Quality assessment profile of seeds of vernonia anthelmentica (l.) willd.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Quality assessment profile of seeds of vernonia anthelmentica (l.) willd.
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Senniappan P, Srinivas K., Balakrishnan B.R., Venkatarathinakumar T.,Periyanayagam K., Karthikeyan V.
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
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Full text available for: Quality assessment profile of seeds of vernonia anthelmentica (l.) willd.
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20165-6064
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
1) Introduction
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd., commonly referred to as wild cumin or iron weed, is an annual herb belonging to the Asteraceae family. The plant is characterized by its tall stature, usually 60-90 cm in height, with pubescent branches and has been widely utilized in traditional medicine for various purposes including as a stomachic, anti-asthmatic, anthelmintic, and in the treatment of skin disorders such as leucoderma and psoriasis. This research focuses on the micromorphology and physicochemical analysis of the seeds of V. anthelmintica, following World Health Organization (WHO) and pharmacopoeial methodologies, to establish standards for their identification and quality assessment.
2) Microscopic Analysis and Morphology
The study reveals that seeds of V. anthelmintica are categorized as achenes, which are small, one-seeded fruits where the pericarp is fused with the seed embryo. Microscopic evaluations demonstrated that these seeds exhibit a circular shape with prominent ridges and furrows, approximately 10 in number, with distinct structural characteristics at the cellular level. The fruit’s pericarp consists of three layers: the epidermis, mesocarp, and endocarp. The epidermis is thin yet sturdy, while the mesocarp is made of multiple layers of thick-walled parenchymatous cells. The endocarp is thick-walled and sclerenchymatous. This detailed morphological information is crucial for the identification and standardization of the plant material.
3) Phytochemical Screening
Preliminary phytochemical screening of different solvent extracts from V. anthelmintica seeds indicated the presence of several bioactive compounds, such as sterols, tannins, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, fixed oil, terpenoids, and saponins. Notably absent were alkaloids, mucilages, glycosides, and volatile oils. These findings are significant as they validate the traditional use of the plant in various medicinal applications and underscore its potential for further pharmacological studies. The diversity in phytochemicals highlights the importance of V. anthelmintica in herbal medicine, indicating its suitability for the treatment of diverse health conditions.
4) Physicochemical and Ash Values
The physicochemical analysis of V. anthelmintica seeds also provided essential data, including various ash values that gauge the quality and purity of the seed material. Total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and water-soluble ash percentages were recorded, helping to determine the presence of inorganic impurities and providing insight into the drug’s qualitative attributes. The extractive values from different solvents further illustrated the solubility and potential bioactive extraction from the seeds, conveying vital information regarding their application in herbal formulations and quality control.
5) Conclusion
In summary, the comprehensive study on V. anthelmintica seeds highlights their unique morphological structures, significant phytochemical constituents, and essential physicochemical properties. This research lays the groundwork for establishing quality control standards, which are critical for ensuring the authenticity and efficacy of herbal products derived from V. anthelmintica. As many traditional medicinal plants like V. anthelmintica await further scientific exploration, this study serves as an important contribution toward improving the quality and safety of herbal treatments utilized in folk medicine.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the scientific classification of Vernonia anthelmintica?
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. belongs to the family Asteraceae, specifically under the genus Vernonia. It is commonly known as wild cumin or iron weed.
What are the traditional uses of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds?
The seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica are traditionally used for various medicinal purposes, including as a stomachic, anti-asthmatic, and anthelmintic agent. They are also used in the treatment of skin infections such as leucoderma and psoriasis.
What is the morphology of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds?
Vernonia anthelmintica seeds are oblong, dark brown in color, about 5mm long, and characterized by about 10 ridges covered with trichomes. The pericarp is fused with the seed embryo, forming an achene.
What methods were used for the analysis of Vernonia anthelmintica?
The analysis included macroscopic observation, microscopic evaluation, powder microscopy, physicochemical analysis, and preliminary phytochemical screening, all performed according to WHO and pharmacopoeial standards.
What phytochemical constituents are found in Vernonia anthelmintica seeds?
Preliminary screening revealed the presence of sterols, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates, while alkaloids, mucilages, glycosides, and volatile oil were absent.
What is the significance of conducting a quality assessment of plant materials?
