Effects of Lawsonia inermis seeds on rat estrus and hormones.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: The effects of lawsonia inermis seeds on estrus cycle and reproductive hormones of female albino rats
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
This page presents a generated summary with additional references; See source (below) for actual content.
Original source:
This page is merely a summary which is automatically generated hence you should visit the source to read the original article which includes the author, publication date, notes and references.
Nuha M.E. Agabna, Sania A.I. Shaddad, A.K. Mudathir, Affaf I. Abulgassim and Sami Kalid
Download the PDF file of the original publication
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: The effects of lawsonia inermis seeds on estrus cycle and reproductive hormones of female albino rats
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20165-6176
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Lawsonia inermis, commonly known as henna, is a tall shrub belonging to the Lythraceae family, recognized for its dyeing properties as well as various therapeutic uses. This study by Agabna et al. explores the effects of L. inermis seed extract on the estrous cycle, reproductive hormones, and the histological characteristics of female albino rats. Primarily, it investigates the uterine contractions induced by the extract and the subsequent hormonal changes, particularly focusing on estrogen and progesterone levels, as well as the implications for reproductive health.
Uterine Contraction and Estrous Cycle Extension
One of the critical findings of this study is the uterine contraction effect caused by the ethanolic extract of L. inermis. The administration of the seed extract led to significant uterine contractions, comparable to the effects produced by acetylcholine. Furthermore, the estrous cycle was notably extended in treated rats, with cycle lengths increasing to 5.45 ± 0.24 days and 5.68 ± 0.13 days for the 0.5 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg groups, respectively, compared to 4.2 ± 0.2 days in the control group. This alteration in the estrous cycle suggests the potential antifertility properties of the extract and indicates reversible changes, as normal cycle lengths returned after stopping treatment.
Hormonal Changes Observed
Another significant aspect of the study was the analysis of reproductive hormones following treatment with L. inermis extract. Serum levels of estradiol and progesterone were lower in treated groups compared to the control, although the reductions were not statistically significant. Specifically, the estradiol levels were 124.05 ± 14.11 ng/ml and 137.80 ± 2.15 ng/ml for the 0.5 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg groups, respectively, while progesterone levels dropped to 8.32 ± 2.59 ng/ml and 8.93 ± 2.85 ng/ml, compared to 18.76 ± 6.9 ng/ml in the control group. These hormonal changes indicate a disruption in the normal reproductive hormonal balance and suggest a potential mechanism through which the extract exerts its antifertility effects.
Histopathological Effects
The study also conducted a histopathological examination, revealing significant changes in the structure of ovaries and uteri in the treated groups. The ovaries exhibited multiple cystic follicles that were not well developed, and the general stroma appeared loose. Similarly, uteri displayed reduced lumens and fewer glands with degenerated stroma. These histological alterations further support the assertion that L. inermis extract impacts reproductive organ structure, aligning with the noted hormonal disruptions and extended estrous cycle, which together suggest potential antiovulatory and abortifacient activities.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the ethanol extract of L. inermis seeds demonstrates significant effects on female reproductive health, characterized by uterine contractions, extended estrous cycles, and hormonal changes. Although the reductions in estrogen and progesterone levels were not statistically significant, the observed decrease in ovarian and uterine weights, alongside notable histopathological changes, emphasizes the extract's potent biological activity. These findings contribute to the understanding of L. inermis as a potential natural alternative for contraceptive methods, revealing both its therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms that warrant further investigation.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the main purpose of the study on Lawsonia inermis?
The study aimed to determine the effects of Lawsonia inermis seed extract on the uterine contraction, estrous cycle, reproductive hormone levels, and the histology of ovaries and uteri in female albino rats.
How was the Lawsonia inermis seed extract prepared for the study?
The seeds were crushed and mixed with 70% ethanol to macerate for 24 hours. The material was then expressed, dried, resulting in a solid extract that was used for treatment in various doses.
What were the effects of the extract on the estrous cycle?
The extract significantly extended the estrous cycle length, averaging 5.45 to 5.68 days compared to 4.2 days in the control group. All stages of the estrous cycle were observed to be prolonged.
What were the findings regarding reproductive hormone levels?
The treated groups showed lower serum levels of estradiol and progesterone compared to the control, although the differences were not statistically significant. The hormonal imbalance may disrupt the estrous cycle.
What histological changes were observed in the ovaries and uterus?
Histopathological analysis revealed changes such as multiple cystic follicles in ovaries and reduced gland numbers in the uterus, indicating disturbances in normal tissue architecture due to the extract.
What conclusion was drawn from the research on L. inermis?
