Evaluation of Capparis zeylanica Linn. leaves: pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and microscopical.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Pharmacognostic, phytochemical, physicochemical and detail microscopical evaluation of capparis zeylanica linn. leaves
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Seema Yuvraj Mendhekar, Sonali Ganpat Padekar, Shubhangi Haribhau Date, S. L. Jadhav and D. D. Gaikwad
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Pharmacognostic, phytochemical, physicochemical and detail microscopical evaluation of capparis zeylanica linn. leaves
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201717-10414
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Capparis zeylanica Linn., commonly known as Indian caper, is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Capparaceae. Widely found across India, Bangladesh, and parts of Pakistan, this climbing shrub has traditional uses in folk medicine, including treatments for rheumatism, abdominal ulcers, and various inflammatory conditions. Despite its significance, there has been limited research on the leaves of Capparis zeylanica. This study focuses on the pharmacognostic, phytochemical, physicochemical, and microscopic evaluation of its leaves to establish quality control parameters that can aid in the standardization of this plant material.
Pharmacognostic Evaluation
The pharmacognostic evaluation revealed that the leaves of Capparis zeylanica are characterized by specific macroscopic and microscopic features. The leaves are simple, opposite, and elliptical in shape with an average length of approximately 7.5 cm and breadth of 4.6 cm. The study included detailed anatomical assessments using polarized light microscopy to investigate structural components such as crystals, starch grains, and lignified cells. This comprehensive examination aimed to create a botanical diagnosis and identification framework for the leaves, utilizing both micro- and macroscopic observations.
Physicochemical Analysis
Physicochemical parameters were essential in assessing the quality and purity of the leaves. Various tests were conducted to determine total ash value, acid-insoluble ash value, water-soluble ash, moisture content, and specific extractive values. For example, the total ash value was recorded at 4.54%, while the water extractive value was 4.70%. These parameters are crucial for detecting potential adulteration or improper handling of herbal drugs, thereby supporting the safety and efficacy of preparations derived from the leaves.
Phytochemical Investigation
A significant aspect of the study involved the phytochemical screening of the leaves to identify the presence of various bioactive compounds. Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids were among the constituents identified. The screening utilized multiple chemical tests, such as Mayer’s, Dragendroff's, and Hager’s tests for alkaloids, and Molisch’s test for carbohydrates. The findings indicated a rich profile of phytochemicals which could account for the therapeutic properties traditionally attributed to Capparis zeylanica, reinforcing its potential as a source of useful herbal drugs.
Conclusion
The findings of this study provide a detailed summation of the pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical characteristics of Capparis zeylanica leaves. It highlights the importance of systematic investigations into traditional medicinal plants, establishing a foundation for quality control and standardization. The preliminary results open avenues for further research focusing on the pharmacological actions and potential therapeutic efficacy of this plant, potentially leading to improved formulations for the treatment of various ailments. The study not only contributes to the existing knowledge regarding Capparis zeylanica but also sets the stage for future pharmacognostic evaluations, ensuring the plant's rightful acknowledgment in herbal medicine.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Capparis zeylanica Linn. used for in traditional medicine?
Capparis zeylanica Linn., commonly known as Indian caper, is used to treat various ailments including rheumatism, abdominal ulcers, insect poisoning, anti-inflammatory conditions, and fever among others.
What are the key phytochemical constituents identified in the leaves?
The study identified several key phytochemical constituents in Capparis zeylanica leaves, including saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which contribute to its medicinal properties.
What are the main physical characteristics of Capparis zeylanica leaves?
The leaves are simple, opposite in arrangement, elliptic or lanceolate, with a slightly bitter taste. They change color from green to yellow as they mature.
What methods were used for the microscopic examination of the leaves?
A polarized light microscope was employed to study the crystals, starch grains, and lignified cells to determine the anatomical features of the leaves.
How were the physicochemical parameters of Capparis zeylanica evaluated?
Various physicochemical parameters such as total ash value, acid soluble ash, and extractive values were determined to assess quality and detect any adulteration.
What is the significance of standardization in herbal medicine?
Standardization is crucial in herbal medicine as it ensures quality, purity, and consistent identification of medicinal plant materials, which is essential for safe therapeutic use.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Evaluation of Capparis zeylanica Linn. leaves: pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and microscopical.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Drug:
The term 'Drug' refers to any chemical substance that causes a physiological effect when introduced into a living organism. In pharmacognosy, drugs derived from plants like Capparis zeylanica are evaluated for their medicinal properties. The study focuses on identifying and characterizing the potential therapeutic benefits of plant extracts.
2) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds found in plants that contribute to their medicinal properties. They are crucial in pharmacognosy for identifying therapeutic agents. The study identifies various phytochemicals (like alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins) that may provide health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects.
3) Study (Studying):
The term 'Study' in this context refers to the systematic investigation of Capparis zeylanica leaves. It encompasses various evaluations, including pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and physicochemical assessments. The aimed objective is to establish quality control parameters, enhancing our understanding of the medicinal properties and potential applications of the plant.
4) Water:
In pharmacognostic studies, water is often used as a solvent for extracting phytochemical compounds from plant materials. The water extractive values help in determining the presence of water-soluble substances. It is vital for assessing the overall quality and properties of the herbal drug being studied.
5) India:
India is the country where Capparis zeylanica is commonly found and used in traditional medicine. Its biodiversity supports the growth of various medicinal plants. The study's geographical context is relevant, as local knowledge and practices regarding plant usage influence its selection for scientific investigation.
6) Table:
The term 'Table' relates to the organized presentation of data in the study, summarizing experimental results such as physicochemical constants and phytochemical evaluations. Tables enable clear visualization and comprehension, allowing researchers and readers to compare findings effectively and draw conclusions regarding the potential uses of Capparis zeylanica.
7) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra is a state in India, significant for its ecological diversity and medicinal plant resources. The study was conducted in this state, providing local insights into the use of Capparis zeylanica. Understanding the ecological and cultural context enriches the pharmacognostic analysis and application of findings.
8) Education:
In this context, 'Education' refers to the formal academic training in pharmacognosy and related fields provided by institutions like VJSM’s Vishal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education. The education of researchers plays a vital role in advancing scientific understanding, enabling them to carry out detailed studies on medicinal plants.
9) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a class of phytochemicals known for their antioxidant properties and potential health benefits. Their presence in Capparis zeylanica contributes to the plant's therapeutic profile. The study includes flavonoid testing to assess their concentration and role in the efficacy of the plant as a medicinal source.
10) Swelling:
Swelling is often a symptom treated by medicinal plants like Capparis zeylanica, traditionally used in folk medicine for anti-inflammatory purposes. Understanding the phytochemical properties related to swelling can yield valuable insights into developing treatments for conditions associated with inflammation and tissue edema.
11) Quality:
In pharmacognosy, 'Quality' pertains to the standardization and evaluation of herbal drugs. The study aims to establish quality control parameters for Capparis zeylanica, ensuring that the herbal product is safe, effective, and consistent for medicinal use, critical for gaining the trust of consumers.
12) Purity:
Purity refers to the absence of contaminants or adulterants in a herbal drug. Establishing purity is crucial for ensuring safety and efficacy in medicinal applications. The study assesses purity parameters to provide a reliable basis for the use and commercialization of Capparis zeylanica.
13) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological studies involve understanding the effects of compounds on biological systems. This study seeks to explore the pharmacological attributes of Capparis zeylanica, focusing on its traditional uses and the potential medicinal benefits of its phytochemical constituents, contributing to evidence-based herbal medicine.
14) Substance:
A 'Substance' refers to any chemical or biological material that exerts an effect in pharmacological studies. In the study of Capparis zeylanica, different substances from its leaves are analyzed for their therapeutic properties. This term underscores the importance of identifying and characterizing these effective components.
15) Medicine:
'Medicine' refers to substances used to prevent, diagnose, or treat illness. Capparis zeylanica is positioned within the context of herbal medicine, with the study investigating its efficacy and potential as a natural therapeutic agent based on traditional applications in folk medicine.
16) Kannada:
Kannada is a language spoken in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is significant in the study of Capparis zeylanica as local vernacular names may reflect cultural uses of this plant in traditional medicine. Local language contributes to the understanding of the plant's role in regional health practices.
17) Surface:
In pharmacognostic studies, 'Surface' often pertains to the external structure of plant material, which contains vital anatomical and microscopic characteristics. The study's examination of surface features aids in plant identification, contributing to the standardization of Capparis zeylanica for medicinal use.
18) Family:
Family in botanical terminology denotes the taxonomic rank that groups genera. Capparis zeylanica belongs to the Capparaceae family. Understanding its family context helps classify the plant in relation to other species, providing insights into its phytochemical properties and potential medicinal applications.
19) Powder:
In the study, 'Powder' refers to the dried and ground form of Capparis zeylanica leaves used for various evaluations. Powdering facilitates the extraction of bioactive compounds, thereby enabling physicochemical and phytochemical analyses essential for understanding the medicinal properties of the plant.