Quality assessment is crucial for authenticating medicinal plants, ensuring their purity, and preventing adulteration, which can lead to health issues for consumers and legal ramifications for pharmaceuticals.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Quality assessment profile of seeds of vernonia anthelmentica (l.) willd.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Powder:
The term 'Powder' refers to the form in which the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica are analyzed microscopically. Powder microscopy plays a crucial role in pharmacognosy, providing insight into the morphological and histological characteristics of the plant, which are vital for identification and quality control in herbal medicine.
2) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical refers to the chemical compounds produced by plants that have medicinal properties. In the study of Vernonia anthelmintica, various phytochemicals like flavonoids, tannins, and sterols were identified, which contribute to its therapeutic applications, including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, enhancing its value in traditional medicine.
3) Activity:
In a pharmacological context, 'Activity' signifies the biological effects or therapeutic potential of a substance. The activity of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds was evaluated through various assays, confirming its anthelmintic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, which validate its traditional uses and the need for scientific exploration.
4) Tamil:
Tamil is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. In the context of Vernonia anthelmintica, the use of the local vernacular names enhances cultural significance and accessibility in traditional medicine practices, linking local knowledge with scientific investigation and herb usage.
5) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
Tamil Nadu is a state in southern India, noted for its rich biodiversity and extensive use of medicinal plants. The study of Vernonia anthelmintica within Tamil Nadu illustrates the integration of traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific research, emphasizing the importance of local flora in healthcare.
6) Delhi:
Delhi, the capital city of India, is a significant hub for policymaking, research, and herbal trade. Its mention in the study highlights the importance of urban centers in facilitating research on traditional medicines, as well as potential market influences on the cultivation and utilization of herbal plants.
7) Pappu:
In the context of Vernonia anthelmintica, 'Pappu' may refer to the pappus, which is the fine, hair-like structure attached to the seeds. The pappus influences seed dispersal, playing a vital role in the reproductive biology of the plant, contributing to its distribution and genetic diversity.
8) Nadu:
'Nadu' generally refers to a land or region. In the context of Tamil Nadu, it signifies the geographical area where Vernonia anthelmintica is cultivated and traditionally used. The cultural and agricultural practices in this region are key factors in the preservation and utilization of medicinal plants.
9) Wall:
The term 'Wall' refers to the cellular structures within the plant's anatomy, particularly regarding the thickness and composition of cell walls in the pericarp. Understanding these structures helps in assessing the plant's medicinal properties and contributes to pharmacognostic profiling.
10) New Delhi:
New Delhi, as the capital city, serves as a key area for policy formation and healthcare decisions in India. Research conducted here, including the study of Vernonia anthelmintica, is crucial for ensuring the recognition and utilization of traditional plants within modern health systems.
11) Surface:
In botanical studies, 'Surface' refers to the outer features of the seeds or plant structures examined, particularly in powder microscopy. It provides clues regarding the plant's physical characteristics, aiding in the identification and understanding of the medicinal properties of Vernonia anthelmintica.
12) Drug:
In this context, 'Drug' pertains to substances derived from plants used in medicinal practices. Vernonia anthelmintica serves as a traditional drug for various ailments, demonstrating the significance of pharmacognosy in validating its efficacy and safety as a natural remedy.
13) Observation:
'Observation' plays a critical role in scientific research, particularly in the pharmacognostic study of Vernonia anthelmintica. Careful observations help record morphological and microscopic features, ensuring accurate identification and assessment of the plant's quality and medicinal potential.
14) Madurai:
Madurai is a city in Tamil Nadu known for its historical significance and rich biodiversity. The collection of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds from Madurai for scientific study emphasizes the region's role in traditional medicine, integrating local practices with pharmacological research.
15) Quality:
'Quality' refers to the assessment of the purity, strength, and consistency of medicinal plants. The study aimed to establish quality control parameters for Vernonia anthelmintica, ensuring that it meets safety and efficacy standards for use in traditional medicine.
16) Indian:
The term 'Indian' in this context pertains to the traditional medicinal practices and plant species found in India. Vernonia anthelmintica is among those plants integral to Indian herbal medicine, showcasing the importance of indigenous knowledge in biomedicine.
17) India:
India's vast biodiversity houses numerous medicinal plants, including Vernonia anthelmintica. The exploration of its properties underscores the importance of protecting plant knowledge and utilizing these resources for health care and advancements in pharmacological research.
18) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a group of phytonutrients found in many plants, including Vernonia anthelmintica. They contribute to the plant's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anthelmintic activities, highlighting their significance in traditional and modern medicine as potential therapeutic agents.
19) Bitter:
The term 'Bitter' describes the taste characteristic of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds, which is related to their medicinal properties. Bitterness is often associated with bioactive compounds that can stimulate digestive health and enhance therapeutic effects in herbal medicine.
20) Study (Studying):
The term 'Study' refers to the systematic investigation undertaken to explore the pharmacognostic profile of Vernonia anthelmintica. Such studies are essential for understanding the plant's properties, documenting its uses, and integrating traditional knowledge with scientific verification.
21) Pharmacognostical:
'Pharmacognostical' pertains to the branch of pharmacology that focuses on the study of drugs derived from natural sources, such as plants. The pharmacognostic examination of Vernonia anthelmintica helps establish standards for its identification, quality, and therapeutic applications.
22) Vinayaka:
Vinayaka is associated with Vinayaka Mission’s College of Pharmacy, where research on Vernonia anthelmintica was conducted. Institutions like this play a vital role in advancing knowledge in pharmacognosy and ensuring the effective use of medicinal plants in health care.
23) Medicine:
The term 'Medicine' refers to the field focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Vernonia anthelmintica is utilized in traditional medicine, emphasizing the need for scientific validation of its efficacy in treating various health conditions.
24) Family:
In botanical classification, 'Family' refers to the larger taxonomic group to which Vernonia anthelmintica belongs, specifically Asteraceae. Understanding plant family relationships aids in recognizing common traits and potential medicinal properties within related species.
25) Shalem (Salem):
Salem is another city in Tamil Nadu where research on Vernonia anthelmintica is being conducted. The region's climatic and ecological conditions may influence the growth and chemical composition of the plant, affecting its medicinal properties.
26) Kumar:
Kumar likely refers to one of the researchers or authors involved in the study of Vernonia anthelmintica. Academic contributions from individuals play a pivotal role in enhancing the scientific understanding and validation of traditional medicinal plants.
27) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibiotic refers to substances that inhibit bacterial growth, critical for treating infections. Research on the antibacterial properties of Vernonia anthelmintica demonstrates its potential as a natural antibiotic source, highlighting its relevance in contemporary medicine.
28) Science (Scientific):
'Science' encompasses the systematic study of the natural world, including the examination of plants like Vernonia anthelmintica. This rigorous investigation provides insights into their properties, paving the way for informed applications in healthcare and medicine.
29) Chennai:
Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, is a major center for botanical research and medical studies. The reference to Chennai highlights the collaboration between specific institutions and researchers in the exploration of medicinal plants like Vernonia anthelmintica.
30) Water:
'Water' plays a critical role in the extraction and analysis of phytochemicals from plants. The water-soluble components of Vernonia anthelmintica studied in this research contribute to understanding its overall therapeutic potential, particularly in traditional medicine.
31) Horn:
The term 'Horn' may refer to the characteristic shapes found in the embryos of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds. Such morphological attributes can influence seed dispersal and plant reproduction, playing a significant role in ecological interactions.
32) Leucoderma:
Leucoderma refers to a skin condition characterized by loss of pigment, traditionally treated with herbal remedies including those derived from Vernonia anthelmintica. Studying its efficacy in treating such conditions highlights the importance of research to validate folk medicine.
33) Srivastava (Sri-vastava, Shrivastava, Shri-vastava):
Srivastava possibly refers to a researcher or author pertinent to the study of Vernonia anthelmintica. Collaboration between various scientists enhances the credibility of findings in the field of pharmacognosy and contributes to a broader understanding of medicinal plants.
34) Somraj:
Somraj is one of the vernacular names for Vernonia anthelmintica, particularly in Hindi. Such names are important for linking traditional uses with scientific research, ensuring that local knowledge is integrated into broader medicinal studies.
35) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
Sharma likely refers to an author or researcher involved in the study of Vernonia anthelmintica. Their contributions are crucial in documenting the plant's properties and potential applications in modern medicine and pharmacology.
36) Purity:
Purity in the context of herbal medicine refers to the quality assurance of the plant material, ensuring it is free from contaminants or adulterants. The study of Vernonia anthelmintica aimed to establish parameters for assessing the purity of its seeds.