The study concluded that L. inermis has uterotonic and potential antifertility effects. It may cause reversible estrous cycle elongation and reduce ovarian and uterine weights, indicating possible antiovulatory or abortifacient activity.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Effects of Lawsonia inermis seeds on rat estrus and hormones.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Animal:
The term 'Animal' refers to the subjects of the study, specifically female albino rats, used for testing the effects of Lawsonia inermis seed extract. Animal studies are invaluable in providing insights into biological processes and potential therapeutic effects while adhering to ethical guidelines for research involving living beings.
2) Study (Studying):
'Study' signifies the systematic investigation conducted to explore the effects of Lawsonia inermis on the reproductive health of female rats. This research is crucial for understanding how natural extracts influence biological functions, contributing essential knowledge to pharmacology and reproductive biology.
3) Table:
Referring to data presentation, 'Table' is used to organize findings in a structured manner, allowing for clear comparison and analysis of results. Tables showcase significant effects of various dosages and metrics such as weight changes and hormonal levels, facilitating easy understanding and interpretation.
4) Medicine:
'Medicine' encompasses the fields of healthcare and therapeutic study, including the use of natural substances like Lawsonia inermis for their potential health benefits. This study ties into medicine by investigating the plant's effects on reproductive hormones, contributing to knowledge about natural remedies in health care.
5) Activity:
The term 'Activity' pertains to the biological effects observed from administering Lawsonia inermis extract. In this context, it describes the uterotonic effects and hormonal changes induced in the rats, showcasing how certain plant extracts can impact physiological processes and possibly lead to therapeutic applications.
6) Blood:
In this research, 'Blood' refers to the biological fluid collected from the rats to analyze hormonal levels post-extraction treatment. Assessing blood samples is vital for understanding physiological responses and allows researchers to quantify changes in reproductive hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
7) Pharmacology:
'Pharmacology' is the branch of science concerned with drug action and the study of substances that affect biological systems. This research contributes to pharmacology by evaluating the effects of Lawsonia inermis, thus helping to elucidate its pharmacological properties and potential therapeutic applications.
8) Science (Scientific):
'Science' is the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experimentation. The study of Lawsonia inermis operates within the scientific framework, employing rigorous methodologies that yield empirical data contributing to our understanding of natural medicinal properties.
9) Family:
'Family' here refers to the taxonomical classification, specifically the Lythraceae family to which Lawsonia inermis belongs. Understanding the family classification helps in grouping plants with similar properties, and it highlights the broader ecological and medicinal relevance of members within this botanical family.
10) Water:
'Water' is an essential solvent used in various processes within this study, including the extraction of compounds from Lawsonia inermis seeds. It is pivotal in numerous biological and chemical processes, serving as a medium for reactions and a means of transport for nutrients within biological systems.
11) Tree:
'Tree' denotes the growth form of Lawsonia inermis, classified as a shrub or small tree. The morphological characteristics and natural habitats of such plants are significant for understanding their ecological roles and how they can be used for various purposes, including medicinal applications.
12) Veterinary medicine:
'Veterinary medicine' relates to the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. This study’s relevance is evident as it examines the effects of a botanical extract on reproductive health, which can have implications in both veterinary and agricultural practices.
13) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Antibacterial' signifies the property of the extract examined in this study, where Lawsonia inermis is noted for its medicinal benefits. This characteristic adds to the plant's usefulness in traditional medicine, indicating it may combat bacterial infections while contributing to its therapeutic profile.
14) Discussion:
'Discussion' refers to the section of the research paper where findings are interpreted, analyzed, and contextualized within existing scientific literature. This section helps refine the understanding of Lawsonia inermis's effects and aligns the research with broader discussions in pharmacology and medicinal plant studies.
15) Developing:
The term 'Developing' pertains to regions or countries with emerging economies, where traditional remedies may still be widely used for health care. This context is significant, addressing the potential applications of Lawsonia inermis as a natural contraceptive and its importance in communities relying on herbal medicine.
16) Decorating:
'Decorating' refers to the cultural practice of using Lawsonia inermis (henna) for beautification purposes, notably for coloring skin and hair. This non-medicinal use highlights the plant's cultural significance and versatility, demonstrating its dual role in beauty and potential health benefits.
17) Container:
'Container' refers to the physical vessel used to collect blood samples for analysis in the study. Proper use of containers is crucial in experimental biology to avoid contamination, ensuring the accuracy of hormonal assays and the integrity of the samples collected.
18) Toxicity:
'Toxicity' is a term that describes the degree to which a substance can harm organisms. Understanding the toxicity of Lawsonia inermis seeds is vital for assessing their safety and potential side effects when used, especially in traditional medicinal contexts, guiding safe consumption.
