in numerous Ayurvedic texts. This herb is renowned for its therapeutic properties and is widely recognized as a remedy for multiple diseases.
2) Therapeutic Potential of Nirgundi
One of the key concepts discussed in the literature is the therapeutic potential of Nirgundi. Traditionally, it has been employed for treating a multitude of health issues, including respiratory conditions such as cough and asthma, as well as inflammatory diseases, fever, and skin ailments. The plant is attributed with various pharmacological properties, including expectorant, antiseptic, antipyretic, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The active compounds identified in Nirgundi, such as flavonoids, terpenes, and tannins, contribute to these wide-ranging therapeutic applications, affirming its status as a versatile herbal remedy in the Ayurvedic pharmacopeia.
3) Description and Classification
Another significant aspect covered in the literature is the botanical classification and description of Nirgundi. The plant, part of the Verbenaceae family, is characterized as a large shrub or small tree, typically exhibiting a height of 2 to 8 meters with distinctive five-foliate leaves. Throughout various Ayurvedic texts, Nirgundi has been classified into different groups based on its morphological characteristics, therapeutic uses, and habitat. Classical texts such as the Charaka Samhita and Susrutha Samhita categorize Nirgundi under various therapeutic groups, recognising its contributions to health and healing practices.
4) Varieties and Synonyms
The text also highlights the variety of names and synonyms associated with Nirgundi across different regions and Ayurvedic texts. Known in Sanskrit as Nirgundi and in Hindi as Sambhalu, this plant is recognized by many vernacular names, reflecting its widespread use and cultural significance. The literature delineates different varieties of Nirgundi, such as Swethapushpa and Nilapushpa, which are based on flower color and morphological traits. This nomenclature emphasizes the traditional method of plant identification in Ayurvedic practices, potentially aiding in research and formulation of herbal treatments.
5) Conclusion
In conclusion, the literature surrounding Vitex negundo Linn presents a comprehensive overview of this important medicinal plant, illustrating its extensive use in traditional medicine and its varied therapeutic implications. While existing studies affirm the efficacy and medicinal value of Nirgundi, there remains a pressing need for further research to explore its full potential and address existing gaps in knowledge. Enhanced understanding of its properties, varieties, and applications could not only enrich Ayurvedic practices but also contribute significantly to modern herbal pharmacology and therapeutic development.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the main aim of herbal medicine according to Ayurveda?
The main aim of herbal medicine in Ayurveda is to preserve health and cure diseases, returning the body to its natural state of health.
What is Vitex negundo commonly known as in Ayurveda?
Vitex negundo is commonly known as Nirgundi in Ayurveda, recognized for its therapeutic potential.
What are the traditional uses of Nirgundi (Vitex negundo)?
Nirgundi is traditionally used to treat cough, asthma, fever, inflammation, skin diseases, and rheumatism among others.
What are the significant phytochemical constituents found in Nirgundi?
Nirgundi contains various phytochemicals such as flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, and volatile oils, contributing to its medicinal properties.
How does Nirgundi affect the body according to Ayurvedic texts?
Nirgundi is noted to have properties like expectorant, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and antibiotic, addressing various ailments.
What preparations include Nirgundi in Ayurvedic medicine?
Preparations containing Nirgundi include Nirgundi taila, Nirgundi kalpa, and Nirgundi ghritha, among others.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Vitex negundo linn in ayurvedic classics (a bird eyes view)”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Nirgundi (Nirgumdi):
Nirgundi, known scientifically as Vitex negundo Linn, is a significant medicinal plant in Ayurveda, prized for its diverse therapeutic properties. It is revered for treating various ailments such as fever, arthritis, and respiratory issues, and is known locally for its accessibility and effective application in traditional medicine.
2) Nighantu (Nighamtu):
Nighantu refers to classical texts in Ayurveda that catalog medicinal plants, their characteristics, and uses. It serves as a vital resource for understanding various herbs, their therapeutic properties, and medicinal formulations, contributing to the healing practices in traditional Indian medicine.
