Biodiversity status of Shorea tumbuggaia in Eastern Ghats.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Emergency extinction and present status of the biodiversityof shorea tumbuggaia roxb in seshachalum hills of easter ghats
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Dr. R. Vinolya Kumari
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Emergency extinction and present status of the biodiversityof shorea tumbuggaia roxb in seshachalum hills of easter ghats
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20165-6170
Download the PDF file of the original publication
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Shorea tumbuggaia Roxb, a species of tree belonging to the family Dipterocarpaceae, is recognized as a globally threatened medicinal tree valued for its timber and pharmaceutical properties. The tree is primarily found in the Seshachalam hills of the Eastern Ghats in India. This study highlights the urgent need to protect this endangered species, which is facing extinction due to ecological factors such as forest fires and various anthropogenic pressures. The Seshachalam region is significant for its biodiversity, housing a number of endemic species and a rich variety of flora and fauna.
Reproductive Biology of Shorea Tumbuggaia
Shorea tumbuggaia exhibits unique reproductive traits, including irregular flowering cycles that occur every 3 to 10 years. Flowering usually takes place between April and May, with some trees reaching considerable heights that allow for optimal exposure to sunlight. However, mass flowering is irregular, and many trees do not set fruit consistently every year. The seeds are non-dormant and germinate rapidly upon falling to the ground, but issues such as high temperatures and poor seed development significantly hinder successful propagation. Consequently, while germination rates may appear high, the production of viable seedlings is critically low.
Medicinal Value
The medicinal applications of Shorea tumbuggaia are notable, with various parts of the tree recognized for their therapeutic qualities. Traditional uses include the juice from the leaves for treating ear pain in children and the stem bark, which is reported to have anti-ulcer properties. The stem bark contains a high concentration of secondary metabolites, including phenols and tannins. The indigenous tribes utilize the plant in traditional medicine to alleviate symptoms like heavy sweating and joint pain. Additionally, the tree exhibits significant anti-inflammatory properties, confirming its status as an essential resource in folk medicine.
Threats to Biodiversity
The Eastern Ghats, while rich in biodiversity, face multiple threats, including habitat destruction, climate change, invasive species, and anthropogenic activities such as poaching and deforestation. These factors have led to a marked decline in both flora and fauna. Specifically, for Shorea tumbuggaia, challenges such as high seed predation, fungal infections, and poor seed viability contributed to its endangered status. The combination of environmental and anthropogenic factors has pushed the tree closer to extinction, necessitating immediate conservation efforts.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the conservation of Shorea tumbuggaia and its habitat requires a comprehensive approach that combines traditional knowledge with modern techniques. Efforts should include establishing gene banks for in situ preservation, promoting artificial propagation, and forming conservation networks across the Eastern Ghats. Given the pressing threats to biodiversity in this region, a collective and informed approach involving public engagement and scientific research is crucial for the preservation of this essential species. Immediate action is necessary to halt the loss of biodiversity and restore ecological balance within the Seshachalam hills and beyond.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Shorea tumbuggaia and why is it important?
Shorea tumbuggaia is an endangered medicinal tree from the Dipterocarpaceae family. It is important for its timber and pharmaceutical properties, as well as its ecological role in biodiversity.
Where is Shorea tumbuggaia primarily distributed?
Shorea tumbuggaia is endemic to India, mainly found in the Seshachalam and Veligonda hills of Andhra Pradesh, extending to parts of Tamil Nadu.
What are the main threats to Shorea tumbuggaia?
Main threats include habitat destruction, forest fires, climate change, and anthropogenic pressures such as logging and poaching, all of which increase the risk of extinction.
What is the flowering and fruiting cycle of Shorea tumbuggaia?
Shorea tumbuggaia flowers primarily during April-May, with fruit ripening from June-July. However, it generally flowers at irregular intervals of every 1-3 years.
What medicinal uses does Shorea tumbuggaia have?