19) Colouring (Coloring):
'Coloring' pertains to the use of Lawsonia inermis to impart color, traditionally for artistic purposes. This aspect emphasizes the plant's historical and cultural significance, showcasing its dual efficacy in cosmetics and potential therapeutic properties, enriching its status as a natural product.
20) Pregnant:
'Pregnant' relates to the condition of carrying a developing fetus. The relevance in the context of this study lies in investigating Lawsonia inermis's potential effects on reproductive health, which can inform the safety of its use during pregnancy and implications for reproductive outcomes.
21) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
'Sharma' is likely a reference to an author or researcher who contributed to the body of literature cited regarding phytochemical effects on reproductive health. Including references to prior research strengthens the study's foundation, connecting current findings to established scientific knowledge.
22) Nature:
'Nature' signifies the inherent characteristics of the natural world, including biodiversity and ecological balance. The study of Lawsonia inermis situates it within ecological discussions, reflecting on its role in natural ecosystems and potential contributions to health and medicinal practices.
23) Powder:
'Powder' denotes the processed state of Lawsonia inermis seeds, which are crushed for extraction. This form is crucial for effective extraction of active compounds, influencing the efficacy of the resultant product and its potential applications in various health-related contexts.
24) Filling (Filled):
'Filled' refers to how Lawsonia inermis fruit contains the seeds. Understanding botanical structures assists in the identification and utilization of parts of the plant that carry beneficial properties, such as seeds being the active component in the study evaluating their effects on reproductive health.
25) Killing (Killed):
'Killed' denotes the method used to humanely sacrifice the animals at the study's conclusion. This step is essential for collecting biological samples and observing physiological changes, ensuring ethical protocols are followed in research involving laboratory animals.
26) Botany:
'Botany' is the scientific study of plants, including their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, and classification. The study of Lawsonia inermis enhances botanical knowledge by exploring its properties and uses, contributing to the broader field of plant science and agricultural studies.
27) Patil:
'Patil' is likely a reference to an author whose work is mentioned in the context of studies related to plant extracts and their effects on reproduction. Such citations are vital for situating this research within a broader academic discourse on medicinal plants.
28) Ulcer:
'Ulcer' indicates a type of sore that can be treated with the therapeutic compounds found in Lawsonia inermis. Understanding its medicinal properties showcases the potential applications of the plant beyond reproductive health, indicating its relevance in treating various ailments.
29) House:
'House' refers to the facility where the animals were bred and housed during the study. Proper housing is critical for maintaining animal health and well-being, ensuring that experiments yield reliable and valid results in accordance with ethical standards.
30) Cutan:
'Sudan' is the geographical location where the Lawsonia inermis used in the study was sourced. Regional context is significant for understanding the availability of the plant and its traditional uses in local cultures, linking botanical research to its ethnopharmacological significance.
31) Shami (Sami):
'Sami' likely denotes a researcher or co-author associated with the study, contributing to the academic discourse on Lawsonia inermis. Acknowledging contributors' roles is essential in scientific research, fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing in the field of pharmacology.
32) Food:
'Food' indicates the diet provided to the animal subjects to ensure their growth and health during the study. Understanding nutrition is vital in laboratory settings, as it can influence physiological responses and outcomes of experiments involving biological subjects.
33) Hair:
'Hair' relates to one of the aesthetic uses of Lawsonia inermis (henna) for hair coloring. This application underscores the plant's cultural importance and its multifunctional properties, indicating its significance not only in medicine but also in beautification practices.
34) Ripe:
'Ripe' refers to the maturity stage of Lawsonia inermis fruits when they are harvested. The ripeness of plant materials often affects their chemical composition and potency, directly influencing the efficacy of extracts obtained from them in various applications.
35) Rich (Rch):
'Rich' describes the abundance of certain beneficial compounds in Lawsonia inermis, highlighting its potential value in health-related research. Understanding the composition of bioactive molecules informs studies on the plant's therapeutic properties, enhancing its relevance in natural product research.
36) Hand:
'Hand' signifies the traditional use of Lawsonia inermis for body art and skin decoration. This application highlights the cultural significance of the plant beyond medicinal use, showcasing its role in social and artistic expressions throughout history.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Effects of Lawsonia inermis seeds on rat estrus and hormones.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Significant reduction, Antioxidant activity, Reproductive hormones, Antifertility effect, Weight reduction, Ethanolic extract, Statistically insignificant, Normal saline, Traditional medicinal use, Female albino rats, Estrous cycle, Hormonal Assay, Uterotonic activity, Estradiol level, Uterine Contraction, Serum level, Histological slides, Light ether anesthesia.