3) Sindhuvara (Sindhu-vara, Simdhuvara):
Sindhuvara is one of the synonyms of Nirgundi in Ayurvedic texts, indicating its medicinal significance. This name reflects the plant's effectiveness in treating inflammation and other ailments, which is consistent with its classification and categorization in Ayurvedic literature.
4) Samhita:
Samhita refers to a collection of ancient texts that constitute foundational texts in Ayurveda. These texts describe medicinal plants, formulations, and treatment practices, providing a comprehensive system of traditional medicine that guides practitioners in their therapeutic approaches.
5) Disease:
Disease in the context of Ayurveda refers to any deviation from physical and mental health. Ayurvedic practices aim to diagnose and treat diseases holistically, restoring balance in the body's doshas (energies), which leads to the overall well-being of the individual.
6) Katu:
Katu is a term used in Ayurveda to describe a specific taste often associated with pungent substances. This taste is believed to stimulate digestion and metabolism and is an essential aspect of herb classification, particularly concerning therapeutic actions and dietary recommendations.
7) Shephalika (Sephalika):
Shephalika is yet another synonym for Nirgundi, showcasing the various names attributed to it in traditional texts, which reflects the plant's significant role in herbal medicine.
8) Activity:
Activity in this context typically refers to the pharmacological actions of herbal medications like Nirgundi. It encompasses the biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties, contributing to their therapeutic efficacy.
9) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasa represents the taste of substances in Ayurveda, a fundamental concept impacting the plant's therapeutic properties and effects on the body. The various rasas guide practitioners in formulating treatments tailored to patients’ needs.
10) Sinduvara (Simduvara):
Sinduvara is a synonym for Nirgundi, shedding light on its role in reducing inflammation and related conditions. The term enhances the understanding of Nirgundi's use in traditional remedies and reinforces its importance in Ayurvedic literature.
11) Ashtanga (Astanga, Ashtan-anga):
Astanga is a reference to the Astanga Ayurveda, which incorporates eight branches of Ayurvedic knowledge. This comprehensive system emphasizes holistic health and integrates various aspects of healing, including herbal medicine and practical clinical approaches.
12) Tikta:
Tikta signifies a bitter taste in Ayurvedic terms, categorized as one of the six essential tastes. This taste influences the therapeutic approaches employed, often contributing to alleviating doshas and balancing bodily functions.
13) Ushna (Usna):
Ushna refers to qualities associated with heat in Ayurvedic philosophy. This characteristic is crucial for understanding the warming effects of herbs and foods, guiding dietary advice and herbal treatments tailored to individual constitution.
14) Bhutakeshi (Bhutakesi, Bhuta-keshi):
Bhutakeshi is another synonym for Nirgundi emphasizing its significance in traditional herbal healing. The diversity of names across languages reflects the plant's cultural and medicinal importance.
15) Krimihara (Krmihara, Krimi-hara):
Krimihara indicates the property of being effective against parasites or worms. This quality underlines the significance of certain herbs, including Nirgundi, in treating diseases caused by parasitic infections, thus highlighting the plant's medicinal importance.
16) Medicine:
Medicine in this context refers to the system and practices utilized in Ayurveda for healing and maintaining health. It underscores both herbal and mineral remedies used to treat ailments, promote wellness, and restore balance within the body.
17) Paryaya:
Paryaya denotes the concept of synonyms or alternative names in Ayurveda. This approach highlights the vast knowledge surrounding vegetation, making it easier for practitioners to identify and utilize plants based on various attributes including habitat and medicinal properties.
18) India:
India serves as a rich source of herbal medicinal biodiversity, where Ayurvedic practices have historically flourished. The country's cultural heritage emphasizes the significance of traditional healing methods and the profound roles of plants like Nirgundi.
19) Madanapalanighantu (Madanapala-nighantu):
Madanapala-nighantu is one of the classical texts cataloging medicinal plants in Ayurveda. It presents valuable information regarding plant properties, preparations, and uses, serving as a key resource for researchers and practitioners in herbal medicine.
20) Krimighna (Krmighna, Krimi-ghna):
Krimighna represents the property of a substance that can eliminate or combat parasites and worms. This concept is integral in Ayurveda, especially for plants like Nirgundi that are frequently prescribed for their antiparasitic properties.