Various parts of Shorea tumbuggaia possess therapeutic qualities, including anti-ulcer properties found in its stem bark and uses in traditional medicine for pain relief.
How can conservation efforts for Shorea tumbuggaia be improved?
Conservation efforts can be improved through artificial seed germination, establishing medicinal plant gardens, and promoting enrichment plantations in degraded forest lands.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Biodiversity status of Shorea tumbuggaia in Eastern Ghats.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Species:
A species refers to a distinct group of organisms that share common characteristics and can breed to produce fertile offspring. In the context of 'Shorea tumbuggaia', understanding its specific species status helps highlight its ecological significance, conservation needs, and potential medicinal properties, showcasing the urgent need for preservation efforts.
2) Tree:
Tree refers to a perennial plant characterized by an elongated stem, or trunk, that supports branches and leaves. Trees are vital for maintaining ecological balance as they provide oxygen, improve air quality, conserve water, preserve soil, and offer habitats for numerous species, thus playing a crucial role in biodiversity.
3) Forest:
A forest is a large area densely populated with trees and undergrowth. Forests are critical ecosystems that support a diverse range of flora and fauna, regulate climate, and serve as essential resources for human life, providing timber, medicinal plants, and other natural products, while also contributing to carbon sequestration.
4) Ghat (Gham):
A ghat refers to a mountain pass or a set of steps leading down to a river. In India, the term is often associated with the Eastern Ghats, a mountain range known for its rich biodiversity and endemic species, playing an important role in both ecological and cultural contexts within regions.
5) Kumari:
Kumari is the last name of the author, Dr. R. Vinolya Kumari, who conducted the study on 'Shorea tumbuggaia'. Her work highlights the significance of research and education in botany and ecology, aiming to promote awareness about endangered species and contribute to conservation efforts in India.
6) India:
India is a diverse and ecologically rich country, categorized among the 12 mega biodiverse nations. Its unique geographical and climatic variations foster an array of plant species, including many endemic and medicinal types, making conservation efforts essential for maintaining biodiversity and ecological health across different landscapes.
7) Insect:
Insects are small arthropods that play significant roles in ecosystems, including pollination and nutrient cycling. In the case of 'Shorea tumbuggaia', specific insects contribute to its reproductive biology through pollination, although some species also pose threats as pests, affecting seed viability and overall plant health.
8) Study (Studying):
A study is a systematic investigation aimed at discovering new knowledge or validating existing concepts. The research conducted on 'Shorea tumbuggaia' provides crucial insights into its distribution, reproductive behavior, and conservation status, facilitating better understanding and informed decisions for environmental preservation and biodiversity management.
9) Rich (Rch):
Rich, in this context, denotes the abundance of biological diversity and resources present in a specific area. The Seshachalum hill range is described as rich in endemic plant species, showcasing the ecological value and the necessity of protecting these habitats to maintain their unique biodiversity.
10) Andhra (Amdhra):
Andhra refers to the state of Andhra Pradesh in India, where the study of 'Shorea tumbuggaia' is focused. The region is characterized by distinct ecological zones, contributing to the rich biodiversity found within its forests, making local conservation efforts vital for safeguarding its unique plant species.
11) Family:
Family, in biological classification, groups organisms sharing common characteristics. In the case of 'Shorea tumbuggaia', it belongs to the Dipterocarpaceae family, which encompasses species known for their ecological importance and timber value, emphasizing the need for conservation of this particular tree family in its native habitats.
12) Tirumal:
Tirumal refers to the Tirumal hills, a significant geographical location in Andhra Pradesh where 'Shorea tumbuggaia' is studied. This area is known for its diverse ecosystem, including endemic species, making it an essential site for understanding biodiversity, conservation practices, and the environmental challenges faced by these ecosystems.
13) Habitat:
Habitat describes the natural environment where an organism lives, providing essential resources for survival, such as food and shelter. The conservation of the habitat for 'Shorea tumbuggaia' is critical to sustain its populations and ensure the ecological balance within the Seshachalum hills and surrounding areas.
