Pharmacological effects of daidzein on DMBA-induced mammary tumors.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Pharmacological evaluation of tumour incidence, apoptosis and histopathological interpretation of neoplastic lesions with daidzein a phytoestrogen in dmba induced mammary tumours
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Dr. Vanitha Samuel, Dr. Parthasarathy Nirmala and Dr. N. Chidambaram
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Pharmacological evaluation of tumour incidence, apoptosis and histopathological interpretation of neoplastic lesions with daidzein a phytoestrogen in dmba induced mammary tumours
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Mammary carcinogenesis is a significant health concern globally, particularly in the Western world, where it is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Phytoestrogens, particularly isoflavones found in soy products, exhibit estrogen-like activity and have been studied for their potential role in breast cancer prevention. Daidzein, a primary isoflavone in soybeans, has shown promise in mitigating the effects of chemical carcinogens like 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). This study aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer potential of Daidzein using Wistar rat models, examining its effects on tumor incidence, volume, and histopathological characteristics.
Impact of Daidzein on Tumor Incidence
The study demonstrated a notable reduction in tumor incidence and volume when comparing treatment groups administered with Daidzein to those treated solely with DMBA. In particular, Daidzein administered at doses of 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg resulted in lower tumor incidences of 60% and 30%, respectively, compared to 100% in the DMBA-only group. Tamoxifen, a standard anti-tumor agent, showed even greater effectiveness with an 80% reduction in tumor mass. The findings indicate that Daidzein treatment significantly counteracts the tumor-promoting effects of DMBA, highlighting its potential as a chemopreventive agent in mammary carcinogenesis.
Apoptotic Mechanisms Involved
The study further explored the apoptotic effects of Daidzein through the expression of key proteins involved in apoptosis, namely Bcl-2 and Bax. Data showed that Daidzein treatment resulted in an upregulation of Bax (a pro-apoptotic marker) and a downregulation of Bcl-2 (an anti-apoptotic marker). This alteration in protein expression suggests that Daidzein facilitates the induction of apoptosis, a critical process in inhibiting tumor growth. By promoting mitochondrial-mediated cell death pathways, Daidzein appears to contribute significantly to its anti-cancer effects through apoptosis.
Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Findings
Histopathological analyses revealed distinct differences in breast tissue among the different treatment groups. The normal control groups exhibited healthy mammary gland features, whereas the DMBA group displayed characteristics suggestive of infiltrating ductal carcinoma. In contrast, groups treated with Daidzein or Tamoxifen showed reduced malignancy and signs of recovery. Immunohistochemical studies revealed changes in Bax and Bcl-2 expression levels that reinforced the evidence of apoptosis in Daidzein-treated groups, confirming its role in modifying tumor pathophysiology through histopathological changes.
Conclusion
The study's findings suggest that phytoestrogens like Daidzein may play a crucial role in inhibiting mammary carcinogenesis by modulating estrogen receptor activity and promoting apoptosis. By demonstrating reductions in tumor incidence and maintaining favorable histopathological characteristics, Daidzein highlights its potential as a chemopreventive agent against breast cancer. This research paves the way for further exploration of Daidzein and its derivatives in the development of novel treatments aimed at preventing and managing breast cancer, ultimately improving outcomes for at-risk populations.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the primary focus of the study on Daidzein?
The study evaluates the anti-cancer potential of Daidzein, a phytoestrogen, in preventing mammary tumours induced by DMBA in Wistar rats, comparing its efficacy with Tamoxifen.
How were mammary cancers induced in the study?
Mammary cancers were induced in female Wistar rats using a subcutaneous injection of 25mg/rat of DMBA in two divided doses during the 4th and 5th weeks.
What were the key findings regarding tumour incidence?
The findings revealed that Daidzein reduced tumour incidence significantly compared to the DMBA group, with 60% tumours detected at 100mg/kg dose compared to 80% reduction with Tamoxifen.
What methods were used to assess the effectiveness of Daidzein?
The effectiveness of Daidzein was assessed through tumour incidence and volume measurements, as well as histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses to evaluate apoptosis markers like Bax and Bcl-2.
Did Daidzein show any effects on apoptosis in the study?
Yes, Daidzein was shown to induce apoptosis by modulating the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, indicating its anti-cancer properties.
What is the significance of the study's findings?
The study highlights Daidzein’s potential as a chemopreventive agent against breast cancer, suggesting that it may be useful in designing treatments that target estrogen receptor functions.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Pharmacological effects of daidzein on DMBA-induced mammary tumors.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Study (Studying):
The term 'Study' refers to a systematic investigation aimed at acquiring knowledge about a specific subject. In this context, the study explores the anti-cancer potential of Daidzein against mammary tumors induced by DMBA in Wistar rats. It employs experimental methodologies to evaluate outcomes and derive meaningful conclusions.
2) Cancer:
Cancer denotes a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. The research focuses on mammary carcinogenesis, emphasizing the incidence of neoplastic lesions in female rats, evaluating the role of Daidzein in tumor prevention and its effects on tumor incidence and volume.
3) Activity:
Activity in this context refers to the biological effects or responses induced by a compound, such as Daidzein. The study measures the pharmacological activity, specifically its anti-cancer properties and impact on apoptosis in mammary cancers, contributing to understanding its potential as a chemosuppressive agent.
4) Animal:
Animal refers to the model organisms used in the study, specifically Wistar albino female rats. These animals are utilized to assess the effects of Daidzein and DMBA on mammary cancer development, providing insights applicable to potential human conditions, while adhering to ethical considerations in research.
5) Death:
Death is the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. In the study, mortality rates among the experimental groups are monitored to assess the efficacy and safety of Daidzein in preventing tumorigenesis, ultimately aiming to improve survival outcomes in cancer treatments.