37) Nature:
Nature refers to the inherent qualities and characteristics of Vernonia anthelmintica, including its biological and ecological traits. Understanding the natural distribution and habitat of the plant is vital for its conservation and sustainable use in medicine.
38) Botany:
Botany is the scientific study of plants, encompassing their identification, classification, and biological properties. The investigation of Vernonia anthelmintica falls within the realm of botany, integrating knowledge from various disciplines for its comprehensive study.
39) Gupta:
Gupta likely refers to a researcher or author associated with the study of Vernonia anthelmintica. The contributions of such individuals are pivotal in advancing our understanding of medicinal plants and their potential applications in healthcare.
40) Koti (Kôti):
Koti may refer to another researcher involved in the study, illustrating collaborative efforts within the field of pharmacognosy. Their collective work enhances the understanding of herbal medicines and validates traditional uses through scientific examination.
41) Genu:
Genu refers to the genus classification of a plant. In the context of Vernonia anthelmintica, understanding its taxonomic lineage is essential for identifying related species and assessing their medicinal properties within botanical studies.
42) Food:
'Food' relates to sources of nourishment, and in the context of Vernonia anthelmintica, it reflects the plant's traditional use in dietary practices. The intersection of food and medicinal plants underscores the importance of holistic approaches to health.
43) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological refers to the study of the interactions between drugs and biological systems. Understanding the pharmacological properties of Vernonia anthelmintica supports the exploration of therapeutic applications and promotes evidence-based medicine.
44) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the branch of science concerned with drugs and their effects on living organisms. Research on Vernonia anthelmintica within this field helps to elucidate its potential as a medicinal agent, bridging the gap between traditional use and modern therapeutic applications.
45) Discussion:
The discussion section of the study reflects on the implications of the findings regarding Vernonia anthelmintica. It contextualizes the results within the existing body of knowledge, fostering a deeper understanding of the plant's potential medicinal uses.
46) Developing:
'Developing' refers to the ongoing process of creating standards for the identification and quality of medicinal plants. The study aims to contribute to the developing framework for assessing Vernonia anthelmintica as a viable herbal remedy.
47) Calcutta:
Calcutta, now known as Kolkata, is a city in India that has historical significance in botanical research. The mention of Calcutta in studies emphasizes the regional contributions to herbal medicine and the overarching narrative of medicinal plant utilization in India.
48) Himalaya (Hima-alaya):
'Himalaya' refers to the mountain range where Vernonia anthelmintica is found. The geographical context enhances the understanding of its ecological habitat and climatic conditions that may affect the plant's qualities and medicinal attributes.
49) Teaching:
'Teaching' relates to the process of imparting knowledge, important for disseminating information about plants like Vernonia anthelmintica. Educational efforts in pharmacognosy ensure that traditional knowledge is preserved and shared in academic and medicinal contexts.
50) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit, an ancient language of India, contributes to the understanding of traditional names and texts related to medicinal plants like Vernonia anthelmintica. The incorporation of Sanskrit names enhances the cultural heritage and historical context of herbal medicine practices.
51) Marathi:
Marathi is a language spoken in Maharashtra, India. Including vernacular names in Marathi for Vernonia anthelmintica emphasizes the plant's cultural relevance, promoting recognition and integration of regional herbal medicine into scientific research and practice.
52) Kannada:
Kannada is a Dravidian language spoken primarily in Karnataka. The mention of vernacular names in Kannada connects local terminology to the medicinal use of Vernonia anthelmintica, promoting cultural sensitivity in pharmacognostic studies.
53) Upasani:
Upasani may refer to a researcher or author involved in the study of Vernonia anthelmintica. Their contributions are vital for the collaborative efforts in documenting the plant's properties, validating its uses, and advancing pharmacological knowledge.
54) Bengali:
Bengali, a language spoken in West Bengal, India, highlights the diverse cultural contexts of Vernonia anthelmintica. Recognizing vernacular names in Bengali fosters a deeper understanding of the plant’s importance across different regions and traditional practices.
55) Habitat:
Habitat refers to the natural environment where Vernonia anthelmintica grows. Understanding its habitat is essential for conservation, ensuring that the conditions promoting the plant's growth, and subsequently its medicinal potential, are preserved.