20) Sugar:
Sugar, particularly in terms of reducing sugars, is evaluated in phytochemical studies as it can indicate the presence of certain biochemical constituents. The assessment helps in characterizing the nutritional and therapeutic profile of Capparis zeylanica leaves, relevant for their usage in traditional and modern medicine.
21) Pune:
Pune is a city in Maharashtra, India, known for its rich biodiversity and traditional medicine practices. The study's location enhances its relevance by tapping into local knowledge and the availability of plant species like Capparis zeylanica, helping to contextualize the findings within regional herbal medicine.
22) Insect poison (Insect venom):
Insect poisoning refers to a condition treated by medicinal plants containing bioactive compounds with deterrent effects on insects. Capparis zeylanica has been traditionally used for such purposes. Understanding its efficacy against insect poisoning contributes to the exploration of its broad therapeutic potentials.
23) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial properties refer to the ability to inhibit or kill bacteria. The study of Capparis zeylanica investigates its antibacterial effects, which align with traditional uses in folk medicine. Confirming these properties can inform therapeutic applications in treating bacterial infections.
24) Arrangement:
Arrangement in this context refers to the systematic organization of leaf structures and anatomical features in Capparis zeylanica. Understanding how these components are arranged contributes to the identification and characterization of the plant, aiding in pharmacognostic evaluations for quality control.
25) Observation:
Observation pertains to the detailed examination and documentation of findings during the study of Capparis zeylanica. It encompasses data gathering on its physical, chemical, and biological properties, which is critical for validating the plant's traditional uses and establishing scientific rigor.
26) Discussion:
The discussion section in scientific studies elaborates on findings, interpretations, and implications. It connects the research outcomes of Capparis zeylanica with existing knowledge, providing insights into its medicinal applications and potential future research directions, including pharmacological properties.
27) Reflecting:
Reflecting refers to how the study outcomes underscore the traditional knowledge and therapeutic uses associated with Capparis zeylanica. It illustrates the importance of validating folklore through scientific investigation, enhancing our understanding and appreciation of herbal medicine and its proper applications.
28) Snake-bite:
Snake-bite treatments often utilize plants with known therapeutic properties; Capparis zeylanica has been traditionally used as an antidote. This study examines its potential effectiveness and the phytochemical compounds that may contribute to alleviating the effects of snakebites, adding value to herbal pharmacotherapy.
29) Science (Scientific):
Scientific refers to methodologies grounded in empirical evidence and systematic research. The present study employs scientific rigor to investigate Capparis zeylanica, aiming to validate its medicinal properties through testing and analysis. This underpins its relevance in modern herbal medicine and pharmacognosy.
30) Knowledge:
Knowledge refers to the understanding gained through research and study. The investigation of Capparis zeylanica contributes to the broader body of knowledge in pharmacognosy, enriching insights into medicinal plant applications and informing practices regarding herbal medicine and traditional healing methods.
31) Karambha:
Karambha is a vernacular name for Capparis zeylanica in certain Indian languages, emphasizing its cultural significance in medicine. Such local names are crucial for ethnobotanical studies, shedding light on how communities utilize and perceive the plant based on traditional practices.
32) Gujarati:
Gujarati refers to the language and culture of the people from Gujarat, India. In the context of the study, recognizing local names and uses of Capparis zeylanica enhances understanding of its role in regional traditional medicine, allowing for better integration of indigenous knowledge.
33) Toxicity:
Toxicity pertains to the degree to which a substance can cause harmful effects. Evaluating the toxicity of Capparis zeylanica is essential for understanding its safety profile, especially if the plant is to be recommended for medicinal use. This consideration is central in pharmacological research.
34) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is an ancient language of India, often used in historical texts on medicine. The study of Capparis zeylanica highlights its importance in traditional Ayurvedic practices, where terminology and herbal prescriptions are often rooted in Sanskrit, influencing contemporary use and understanding of medicinal herbs.
35) Vyaghra:
Vyaghra is a Sanskrit term referring to the tiger, also used as a name for Capparis zeylanica in ancient texts. Its herbal implications link traditional positioning and use of the plant in medicine to the revered status of animals in Indian culture, enhancing its botanical significance.
36) Konkani (Komkani):
Konkani is a language spoken in the coastal regions of India, contributing to the cultural documentation of flora such as Capparis zeylanica. Recognizing local linguistic variations enhances pharmacognostic studies by providing insights into indigenous knowledge and traditional practices surrounding the plant.
37) Marathi:
Marathi is the predominant language in the Maharashtra state of India, where Capparis zeylanica is studied. Acknowledging local vernacular names reinforces the cultural significance and usage of the plant in traditional medicine, facilitating better communication of its benefits and therapeutic qualities.
