Analysis of the effect of levodopa on nitrogenous bases using quantum method
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Analysis of the effect of levodopa on nitrogenous bases using quantum method
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Oscar Sánchez-Parada, Manuel Aparicio-Razo, Emmanuel Vázquez-López, Juan Jesús García-Mar, Iliana Herrera-Cantú, Karina García-Aguilar, Erick Pedraza-Gress, Lillhian Arely Flores-González and Manuel González-Pérez
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
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Full text available for: Analysis of the effect of levodopa on nitrogenous bases using quantum method
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201717-10430
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), commonly known as Levodopa (Lev), has been a crucial medication in neurology since the 1960s, primarily serving as a metabolic precursor for dopamine. Although Lev effectively manages symptoms of Parkinson's disease, its use has been associated with adverse effects, including motor complications and neuronal toxicity. These complications are believed to stem from the alteration of nitrogenous bases (NB) in DNA, possibly leading to genetic mutations and the formation of complex molecules that can disrupt protein synthesis.
The Affinity of Levodopa with Nitrogenous Bases
Recent studies have employed a parametric semi-empirical quantum method (SE-PM3) to investigate the interactions between Lev and NB. Using molecular modeling software, Hyperchem Professional, researchers found that Guanine, one of the NB, exhibited a significant level of interaction with Lev. The parameter involving electrostatic potential showed that Guanine has a propensity to lose electrons, suggesting that it may be more susceptible to alteration by the drug compared to other nitrogenous bases. This electron loss is linked to the oxidation process that creates complex molecular interactions, potentially leading to issues within cellular processes.
Role of Homocysteine in Complications Related to Levodopa
When Lev is metabolized, it undergoes several transformations, one of which involves the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). This process generates elevated levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that has been associated with an increased risk of vascular events and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's patients. The role of homocysteine in exacerbating the side effects of Lev and contributing to complications in Parkinson's disease remains unclear but is a point of concern, particularly given that its levels rise to above-normal ranges in patients receiving Lev treatment.
Oxidation of Guanine and Its Consequences
The oxidation of Guanine, primarily due to its interaction with Lev, raises significant concerns for genetic integrity. When Guanine loses an electron, it can form molecules like 8-oxo Guanine, which can mispair during DNA replication, thereby leading to mutations. This mispairing can potentially result in genetic diseases and increases the risk of cancer due to the generation of faulty DNA sequences that disrupt normal cellular function. The study highlights these risks, suggesting that the effects of Lev on Guanine may serve as a precursor for more serious health issues, warranting further investigation.
Conclusion
The interactions between Levodopa and nitrogenous bases, particularly Guanine, unveil a complex relationship that underscores the potential for adverse genetic consequences from long-term use of the drug. The findings indicate that while Lev remains a foundational treatment for Parkinson's disease, its side effects, particularly the oxidative damage it inflicts on DNA, necessitate careful monitoring and future research. Understanding these interactions can help inform safer therapeutic practices and contribute to more effective management strategies for patients undergoing treatment with Lev.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the main purpose of the study on Levodopa?
The study aims to determine the affinity of nitrogenous bases for Levodopa using a quantum method, analyzing how Levodopa may cause genetic mutations through interactions with these bases.
What are the significant side effects of Levodopa over time?
Approximately 40% of patients experience motor complications, including reduced medication efficacy and involuntary movements, often referred to as dyskinesias, after prolonged treatment with Levodopa.
How does Levodopa affect nitrogenous bases in the study?
Levodopa's interaction leads to a loss of electrons from guanine, indicating potential genetic mutations and the formation of complex molecules, which could contribute to genetic diseases.
What methodology was used in the research study?
The researchers employed the semi-empirical quantum method (SE-PM3) using Hyperchem Professional software for molecular modeling and analysis of Levodopa and various nitrogenous bases.
What is the significance of homocysteine levels in Parkinson's patients?
Elevated homocysteine levels in Parkinson's patients treated with Levodopa are associated with vascular risks and cognitive impairments, indicating a need to understand homocysteine's role in disease progression.
What potential outcomes arise from guanine's oxidation due to Levodopa?
Oxidation of guanine can lead to mutations during cell division, potentially resulting in genetic diseases, cancer, or cell death, highlighting Levodopa's long-term genetic risk factors.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Analysis of the effect of levodopa on nitrogenous bases using quantum method”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Parada:
Parada is a surname linked to one of the authors of the research article, Oscar Sánchez-Parada. In academic contexts, the names of researchers are important as they denote credibility and authority in the subject matter being discussed. Their contributions to the field are essential for advancing knowledge and fostering dialogue around the research.