6) Annamalai:
Annamalai signifies the location where the research was conducted, specifically related to Annamalai University in Tamil Nadu, India. This geographical identification highlights the institute's role in pharmacological education and research, contextualizing the study within a broader academic and scientific environment.
7) India:
India is the country where the research was conducted, providing a culturally and scientifically rich background for the study. The inclusion of Indian flora, such as soybeans rich in Daidzein, underscores the nation's diverse biological resources and its relevance to global health and nutrition research.
8) Drug:
The term 'Drug' refers to the chemical substances used in the study, such as Daidzein and Tamoxifen, to inhibit tumor growth. The investigation assesses their pharmacological properties, safety, and efficacy, underscoring the importance of drug research in developing therapeutic agents against cancer.
9) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions in biological systems. This research contributes to pharmacological knowledge by evaluating Daidzein's effects on mammary carcinogenesis, examining mechanisms of action, and understanding how it can potentially be utilized for cancer prevention and treatment.
10) Chidambaram:
Chidambaram is the district in Tamil Nadu, India, associated with Annamalai University, where the study took place. This locality indicates the regional interest in biological and health sciences, enabling research efforts aimed at addressing local and global health challenges through scientific inquiry.
11) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
Tamilnadu is the state in India that houses Annamalai University. The state's rich agricultural practices, including soybean cultivation, connect to the study focus on phytoestrogens like Daidzein, highlighting the local relevance of research in cancer biology and the potential for indigenous substances in prevention strategies.
12) Species:
Species refers to the specific group of living organisms used in the study, specifically Wistar albino rats. These standardized models provide controlled environments for testing drug efficacy and safety, yielding reliable data that may inform future therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
13) Water:
Water, while not directly analyzed in the study, serves as a critical component for animal husbandry and the quality of life in laboratory settings. The availability of clean water is essential for laboratory animals, influencing overall health and research outcomes in pharmacological studies.
14) Table:
Table refers to the organized presentation of data within the study. The tables summarize findings such as tumor incidence, volume, and histopathological results, allowing for clear communication of results and facilitating comparisons among treatment groups, thereby enhancing the study’s clarity and impact.
15) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological pertains to the actions of drugs on biological systems, encompassing their mechanisms, effects, and therapeutic potentials. The study examines pharmacological interventions, particularly focusing on Daidzein's role in altering tumor growth dynamics and its potential application in cancer therapy.
16) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transformation in this context refers to the process by which normal cells convert into cancerous cells, particularly in response to the chemical carcinogen DMBA. Understanding this transformation is crucial for devising strategies to prevent cancer progression and implement effective treatments.
17) Surrounding:
Surrounding refers to the microenvironment in which neoplastic lesions develop, including cellular interactions within mammary tissues. The study explores how Daidzein affects tumor behavior in its surrounding biological context, emphasizing the importance of microenvironmental factors in cancer biology.
18) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the section of the research where findings are interpreted and contextualized within existing literature. This part evaluates the implications of the results, compares them with previous studies, and explores potential mechanisms through which Daidzein exerts its effects on mammary tumors.
19) Science (Scientific):
Scientific relates to the systematic study of phenomena through observation and experimentation. The entire research embodies scientific principles, aiming to enhance understanding of cancer biology and the pharmacological potential of phytoestrogens, contributing to the broader field of oncology.
20) Flavonoid:
Flavonoid refers to a class of plant secondary metabolites, of which Daidzein is a member. Flavonoids are noted for their potential health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. This study investigates the role of flavonoids in preventing mammary carcinogenesis, enhancing knowledge in the field.
21) Relative:
Relative in this context may pertain to the comparative analysis of treatment effects. The research assesses Daidzein's effectiveness relative to the established treatment Tamoxifen, elucidating its potential as an alternative or supplementary option in cancer chemoprevention.
22) Nirmala:
Nirmala is a reference to Dr. Parthasarathy Nirmala, one of the authors of the study. Involving prominent researchers adds credibility to the study's findings, showcasing interdisciplinary collaboration and enhancing the rigor and depth of the research undertaken.
23) Channel:
Channel may refer to the pathways involved in signaling processes that govern cell behavior, particularly apoptosis. The study discusses how Daidzein influences these channels, inducing cell death in tumor cells, ultimately contributing to its anti-cancer effects.
24) Disease:
Disease signifies pathological conditions, specifically breast cancer in this study. Understanding the mechanisms and treatments for such diseases is crucial for improving patient outcomes and guiding research toward effective therapeutic strategies.
25) Medium:
Medium here likely refers to the environment used for the study, including the medium for cultured cells or the biological context for animal studies. It underscores the importance of controlled variables in research, affecting the reliability and validity of study outcomes.
26) Glass:
Glass references lab equipment made of glass, such as slides and containers, essential for conducting biological experiments. Such materials enable accurate manipulation and examination of samples, playing a pivotal role in experimental design and data collection.
27) Field:
Field refers to the area of research focused on within the study, encompassing cancer biology, pharmacology, and the pathophysiology of mammary tumors. It indicates the broader scientific domain from which knowledge and findings are derived and applied.
28) House:
House refers to the Central Animal House at the research institution, which provides care for laboratory animals. This facility is crucial for maintaining animal welfare and ensuring ethical standards in animal research, thus supporting reliable experimental results.
29) Food:
Food pertains to the sustenance provided to animals in the study, ensuring proper nutrition for maintaining health. The quality and type of diet directly influence physiological responses in animal models, impacting study outcomes related to drug efficacy and safety.
30) Cage:
Cage refers to the housing space for the laboratory rats during the study. Proper caging is critical for animal welfare and experimental control, allowing researchers to monitor conditions closely and ensuring humane treatment while facilitating accurate data collection.
Other Science Concepts:
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