Synthesis and antimicrobial study of novel pyridine quaternary analogs
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of novel pyridine quaternary analogs
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Sabahat Naeem, Shamim Akhtar, Nousheen Mushtaq, Shaista Zafar,Muhammad Arif
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of novel pyridine quaternary analogs
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20167-6512
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has become a pressing global health threat, resulting in an increased demand for novel antimicrobial agents. In response, researchers have been focused on developing new compounds to combat resistant strains of bacteria and fungi. This study presents the synthesis of novel derivatives of 4-Pyridine carbohydrazide (PCH) via quaternization with various substituted phenacyl halides. The resulting compounds were characterized and assessed for their antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial and fungal species, indicating potential efficacy that may surpass traditional treatments.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Compounds
This study highlights the synthesis of multiple quaternary derivatives (III a-k) from the parent compound PCH. Through the process of quaternization, equimolar solutions of PCH and phenacyl halides were combined in acetone, leading to the formation of solid products that underwent structural characterization via techniques such as IR spectroscopy, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Results indicated that structural modifications, including the introduction of various substituents on the phenyl ring, could influence the physical and chemical properties of the compounds, thereby enhancing their potential as antimicrobial agents.
Antimicrobial Activity Against Bacteria
The antibacterial efficacy of the synthesized compounds was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method against a panel of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Results showed that certain derivatives, particularly III a, III c, and III i, exhibited moderate to good antibacterial activity, notably against strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The study noted that specific substitutions, such as electronegative atoms and bulky lipophilic groups in certain derivatives, positively impacted their antibacterial properties, suggesting that the structural characteristics of these compounds play a significant role in their effectiveness.
Antifungal Activity Insights
In addition to antibacterial testing, the antifungal potential of the new derivatives was also assessed, particularly against strains of Candida and Aspergillus. Compound III i demonstrated superior activity against Candida albicans compared to the parent compound PCH and the standard antifungal drug Griseofulvin. This finding underscores the possibility that structural modifications can not only enhance antibacterial action but may also improve antifungal activities, providing a dual benefit in therapeutic applications.
Conclusion
The study concludes that several novel synthetic analogs derived from PCH exhibit enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to the parent drug, suggesting their potential as effective candidates in drug development. The promising results encourage further exploration and optimization of these compounds to establish new therapeutic agents against resistant microbial strains. Additional research is essential to fully transition these active candidates into clinically relevant medications, contributing to the ongoing battle against antimicrobial resistance.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the purpose of the study on pyridine quaternary analogs?
The study aims to synthesize and characterize novel pyridine quaternary analogs for their antimicrobial potential against various bacteria and fungi. Given the rise of drug-resistant microorganisms, new candidates are urgently needed.
Which methods were used to analyze the synthesized compounds?
The synthesized compounds were analyzed using techniques such as Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass Spectrometry (MS), and elemental analysis to confirm their structures and properties.
What were the key findings regarding antimicrobial activity?
Several derivatives showed moderate to good antibacterial activity, especially compounds III a, III c, and III i, which exhibited efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and significant antifungal activity against Candida species.
Which bacterial strains were tested for antibacterial activity?
The study tested several strains, including Bacillus species, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobacter, and Escherichia coli, to evaluate the compounds' antimicrobial effects using the agar well method.
How were the antifungal activities assessed in the study?
Antifungal activities were evaluated using the agar well method against three yeast species, two dermatophytes, and two saprophytic fungi to determine the effectiveness of the synthesized derivatives.
Why is there a need for new antimicrobial agents?
There is an urgent need for new antimicrobial agents due to the rising resistance of existing drugs and the lack of new antibiotics introduced in the last several decades.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Synthesis and antimicrobial study of novel pyridine quaternary analogs”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
The term 'activity' in this context refers to the potential of the synthesized compounds to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The emphasis is on measuring their effectiveness, which is vital in determining whether new substances can be developed into therapeutic agents against resistant strains of bacteria and fungi.
2) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Antibiotic' is a type of drug primarily used to treat bacterial infections by killing or inhibiting bacterial growth. The study aims to identify new antibiotics to combat resistance, reflecting a critical need for improved therapeutics in light of global health challenges presented by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
3) Drug:
The word 'drug' refers to any chemical substance that can alter biological functions and potentially treat diseases. In the context of the research, it signifies the focus on discovering new pharmaceutical agents with antimicrobial properties, highlighting the ongoing need for innovative treatments in medicine.
4) Table:
'Table' refers to a structured format used to present data clearly. In the research, tables summarize antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized compounds, allowing readers to quickly compare the effectiveness of different derivatives and their performance against various microbial strains.
5) Species:
In this context, 'species' refers to different types of microorganisms tested for susceptibility to the new compounds. The study isolates particular bacteria and fungi species, investigating how effectively the synthesized drugs combat their growth, thus contributing to our understanding of microbial resistance.
6) Reason:
'Reason' signifies the justification for the research undertaken. The study underscores numerous reasons related to public health concerns, such as increasing antimicrobial resistance and the urgent need for new treatments, driving the synthesis and testing of novel compounds against specific microbial species.
7) Road:
'Road' metaphorically represents the journey or pathway in scientific research, particularly in developing new antibiotics. It signifies the steps necessary to navigate challenges in medicinal chemistry, including synthesis and characterization, leading to potential advancements in drug discovery and public health outcomes.
8) Science (Scientific):
'Science' denotes the systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. In this research, it encompasses various fields such as chemistry and microbiology that combine to understand and address the pressing issues of antimicrobial resistance and drug development.
9) Study (Studying):
'Study' indicates the structured research investigation conducted to ascertain the antimicrobial effectiveness of synthesized compounds. This term encapsulates the methodology, results, and implications of the research, highlighting its importance in advancing knowledge in pharmaceutical sciences and drug design.
10) Hand:
'Hand' can represent the practical aspect of conducting experiments and handling chemical substances in a laboratory. It emphasizes the importance of skilled execution of procedures and the physical manipulation involved in synthesizing new compounds and evaluating their activities.
11) Discussion:
'Discussion' refers to the analytical part of the research where findings are interpreted and contextualized. In this section, the authors elaborate on the significance of the results, explore implications for medicinal chemistry, and consider further research directions in combating antimicrobial resistance.
12) Disease:
'Disease' denotes any abnormal condition affecting the body, particularly those caused by microbial infections treated with antibiotics. The research focuses on developing effective drugs to alleviate diseases caused by resistant bacteria, reiterating the importance of innovative treatments in healthcare.
13) Company:
'Company' in the context likely refers to pharmaceutical companies involved in drug development. The mention of companies highlights their role in researching, manufacturing, and bringing new antimicrobial agents to market, along with challenges faced in pursuing innovative antibiotic research.
14) Purity:
'Purity' refers to the quality of the compounds synthesized, indicating the absence of impurities in chemical substances. Ensuring the purity of the compounds is crucial for accurate results in pharmacological testing and validating the antimicrobial efficacy of the new drug candidates.
15) Water:
'Water' is used in various stages of the synthesis process, particularly for dissolving and preparing chemical solutions. It is essential for maintaining the necessary conditions in chemical reactions and serves as a solvent, illustrating its fundamental role in laboratory practices.
16) Death:
'Death' highlights the serious consequences of untreated microbial infections, emphasizing the urgent need for effective antibiotics. The mention underscores public health challenges faced due to increasing rates of mortality linked to drug-resistant infections, reinforcing the study's relevance.
17) Cani:
'Cani' might refer to a specific compound investigated in the study; however, the term may also represent a typographical error or misrepresentation. It draws attention to the specificity of chemical studies in targeting and evaluating particular compounds for their therapeutic potential.
18) Line:
'Line' signifies a pathway or method in the development of new pharmaceuticals. In this context, it may refer to the lineage of chemical derivates or the progression of research towards discovering new treatment lines against antimicrobial resistance, supporting advancements in medical therapies.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Synthesis and antimicrobial study of novel pyridine quaternary analogs’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Pharmaceutical companies, Antifungal activity, Candida albicans, Antimicrobial Resistance, Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, Antimicrobial potential, In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity, Natural ability, Standard antifungal drug, Structure-activity relationship, Medicinal chemistry, Bacterial culture, Microorganism.