21) Shephali (Sephali):
Sephali is a recognized synonym for Nirgundi in traditional texts, relating to the plant's attributes and uses. This term reflects the multifaceted nature of herbal identification in Ayurvedic practices and its role in cultural knowledge.
22) Kashaya (Kasaya):
Kashaya designates an astringent taste in Ayurvedic terminology. This taste is linked to the drying properties of certain herbs and their associated therapeutic uses, guiding practitioners in formulating appropriate dietary and treatment strategies.
23) Taila (Thaila):
Taila refers to oil preparations in Ayurveda, often derived from herbs including Nirgundi. These oils are used for therapeutic purposes and are essential in many Ayurvedic formulations aimed at improving health and alleviating ailments.
24) Varga:
Varga refers to the classifications under which herbs are grouped in Ayurvedic texts, based on their properties and uses. This systematic categorization aids in the understanding of medicinal herbs and their applications in various treatments.
25) Raja:
Raja refers to individuals or entities associated with kingship or leadership in Ayurveda. In historical contexts, the royal patronage played a vital role in the preservation and promotion of traditional medicinal knowledge and practices.
26) Drug:
Drug in this context refers to medicinal substances derived from plants or minerals used in Ayurveda for therapeutic purposes. The classification and study of such drugs form the basis of traditional healing methods in Indian medicine.
27) Bhavaprakashanighantu (Bhavaprakasanighantu, Bhavaprakasha-nighantu):
Bhavaprakasha-nighantu is a classical Ayurvedic text that serves as a comprehensive guide to medicinal plants and their uses, providing essential information on herbal properties, preparations, and therapeutic indications vital for practitioners.
28) Kaiyadevanighantu (Kaiyadeva-nighantu):
Kaiyadeva-nighantu is another classical work in Ayurveda focused on the documentation of medicinal herbs. It is an important reference for understanding diverse plants, their uses, and their roles in Ayurveda's therapeutic practices.
29) Rajanighantu (Raja-nighantu, Rajan-nighantu):
Raja-nighantu is yet another significant Nighantu (medicinal compendium) that categorizes and describes medicinal plants prevalent in Ayurvedic practice, contributing to a deeper understanding of herbal remedies and their applications.
30) Gandamala (Ganda-mala):
Gandamala refers to a particular condition that can be treated by Nirgundi as per Ayurvedic texts. This term highlights the plant's therapeutic versatility and its significance in addressing various health concerns.
31) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is the ancient Indian system of medicine that focuses on holistic health, wellness, and balance among the body’s energies. It incorporates an extensive understanding of herbal medicine, treatments, and lifestyle practices for maintaining overall health.
32) Surasadi (Surasa-adi):
Surasadi is a classification of herbal formulations in Ayurvedic texts that include multiple herbs like Nirgundi. These formulations are designed to treat specific ailments, indicating the complexity of Ayurvedic medicinal systems and their therapeutic strategies.
33) Habitat:
Habitat refers to the natural environment in which a plant species, such as Nirgundi, thrives. Understanding the habitat is crucial for studying the plant's growth conditions, ecological interactions, and medicinal applications.
34) Species:
Species denotes the classification of living organisms; in this case, Vitex negundo. Understanding the species contributes to recognizing the plant's specific characteristics, uses, and its place within the broader ecosystem and medicinal field.
35) Suvaha (Su-vaha):
Suvaha suggests a purifying quality associated with Nirgundi, which connects to its traditional use in treatments aimed at detoxifying or cleansing the body. This term enriches the understanding of the plant's virtues in Ayurvedic practice.
36) Laghu:
Laghu refers to the property of being light, often associated with herbs in Ayurveda. This quality influences the dosage and application of herbal remedies, emphasizing the need for tailored treatments in individualized patient care.
37) Priya:
Priya indicates something that is beloved or cherished in Ayurvedic texts. This term can link to the affection towards certain herbs due to their positive effects or significance in traditional healing practices.