14) Reason:
Reason refers to the rationale or explanation behind certain phenomena or occurrences. The study identifies habitat destruction, climate change, and human activities as key reasons for the endangered status of 'Shorea tumbuggaia', shedding light on the impacts of anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity and conservation efforts.
15) Activity:
Activity, in ecological terms, refers to behaviors exhibited by organisms or the processes occurring within an ecosystem. In the context of 'Shorea tumbuggaia', reproductive activity, including flowering and seed dispersal, is crucial for its survival, while human activities can significantly alter these natural processes.
16) Fire:
Fire is a natural phenomenon that can have both positive and negative effects on forest ecosystems. In the context of 'Shorea tumbuggaia', forest fires pose a significant threat, leading to habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity, underscoring the importance of fire management strategies for conservation.
17) Akashaganga (Akasaganga, Akasha-ganga):
Akashaganga is another spelling variant for the area within the Tirumal hills, notable for its plant diversity, including 'Shorea tumbuggaia'. Research in Akashaganga contributes to understanding the ecological dynamics and conservation requirements of local species in relation to their habitats and environmental conditions.
18) Tirupati (Thirupati, Tiruppati):
Tirupati is a city in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, close to the Seshachalum hills. The region's rich biodiversity, including 'Shorea tumbuggaia', highlights the city's ecological significance and the critical need for conservation efforts, particularly in protecting endemic species within the surrounding natural landscapes.
19) Medicine:
Medicine pertains to substances or practices utilized to treat diseases or enhance health. In the context of 'Shorea tumbuggaia', various parts of the tree hold medicinal properties, traditionally used in folk medicine, emphasizing the importance of preserving this species for its potential therapeutic benefits.
20) Disease:
Disease refers to a pathological condition caused by infections, genetic anomalies, or environmental factors. The presence of diseases affecting 'Shorea tumbuggaia' seedlings, due to various pests and pathogens, highlights the need for thorough research and conservation strategies to mitigate risks and support healthy population growth.
21) Canopy:
Canopy describes the upper layer of a forest formed by the branches and leaves of tall trees. In the context of 'Shorea tumbuggaia', the canopy is crucial for supporting diverse life forms, regulating light levels, and affecting the microclimate, all of which are essential for maintaining ecological balance.
22) Botany:
Botany is the branch of biology that studies plants, their structure, function, growth, and ecology. The study of 'Shorea tumbuggaia' contributes to the field of botany, enhancing knowledge about plant biodiversity, reproductive strategies, and the importance of conservation in sustaining various plant species in their habitats.
23) Ulcer:
Ulcer refers to a sore that develops on the skin or mucous membranes, often causing pain. 'Shorea tumbuggaia' is mentioned for its potential anti-ulcer properties, demonstrating the significance of exploring medicinal plants within local ecosystems and their role in traditional and modern medicine practices.
24) Genu:
Genu refers to a genus, which is a rank in biological classification. The mention of 'Shorea' highlights the importance of understanding this particular genus within the Dipterocarpaceae family to emphasize the need for conservation measures for endangered species and their critical roles in ecosystems.
25) Pain:
Pain is a physical sensation often associated with injury or illness. The therapeutic uses of 'Shorea tumbuggaia' highlight its potential role in traditional medicine to relieve joint pain, underscoring the significance of incorporating traditional knowledge in conservation efforts to preserve medicinal plant species and their applications.
26) Northern India:
Northern India is a diverse region characterized by various geographical and ecological features. Mentioning Northern India is pertinent as it indicates the geographical range of 'Shorea tumbuggaia' and emphasizes the importance of regional biodiversity conservation initiatives to protect endemic species across the country.
27) Insect pest:
Insect pests are organisms that cause damage to plants and crops, impacting agricultural yield and ecosystem balance. The presence of insect pests affecting 'Shorea tumbuggaia' seeds demonstrates the intricate relationship between flora and fauna while emphasizing the need for integrated pest management strategies within conservation practices.