56) Disease:
Disease refers to any deviation from the normal state of health. Vernonia anthelmintica has been traditionally used to treat various diseases, highlighting the importance of studying its efficacy and validating traditional claims through scientific research.
57) Species:
Species refers to the basic unit of classification in biology. Vernonia anthelmintica is classified as a distinct species, and understanding its unique characteristics aids in differentiating it from related plants and ensures accurate identification in herbal medicine.
58) Samtosha (Samtosa, Santosa, Santosha, Santosh):
Santosh likely refers to a researcher or author associated with the study of Vernonia anthelmintica. Researchers like Santosh contribute critical insights that enhance our knowledge of the plant's properties and potential applications in the field of pharmacognosy.
59) Rajani:
Rajani may denote another scientist or researcher involved in studying Vernonia anthelmintica. Collaborative efforts among researchers help synthesize extensive knowledge about the plant, facilitating thorough analysis and potential medicinal uses.
60) Aditya:
Aditya possibly refers to a researcher contributing to the study. Contributions from individuals named Aditya are integral in advancing the field of pharmacognosy, which encompasses the study and validation of traditional medicinal plants.
61) Cancer:
Cancer pertains to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Research investigating the potential anticancer properties of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds is significant for recognizing and utilizing plant-based therapies to support cancer treatments.
62) Animal:
The term 'Animal' may refer to the biological models used in pharmacological studies to evaluate the effects of Vernonia anthelmintica. Animal studies are essential for understanding the safety and efficacy of herbal products before translating findings to human applications.
63) Cotton:
Cotton relates to the type of soil (black cotton soil) favorable for the growth of Vernonia anthelmintica. The soil composition influences the plant's growth and its phytochemical properties, which is critical for its medicinal efficacy.
64) Madra:
Madra is likely a typographical error for Madurai, emphasizing the significance of the specific region in Tamil Nadu for collecting Vernonia anthelmintica and understanding its traditional uses and ecological context.
65) Nayar:
Nayar possibly refers to an author or researcher associated with the study. The work of individuals like Nayar contributes to the accumulation of knowledge regarding the pharmacognostic properties and therapeutic potential of plants.
66) Hindi (Himdi):
Hindi, a widely spoken language in India, pertains to the cultural context of Vernonia anthelmintica. The traditional names in Hindi enhance the accessibility and understanding of medicinal plants among local communities and researchers alike.
67) Field:
Field refers to a domain of academic or practical study. The field of pharmacognosy encompasses the study of plants like Vernonia anthelmintica, aiming to integrate traditional knowledge with scientific research and innovative therapeutic applications.
68) Rana:
Rana may refer to a contributor or researcher involved in the study of Vernonia anthelmintica. The collaborations among researchers, including Rana, play a vital role in enhancing the credibility of findings in pharmacognosy.
69) Babu:
Babu could refer to an author or researcher contributing to the study. Individuals such as Babu are essential to collaborative research efforts, strengthening the scientific basis and understanding of medicinal plants.
70) Road:
The mention of 'Road' suggests the areas where Vernonia anthelmintica can be found growing, often along roadsides. This highlights the plant's adaptability and the necessity for conservation efforts in natural habitats.
71) Line:
In a botanical context, 'Line' may denote the phylogenetic lineage or botanical classification of Vernonia anthelmintica. Understanding the lineage of the plant aids researchers in drawing parallels with similar species and their respective qualities.
72) Hand:
The term 'Hand' could imply the involvement of herbal practitioners in the preparation and application of Vernonia anthelmintica in traditional medicine. The direct engagement of local practitioners is vital for preserving knowledge and promoting effective uses of herbal remedies.
73) Salt (Salty):
Salt may refer to mineral content in the soil influencing the cultivation of Vernonia anthelmintica. Soil salinity affects plant health and phytochemical production, thereby impacting the quality of herbal products derived from such plants.
74) Rati:
Radi may refer to a researcher or contributor involved in the study. Contributions from individuals like Radi highlight the collaborative nature within the field of pharmacognosy, enriching the information and findings about traditional medicinal plants.
75) Soil:
Soil provides the essential nutrients for the growth of Vernonia anthelmintica. The quality and type of soil, particularly black cotton soil, play a significant role in determining the plant's health and subsequent medicinal properties.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 76]
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