Bacteria contaminating sputum in copd patient
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Bacteria contaminating sputum in copd patient
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Sangeeta Mahale, Kirti Jain, Bharti Jain, Padmakar Tripathi and Nagmi Aliya
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Bacteria contaminating sputum in copd patient
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201611-7270
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) encompasses a variety of respiratory conditions, notably chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by symptoms such as breathlessness, persistent cough, and frequent chest infections. COPD affects over 5% of the population and leads to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries where it often coincides with pulmonary tuberculosis. A common issue arises when sputum samples sent for laboratory analysis are contaminated with normal oropharyngeal flora, which obstructs the accurate identification of true pathogens due to inappropriate sample collection practices.
Importance of Accurate Sputum Sample Collection
Proper technique in sputum sample collection is critical in achieving accurate laboratory results. Many patients fail to provide the correct purulent sputum necessary for reliable analysis; instead, they often submit watery saliva, which misleads diagnostic evaluation. This contamination can lead to erroneous interpretations of the results, affecting subsequent treatment decisions. The study highlights the necessity for patient education regarding proper sputum collection methods to ensure the integrity of laboratory results.
Prevalence of Bacterial Contamination
In the study conducted at Kasturba Hospital, it was found that 66% of the sputum samples collected from COPD patients yielded positive cultures for bacteria. The majority of the isolates were Gram-positive cocci (39.39%), whereas Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive bacilli accounted for 9.09% and 21.21% respectively. This indicates a notable presence of bacterial infection in COPD patients, where Gram-positive organisms appeared to be more prevalent than Gram-negative ones, contrasting with other studies which reported a higher prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria.
Age Distribution of Infections
The study also investigated the age distribution of sputum-positive patients, revealing that the most affected age group was 21 to 40 years old. This finding diverges from other research which indicated that older age groups were more frequently infected. Such data underscore the importance of age-specific analysis in understanding the epidemiology of bacterial infections in COPD patients. This information can guide healthcare providers in tailoring their approach to managing these patients.
Conclusion
The findings of this study indicate a significant incidence of bacterial infection in male COPD patients, particularly within the younger demographic of 21 to 40 years old. With a noted contamination rate of 6% from fungi and 12% from follow-up tuberculosis patients, it emphasizes the prevalence of cocci over bacilli in infections. Overall, the results stress the need for heightened awareness and improved practices regarding sputum sample collection, as well as targeted strategies to address the specific age groups most vulnerable to these infections. Enhanced clinical protocols can contribute to better management and care for COPD patients.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
COPD is a collection of lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by increasing breathlessness, persistent cough with phlegm, and frequent chest infections.
What was the aim of the study on bacteria in COPD patients?
The study aimed to determine the infection percentage in COPD patients and identify which age group is most affected by bacterial infections.
How many sputum samples were processed during the study?
A total of 50 sputum samples were processed in the study conducted in September 2014.
What were the results of the sputum culture?
Out of 50 sputum samples, 66% were culture-positive, yielding various bacteria types. Gram-positive cocci were most common.
Which age group had the highest sputum positivity in the study?
The study found that the age group 21-40 years had the highest percentage of sputum positivity among all patients tested.
What can be concluded about bacterial infections in relation to gender?
The study concluded that male patients were more susceptible to microbial infections than female patients, highlighting age-dependency in infection rates.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Bacteria contaminating sputum in copd patient”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Study (Studying):
The keyword 'Study' refers to the systematic investigation conducted to analyze the characteristics of bacterial contamination in sputum samples from COPD patients. This research provides insights into infection prevalence, age distribution, and the types of bacteria isolated, contributing valuable data to the medical community for improving patient care in respiratory diseases.
2) Disease:
The term 'Disease' pertains to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) addressed in the article. COPD encompasses various lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by persistent breathing difficulties, cough with phlegm, and susceptibility to frequent infections, leading to significant morbidity and mortality in affected populations.