28) Chingleput:
Chingleput (now Kanchipuram) is a district in Tamil Nadu, India. Its mention is relevant as 'Shorea tumbuggaia' is found in this region, highlighting the interconnectedness of ecosystems across state borders and the importance of comprehensive conservation strategies that address biodiversity at a larger scale.
29) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the examination of research findings, contributing to deeper understanding and diverse perspectives. In the study of 'Shorea tumbuggaia', the discussion section offers insights into conservation challenges, ecological relationships, and the implications for future research, providing valuable recommendations for effective conservation strategies.
30) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
Tamil Nadu is a state in southern India known for its rich culture and biodiversity. The study emphasizes the significance of Tamil Nadu as a habitat for 'Shorea tumbuggaia', reinforcing the need to protect its natural resources and promote sustainable practices to ensure the survival of endemic plant species.
31) Science (Scientific):
Scientific denotes a systematic approach to understanding the natural world, involving observation, experimentation, and analysis. The scientific research on 'Shorea tumbuggaia' exemplifies the role of empirical studies in identifying conservation needs, enhancing knowledge, and informing policies aimed at protecting threatened species and their habitats.
32) Harvesting (Harvest):
Harvest, similar to harvesting, refers to the act of collecting mature crops or plants. The sustainable harvest of 'Shorea tumbuggaia' is essential to facilitate responsible utilization of its resources while ensuring the species' survival and health in its natural habitat, underscoring the balance between use and conservation.
33) Knowledge:
Knowledge represents the understanding or awareness gained through study or experience. In conservation efforts, knowledge about species like 'Shorea tumbuggaia' is foundational for developing effective management strategies, fostering community involvement, and enhancing the capacity for biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource use.
34) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a group of plant metabolites known for their antioxidant properties and health benefits. The mention of flavonoids in relation to 'Shorea tumbuggaia' highlights the importance of understanding the biochemical constituents of this species for potential applications in traditional and modern medicine, emphasizing conservation.
35) Tirumala (Thirumala):
Tirumala is a town in Andhra Pradesh, known for its temple and mountainous biodiversity. The significance of Tirumala in relation to 'Shorea tumbuggaia' underscores the importance of conserving forested mountain areas, balancing cultural heritage with ecological responsibilities to maintain biodiversity and support endemic species.
36) Cuddapah:
Cuddapah is a district in Andhra Pradesh where 'Shorea tumbuggaia' is naturally found. The region's unique climatic and geographical conditions contribute to a rich diversity of plant species, making it imperative to implement conservation measures that address the specific challenges faced by threatening biodiversity in this area.
37) Seedling:
A seedling is a young plant emerging from a seed, crucial for the propagation and future generation of plant species. In research concerning 'Shorea tumbuggaia', understanding the challenges faced by seedlings, including pests and ecological conditions, is vital for devising effective conservation strategies to enhance survival rates.
38) Sweating (Sweat):
Sweating refers to the body's process of regulating temperature through the release of moisture. The mention of 'Shorea tumbuggaia' in traditional medicine for heavy sweating indicates potential therapeutic properties that require further investigation, highlighting the intersection of traditional knowledge with scientific exploration in plant-based remedies.
39) Quality:
Quality relates to the standard or condition of something, including materials and resources. In relation to 'Shorea tumbuggaia', assessing the quality of seeds and seedlings plays a crucial role in conservation efforts, as high-quality specimens are necessary for successful regeneration and biodiversity maintenance in the ecosystem.
40) Falling:
Falling refers to the process where seeds or fruits drop from a plant to the ground, a critical phase for reproduction. Understanding the falling behavior of 'Shorea tumbuggaia' seeds is essential for studying their germination and survival, directly impacting conservation strategies and natural regeneration.
41) Account:
Account refers to a comprehensive report or narrative detailing information about a subject. In the context of 'Shorea tumbuggaia', maintaining an updated account of its biodiversity, habitat status, and conservation needs is crucial for informing stakeholders, driving conservation initiatives, and promoting awareness of ecological issues.