38) Ashtangasamgraha (Astangasamgraha, Astangasangraha, Ashtanga-samgraha, Ashtanga-sangraha, Ashtangasangraha):
Astanga-sangraha is a classic Ayurvedic text that encompasses comprehensive teachings on medicine, including diagnostic methods, treatment protocols, and herbal formulations, forming a crucial basis for Ayurvedic education and practice.
39) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological pertains to the study of drugs and their effects on biological systems. In Ayurveda, this encompasses the examination of herbal constituents, such as those found in Nirgundi, that contribute to its medicinal effectiveness.
40) Inflammation:
Inflammation refers to the body's response to injury or illness, often characterized by pain and swelling. Herbs like Nirgundi are traditionally used to treat inflammation, highlighting their importance in managing such conditions in Ayurvedic practice.
41) Dravyaguna (Dravya-guna):
Dravyaguna is a branch of Ayurveda focused on the properties of drugs (herbs) and their therapeutic uses. It emphasizes the analysis of the qualities and effects of various plants, aiding practitioners in effective herbal prescriptions.
42) Visahara (Vishahara, Visha-hara):
Visahara indicates the property of being effective against poison. This reflects the traditional use of certain herbs, including Nirgundi, in treating toxicity and related ailments, emphasizing the plant's therapeutic applications.
43) Samgraha (Sangraha):
Sangraha refers to collections or compilations, often signifying the synthesis of knowledge found in texts. In the context of Ayurveda, it denotes the gathering of medicinal information essential for educating practitioners.
44) Indrani (Imdrani):
Indrani is a synonym for Nirgundi within Ayurvedic literature, which adds layers of cultural connotations regarding the plant, its attributes, and the diverse linguistic frameworks through which it is recognized.
45) Sinduka (Simduka):
Sinduka is an alternative name often interchangeable with Sindhuvara or Nirgundi. The naming variation illustrates the interconnectedness of local languages and the shared knowledge of herbs across different regions.
46) Shankara (Sankara, Samkara, Sham-kara):
Sankara refers to a classical Ayurvedic text or author associated with medicinal knowledge. This term points to the historical figures and literature that shape Ayurvedic practices and offerings in herbal medicine.
47) Leprosy:
Leprosy, a chronic infectious disease, is another condition traditionally treated with Nirgundi as indicated in Ayurvedic texts. Its mention underscores the plant's diverse medicinal applications and historical importance in managing significant health issues.
48) Indian:
Indian denotes the origin of the Ayurvedic tradition, which is rich in medicinal plant knowledge. The cultural significance of plants like Nirgundi in Indian heritage reflects a long-standing interaction with natural remedies.
49) Karma (Karman):
Karma in Ayurvedic context refers to the actions or effects that specific herbs or treatments produce in the body. Understanding the karmic effects of plants guides practitioners in choosing appropriate herbal treatments.
50) Fever:
Fever is a common symptom that can be treated with various medicinal plants, including Nirgundi. This reflection on fever emphasizes the plant's significance in Ayurvedic therapeutic protocols for alleviating symptoms.
51) Study (Studying):
Study emphasizes the systematic exploration and examination of herbal medicine and its pharmacological properties. Research into plants like Nirgundi enhances understanding and contributes to the broader medicinal knowledge in Ayurveda.
52) Roga:
Roga signifies 'disease' in Sanskrit and is a central concept in Ayurveda. The treatment of rogas involves a comprehensive approach, utilizing various herbs and methods to restore balance and health.
53) Tree:
Tree signifies the botanical classification of Nirgundi as it grows as a shrub or small tree. Recognizing its classification is essential for understanding its ecological role and contributions to biodiversity and medicine.
54) Siddhamantra:
Siddhamantra refers to a classical Ayurvedic text that outlines therapeutic practices and herbal applications, essential for practitioners to attain knowledge of effective treatments and classical formulations.
55) Indrasurasa (Indra-surasa, Imdrasurasa):
Indrasurasa is a term denoting a type of juice or extract from specific herbs, indicating its usage in treatments. This highlights the detailed preparations employed in Ayurveda for achieving therapeutic benefits.