2) Table:
In research papers, a table is a structured format used to present data clearly and concisely. It allows readers to compare values and relationships at a glance, facilitating easier understanding and analysis of complex information. Tables summarize key findings, enabling readers to quickly grasp the data's significance.
3) Disease:
Disease refers to any abnormal condition affecting the body, often characterized by specific symptoms or signs. In the context of the study, Parkinson's disease is highlighted, underlining the importance of understanding its mechanisms and treatment options. Diseases often motivate scientific research aimed at developing effective interventions and improving patient outcomes.
4) Mutation:
Mutation involves changes in the DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in gene function. This is particularly relevant to genetic diseases, as mutations can affect how proteins are produced, potentially resulting in harmful effects. The study discusses mutations in relation to the effects of Levodopa and the risk of genetic disorders.
5) Drug:
A drug is a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease. In the research, Levodopa is the primary drug investigated, which serves as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. Understanding its interactions with biological components is crucial for assessing its therapeutic efficacy and potential side effects.
6) Study (Studying):
Studying refers to the detailed examination or investigation of a subject. It plays a crucial role in scientific advancement as it generates knowledge that informs clinical practices. The study in context is an investigation into the effects of Levodopa on nitrogenous bases, adding to our understanding of drug interactions and their consequences.
7) Family:
Family in the context of this research may refer to genetic lineage or hereditary patterns related to diseases such as Parkinson's. Understanding familial connections helps in identifying genetic risk factors and patterns of inheritance, which are crucial for assessing the likelihood of disease manifestation among family members.
8) Death:
Death is the cessation of biological functions that sustain an organism, and in medical research, it often represents the ultimate consequence of untreated diseases. In the study, the possible relationship between genetic mutations induced by drugs, such as Levodopa, and cellular processes that may lead to cell death is emphasized.
9) Human body:
The human body is the complex biological structure that houses various systems and functions, making it the primary subject of medical studies. Research on drug effects focuses on how substances interact within the body, influencing health and disease outcomes, which is particularly pertinent in understanding the implications of Levodopa treatment.
10) Substance:
A substance refers to any material with a definite composition and properties. In this study, Levodopa and nitrogenous bases are considered substances that undergo interactions at the molecular level. Understanding the properties and behaviors of substances is fundamental in pharmacology and toxicology to assess the safety and efficacy of drugs.
11) Splitting:
Splitting generally refers to the division of a whole into parts, often used in a biological context to describe cell division. In genetic terms, splitting can lead to mutations during processes like DNA replication. The research highlights how molecular interactions can influence the fidelity of this splitting process, affecting genetic stability.
12) Cancer:
Cancer represents a spectrum of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. The study addresses mutations caused by drugs like Levodopa, which may lead to cancerous changes. Understanding the relationship between drugs and genetic mutations is vital to developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies against cancer.
13) Nature:
Nature encompasses the inherent characteristics or essence of something. In the context of this research, the nature of molecular interactions between Levodopa and nitrogenous bases is crucial in determining the drug's potential impacts, both beneficial and detrimental, on genetic integrity and cellular function.
14) Water:
Water is a fundamental substance for all life forms and plays critical roles in biological processes. In the context of the study, the interaction of oxidized guanine with water is discussed, illustrating how biochemical reactions involving water can lead to significant consequences for molecular integrity and cellular health.
15) Beta:
Beta is often used to indicate a type of measurement or variable, especially in biochemical contexts. In this study, concepts related to beta may pertain to certain biochemical pathways or the result metrics of the interactions being studied. Understanding these values can be crucial for interpreting research findings accurately.
16) Amol:
Amol (often used in terms of 'kcal/Amol') suggests a unit of energy per mole, relevant in physico-chemical calculations. While not explicit in the context, understanding energy changes during molecular interactions assists researchers in evaluating the stability and reactivity of compounds under study, which is essential for pharmacological insights.
17) Rich (Rch):
Rich can describe an abundance or high concentration of a particular quality or characteristic. In research settings, a rich dataset refers to comprehensive information that enhances analysis and allows for robust conclusions. The richness of molecular data can lead to meaningful insights into drug interactions and their biological implications.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Analysis of the effect of levodopa on nitrogenous bases using quantum method’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Motor complications, Genetic mutation, Oxidative agent, Homocysteine levels, Genetic origin, Sporadic Case, Molecular model.