42) Timber:
Timber refers to wood that has been processed into beams or planks for construction or other purposes. 'Shorea tumbuggaia' is valued for its timber, making it important to implement sustainable forestry practices that minimize environmental impacts and support the ongoing health of forest ecosystems.
43) Sowing:
Sowing is the act of planting seeds in the ground for the purpose of growing plants. Effective sowing techniques for 'Shorea tumbuggaia' are essential, considering its endangered status; appropriate methods can ensure healthy seedling establishment and contribute to regeneration and overall population sustainability.
44) Powder:
Powder refers to finely ground particles of substances. In traditional medicine, parts of 'Shorea tumbuggaia' may be ground into powder for therapeutic uses. The preparation and applications of powders derived from medicinal plants highlight the importance of preserving species for both culinary and medicinal purposes.
45) Kangu (Kamgu):
Kangu is one of the common names associated with 'Shorea tumbuggaia', reflecting the regional vernacular and its relevance in local culture. Utilizing local names enhances community engagement in conservation efforts, as it fosters personal connections to the plant and its medicinal uses within traditional practices.
46) Field:
Field denotes an area of land, often used for agricultural or research purposes. Field studies of 'Shorea tumbuggaia' are essential for understanding its ecology and reproductive biology, aiding in the development of effective conservation strategies and ensuring the species thrives within its natural habitat.
47) Earth:
Earth encompasses the planet as a whole, including its ecosystems and natural resources. The conservation of 'Shorea tumbuggaia' and its habitats is crucial for maintaining ecological integrity on Earth, emphasizing the interconnectedness of species and the importance of preserving biodiversity for future generations.
48) Tamil:
Tamil refers to the language and culture of the Tamil people, predominantly found in Tamil Nadu. The cultural significance of 'Shorea tumbuggaia' within Tamil heritage underscores the importance of integrating local knowledge and cultural practices in conservation efforts, fostering community stewardship of biodiversity.
49) Nadu:
Nadu refers to a regional designation in Tamil Nadu, indicating the geographical and cultural context within which species like 'Shorea tumbuggaia' are found. Highlighting regional connections to biodiversity emphasizes the importance of localized conservation practices tailored to specific ecological and cultural needs.
50) Gudi:
Gudi refers to a shrine or sacred place, significant in the local cultural context. The mention of 'Gudi' in relation to 'Shorea tumbuggaia' may reflect the intertwining of natural and cultural heritage, emphasizing the importance of conserving both biodiversity and cultural values within local ecosystems.
51) Crop:
Crop refers to cultivated plants grown for food or other uses. In the context of 'Shorea tumbuggaia', the tree's fruit and seeds may be considered valuable 'crops' in the wild. Understanding sustainable practices for harvesting these natural resources is essential for ensuring continued availability and ecological balance.
52) Road:
Road refers to a built pathway for vehicles, which can impact wildlife and habitats. The construction of roads near 'Shorea tumbuggaia' habitats raises concerns about habitat fragmentation and human encroachment, highlighting the need for responsible planning and mitigative measures to protect biodiversity.
53) Post:
Post in this context may refer to stages in a process, such as post-harvest, and implies attention to the details following initial actions. Studying post-harvest effects on seeds of 'Shorea tumbuggaia' is crucial for understanding challenges related to germination and the overall regeneration potential of the species.
54) Soil:
Soil is the top layer of the earth's surface, providing essential nutrients for plant growth. The health and quality of soil in 'Shorea tumbuggaia' habitats directly affect its growth and seedling survival, making soil conservation practices pivotal for sustaining biodiversity and mitigating ecological degradation.
55) Pur:
Poor denotes inadequate conditions or quality. In terms of 'Shorea tumbuggaia', poor seed set and weak germination rates due to various environmental stresses highlight the challenges that endangered species face. Understanding these deficiencies is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies aimed at improving seedling success.
Other Science Concepts:
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