56) Sutikaroga (Sutika-roga):
Sutikaroga refers to postpartum or childbirth-related ailments. The relevance of Nirgundi in treating such conditions emphasizes its broad therapeutic application in maternal health within Ayurvedic practice.
57) Nilapushpa (Nilapuspa, Nila-pushpa):
Nilapushpa is a recognized variety of Nirgundi with particular characteristics. This nomenclature reflects the classification systems used in Ayurvedic texts, highlighting the importance of specific plant forms in herbal medicine.
58) Rajasthan:
Rajasthan represents a geographical region in India where Nirgundi is prevalent. Understanding its distribution enhances knowledge of local herbal practices and cultural significance in traditional medicine.
59) Bhaishajya (Bhaisajya):
Bhaisajya refers to the remedies or medicines used in Ayurveda. It emphasizes the significance of diverse herbal formulations, including those derived from Nirgundi for therapeutic applications.
60) Vataroga (Vata-roga):
Vata-roga indicates ailments associated with Vata dosha in Ayurveda. Plants like Nirgundi are often employed to alleviate Vata imbalances, showcasing their targeted therapeutic uses within the system.
61) Flavonoid:
Flavonoid signifies a class of phytochemicals found in many medicinal plants, including Nirgundi. These compounds are recognized for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to the plant's overall therapeutic potential.
62) Shitasaha (Sitasaha, Shita-saha):
Sitasaha is another name related to Nirgundi, reflecting its regional and linguistic variations in naming. Such diversity accentuates the cultural importance of the plant across various traditions and practices.
63) Sambhālū (Sambhalu):
Sambhalu is a regional name for Nirgundi in Hindi, showcasing the vernacular diversity associated with this plant. Its recognition in local languages illustrates the broad integration of this herb in cultural practices.
64) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is the ancient language of Ayurveda, wherein much of the medicinal knowledge, formulations, and classifications are documented. Its study is essential for understanding the roots and principles of Ayurvedic practices.
65) Shlipada (Slipada):
Slipada refers to a specific condition treated with Nirgundi according to Ayurvedic texts. This highlights the plant's application in addressing particular health issues and its contributing role in traditional remedies.
66) Bengali:
Bengali reflects the regional language in which knowledge of Nirgundi is also expressed. The language diversity demonstrates the interconnection between culture and herbal medicine within different geographical contexts.
67) Pungent:
Pungent describes a strong, spicy taste often attributed to herbs like Nirgundi. This characteristic influences its medicinal applications, promoting processes such as digestion and invigorating health.
68) Ruksha (Ruksa):
Ruksha indicates the quality of being dry in Ayurveda. This property is significant in understanding how Nirgundi affects bodily systems and how its applications are formulated accordingly.
69) Surasa (Su-rasa):
Surasa denotes pleasant or agreeable flavor, enhancing the appeal of therapeutic formulations. This aspect is crucial for considering patient acceptance of herbal treatments in Ayurvedic practice.
70) Hridya (Hrdya):
Hridya translates to 'heart' in Sanskrit, referring to remedies beneficial for heart health. Nirgundi's use in cardiovascular conditions reflects its therapeutic significance within the Ayurvedic tradition.
71) Vanaja (Vana-aja, Vana-ja):
Vanaja refers to plants that grow in forests. The classification of Nirgundi within this context emphasizes its ecological aspects and highlights the importance of biodiversity in herbal medicine.
72) Family:
Family refers to the taxonomic classification of plants; for Nirgundi, it belongs to the Verbenaceae family. Understanding this classification aids practitioners in identifying and utilizing various herbal properties.
73) Bitter:
Bitter refers to one of the six essential tastes in Ayurveda. Substances with this flavor are recognized for stimulating digestion and contributing to various health benefits, an essential concept in herbal medicine.
74) Insect:
Insect highlights the ecological relationships involving Nirgundi, specifically how its flowers attract beneficial insects. This relationship emphasizes the plant's ecological role and its significance in traditional and modern uses.
75) Powder:
Powder refers to the form in which Nirgundi may be prepared and consumed. The powdered form enhances the versatility of herbal applications, making it easier to incorporate herbs into various therapies.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 178]
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