3) Tuberculosis:
'Tuberculosis' (TB) is highlighted as a common co-morbidity in COPD patients, particularly in developing regions. The study evaluates the role of bacterial contamination in sputum samples, including the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, emphasizing the importance of accurate diagnostics and treatments for respiratory infections in these patients.
4) Table:
The term 'Table' relates to the statistical representation of data collected during the study, including percentages of bacterial identification, age distribution of infected patients, and results of cultured samples. Tables facilitate the interpretation of research findings, allowing for quick comparisons and visual assessments of key information.
5) Mahale:
'Mahale' refers to Sangeeta Mahale, the lead author of the study analyzed in the article. As a researcher at Sarojini Naidu Government College, her contributions are essential in advancing knowledge about bacterial infections in COPD patients. Her work highlights the implications of microbial infections on public health outcomes.
6) Male:
The keyword 'Male' indicates that the study found a higher prevalence of bacterial infections among male patients (72%) compared to females. This gender disparity underscores differing susceptibilities to respiratory infections, which may inform targeted health interventions and preventative measures in male populations experiencing COPD.
7) Discussion:
The term 'Discussion' represents a section in the article where the authors analyze and interpret the study results in relation to existing literature. This part elaborates on the implications of findings, comparing them with other studies and offering insights into bacterial infection trends, thereby enhancing understanding of COPD's clinical landscape.
8) Developing:
'Developing' refers to countries with emerging economies where both COPD and tuberculosis are prevalent. The article emphasizes the public health challenges faced in these regions, as co-existing respiratory diseases complicate diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the need for improved healthcare strategies to address these intertwined health issues.
9) Species:
The term 'Species' relates to the various bacterial organisms identified in the sputum samples. Different species of bacteria, including gram-positive and gram-negative types, contribute to respiratory infections in COPD patients. Understanding the diversity and prevalence of these species is crucial for effective treatment and management of such infections.
10) Science (Scientific):
'Science' underpins the study, as it involves systematic observation, data collection, and analysis related to human health. This research contributes to the scientific understanding of respiratory diseases, enhancing the knowledge base required for advancing treatments and collaborative healthcare efforts in managing chronic diseases like COPD.
11) Indore:
'Indore' is mentioned as the location of MRTB Hospital, contributing to the study's geographic context. It indicates the regional healthcare facilities involved in the research, highlighting the importance of local health services in addressing bacterial infections among COPD patients and supporting broader public health initiatives.
12) Saxena (Sakshena, Saksena):
'Saxena' refers to Dr. G.P. Saxena, Secretary of the M.P. State TB Association, acknowledged for support in the study. His role signifies collaboration between institutional leadership and researchers, emphasizing the importance of coordinated efforts in addressing tuberculosis and related health issues effectively in the community.
13) Phlegm:
The term 'Phlegm' is relevant as it describes a primary symptom associated with COPD. Patients often present with persistent cough producing phlegm, which can lead to confusion in sputum sampling, affecting the accuracy of diagnostic results. Understanding phlegm characteristics aids in differentiating between infectious and non-infectious causes.
14) Aroma (A-roma):
'Aroma' appears as part of an author's name, Aroma Oberoi, who contributed to existing literature on culture positivity in sputum samples. This references the collaborative nature of scientific research, where findings from various studies enhance the quality and depth of knowledge regarding microbial infections in respiratory diseases.
15) Water:
The keyword 'Water' pertains to the instructions given to patients for rinsing their mouths with plain water before sputum sample collection. Proper preparation is vital to minimize contamination, thus ensuring accurate laboratory results. This step emphasizes the importance of guidelines in clinical practice for achieving reliable diagnostic outcomes.
16) Kirti (Kirtti):
'Kirti' refers to Kirti Jain, a co-author of the research study. Her involvement signifies collaboration in the research process, highlighting the diverse expertise within the team to examine bacterial infections in COPD patients, thus contributing to the collective understanding and management of respiratory health issues.