38) Bengali:
Bengali refers to the language spoken in West Bengal and Bangladesh, where alternative local names and uses for Capparis zeylanica exist. Understanding regional languages enriches ethnobotanical research, allowing for comprehensive documentation of traditional knowledge and applications of medicinal plants.
39) Habitat:
Habitat refers to the natural environment where Capparis zeylanica grows. The study emphasizes understanding natural habitats for cultivation and conservation, influencing the availability of the plant for medicinal use. It further informs ecological practices in preserving polyvalent medicinal flora.
40) Disease:
Disease refers to any disturbance in the normal functioning of the body. Capparis zeylanica is traditionally used to treat various ailments. The study evaluates the plant's efficacy as a medicinal resource for treating diseases, contributing to ethnopharmacological explorations of plant-based treatments.
41) Species:
Species is a biological classification group defining a distinct type of organism. The study focuses on Capparis zeylanica as a specific species within the Capparaceae family, vital for botanical identification, conservation efforts, and understanding its unique phytochemical profile and therapeutic properties.
42) Itching:
Itching, or pruritus, is a sensation often leading to discomfort. Capparis zeylanica has been used traditionally to address allergic and inflammatory conditions contributing to itching. Investigating its effectiveness is essential for supporting its role in herbal medicine and therapeutic applications.
43) Bitter:
Bitter is a taste often associated with phytochemicals found in many medicinal plants, including Capparis zeylanica. The bitterness can indicate the presence of beneficial compounds. This study explores the medicinal implications and potential health benefits linked to bitter taste in herbal therapy.
44) Nature:
Nature refers to the inherent qualities and characteristics of living organisms and their interactions with the environment. The study of Capparis zeylanica emphasizes its natural pharmacological properties and ecological significance, underpinning the importance of understanding plant interactions for sustainable medicinal use.
45) Insect:
Insect refers to a class of arthropods often associated with various ecological roles and agricultural impact. Capparis zeylanica may be utilized as a natural remedy against insect-related issues. Understanding its efficacy expands its potential applications within pest management and natural therapies.
46) Indian:
Indian denotes the cultural, regional, and biodiversity aspects of India, where Capparis zeylanica is traditionally used. Understanding the cultural significance and historical context enhances the study, aligning traditional and scientific knowledge of medicinal plants within the Indian herbal medicine framework.
47) Irula:
Irula refers to a community in Southern India known for its traditional healing practices involving local flora. Capparis zeylanica's applications within the community reflect the intersection of cultural knowledge and pharmacognosy, emphasizing the importance of ethnobotanical studies in understanding herbal medicine.
48) Ulcer:
Ulcers are lesions that can occur in various parts of the body, often treated using herbal remedies. Capparis zeylanica has traditionally been employed to manage such conditions. This focus on ulcer treatment reflects the medicinal value and therapeutic applications supported by pharmacognostic research.
49) Hindi (Himdi):
Hindi is a widely spoken language in India, contributing to the understanding of local names and traditional uses of Capparis zeylanica. Knowledge of Hindi nomenclature helps document and preserve cultural practices and medicinal applications associated with native plant species.
50) Earth:
Earth represents the natural origin of herbal materials. The study of Capparis zeylanica entails understanding its cultivation and natural habitat. Considering ecological factors is essential in ensuring sustainable harvesting and preventing habitat loss, which is crucial for maintaining the availability of medicinal plants.
51) Tamil:
Tamil is a language spoken in Tamil Nadu, India, where alternative names for Capparis zeylanica may exist. Recognizing regional linguistic variations enhances comprehension of local medicinal practices and reflects the cultural significance of the plant in Tamil traditional medicine.
52) Cutan:
Sudan Red is a dye used in phytochemical tests to identify cutin and lipids in plant tissues. In the study, its application assists in assessing the structural components of Capparis zeylanica leaves, adding clarity to the understanding of their anatomical features.
53) Genu:
The word 'Genu' generally refers to the knee or bending. In botanical terminology, it may relate to jointed structures within plants. Although not directly linked to Capparis zeylanica, understanding plant morphology can enhance the study of anatomical features vital for identification.
54) Kodi:
Kodi is a term found in various South Indian languages, possibly referring to local uses or names for plants like Capparis zeylanica. Recognizing regional terminologies enriches ethnobotanical research, spotlighting indigenous knowledge and the importance of plant species in traditional local medicine.
55) Shand (Sand):
Sand represents a natural material often found in the soil where plants like Capparis zeylanica grow. In pharmacognosy, examining the soil's composition helps assess the health of the plant's growing environment, influencing its overall quality and medicinal properties.