In vitro antibacterial activities of crude leaf extracts of gmelina asiatica l.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: In vitro antibacterial activities of crude leaf extracts of gmelina asiatica l.
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Augustian Rajam Florence and Gnanasingh Seelial Regini Balasingh
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: In vitro antibacterial activities of crude leaf extracts of gmelina asiatica l.
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201612-7363
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Medicinal plants have been crucial in traditional medicine, especially in developing countries, where approximately 80% of the population relies on these natural remedies. Among the vast array of plant species in the Indian subcontinent, Gmelina asiatica L. stands out for its documented medicinal properties, including antimicrobial effects against various pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of crude extracts and essential oils from the leaves of Gmelina asiatica against key human pathogenic bacteria.
Antibacterial Properties of Crude Extracts
The research evaluated the antibacterial effectiveness of five different solvent extracts: aqueous, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and acetone. The results demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity across all crude extracts against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, the petroleum ether extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial effect against Actinomyces howelli, with a zone of inhibition reaching 9.66 mm, while the aqueous extract showed the most potency against Streptococcus pyogenes (4.33 mm). These findings underline the potential of Gmelina asiatica leaf extracts as natural antibacterial agents, suitable for further pharmacological exploration.
Essential Oils and Their Limited Activity
In contrast to the crude extracts, the essential oils derived from Gmelina asiatica leaves displayed very limited antibacterial activity. The essential oil showed minimal inhibition against some bacterial strains, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. Importantly, it exhibited no inhibitory effects against critical pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Escherichia coli. This suggests that while essential oils have potential antifungal and insecticidal properties, their antibacterial efficacy may not be as pronounced as that of the crude extracts.
Comparative Sensitivity to Bacterial Strains
The study revealed a distinct pattern in bacterial sensitivity to the extracts. Gram-positive bacteria were generally more susceptible to the antibacterial effects of the plant extracts compared to Gram-negative strains. The structural differences between these bacterial groups, particularly the presence of an outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria, may contribute to their resistance to many plant-derived compounds. This finding resonates with existing literature, indicating that secondary metabolites like tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids present in Gmelina asiatica may be critical to its antibacterial activities.
Conclusion
The findings of this study suggest that crude extracts from Gmelina asiatica leaves possess moderate antibacterial activity against various human pathogens, while the essential oils demonstrate significantly lower efficacy. This research is pioneering in presenting data on the antibacterial potential of essential oils from this plant. Further investigations are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these antibacterial properties and assess the therapeutic viability of various extracts from Gmelina asiatica in medical applications. Such studies could pave the way for developing new, plant-based antimicrobial agents in response to rising antibiotic resistance.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What was the focus of the study on Gmelina asiatica?
The study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activities of crude leaf extracts and essential oils from Gmelina asiatica against various human pathogenic bacteria.
Which bacterial strains were tested in the study?
The study tested four Gram-positive bacteria: Actinomyces howelli, Bacillus circulans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes, and three Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris.
What method was used to test antibacterial activity?
The disc diffusion method was employed, using Mueller Hinton agar plates to assess the antibacterial activity of the extracts.
How effective were the extracts against Gram-positive bacteria?
The extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity, with varying inhibition zones against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly higher against Actinomyces howelli and Bacillus circulans.
What were the findings related to essential oils?
The essential oils exhibited very low antimicrobial activity, showing no inhibitory effects on several tested bacterial strains and minimal effects on others.
What is the significance of Gmelina asiatica in traditional medicine?
Gmelina asiatica is used in traditional medicine for its various therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “In vitro antibacterial activities of crude leaf extracts of gmelina asiatica l.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
In the context of pharmacology and microbiology, 'activity' refers to the effectiveness of substances, such as plant extracts, in inhibiting microbial growth. In this study, the term is primarily used to describe the antibacterial properties of Gmelina asiatica extracts, highlighting the potential of natural remedies in combating bacterial infections.
2) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
An 'antibiotic' is a substance that fights infection by inhibiting the growth of bacteria. The study references antibiotics, particularly comparing the efficacy of Gmelina asiatica extracts with standard antibiotics like kanamycin, emphasizing the need for alternative antibacterial agents amidst rising antibiotic resistance in pathogens worldwide.
3) Aureus:
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium mentioned in the study. It is noteworthy due to its clinical significance as a common pathogen responsible for various infections, ranging from skin infections to severe conditions like pneumonia. Understanding its susceptibility to natural extracts like Gmelina asiatica can help in developing alternative treatment strategies.
4) Study (Studying):
'Study' refers to the systematic investigation conducted to evaluate the antibacterial properties of Gmelina asiatica leaf extracts. It encompasses the methodology, results, and discussions on the efficacy of such natural extracts, contributing to the body of knowledge in medicinal plant research and antimicrobial therapy.
5) Table:
In research, 'Table' typically presents data in a structured format. This study features tables summarizing the zones of inhibition exhibited by various extracts against bacterial strains, allowing for easy comparison and analysis of the antibacterial efficacy of Gmelina asiatica against different pathogens visually and quantitatively.
6) Medicine:
'Medicine' refers to the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases. This study contributes to the understanding of traditional medicine practices that utilize plants like Gmelina asiatica, reinforcing the integration of botanical extracts into modern medicine for promoting health and addressing infectious diseases.
7) India:
India is a significant geographical context for the study. With its rich biodiversity, including numerous medicinal plants, the country offers ample opportunities for research into natural remedies. The study's findings on Gmelina asiatica underscore the cultural relevance and potential for developing herbal medicines in India.
8) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
Tamilnadu is a state in India where the research was conducted. Its diverse flora includes a variety of medicinal plants. The study highlights the importance of regional plants in the local traditional practices, emphasizing the potential of indigenous knowledge in discovering effective natural remedies for health issues.
9) Disease:
'Disease' refers to the pathological condition caused by infections or imbalances within the body. The study focuses on exploring antibacterial properties of plant extracts to address bacterial diseases, highlighting their role in the ongoing search for natural alternatives to treat infections that commonly affect populations globally.
10) Species:
In biological contexts, 'species' denotes a group of organisms capable of interbreeding. The study examines the antibacterial efficacy of Gmelina asiatica against various bacterial species, focusing on their susceptibility. Understanding species-specific responses helps in tailoring effective treatments derived from the plant's extracts.
11) Drug:
A 'drug' is a chemical substance capable of inducing a physiological effect for therapeutic purposes. The study investigates the potential of plant extracts as natural drugs, particularly targeting bacterial infections, thereby contributing to the discovery of alternative pharmacological agents in herbal medicine.
12) Botany:
'Botany' is the scientific study of plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes. This study falls under the botanical research domain, investigating the phytochemical properties of Gmelina asiatica and its implications in medicinal applications, thereby bridging botany with medical research.
13) Burning sensation:
The term 'burning sensation' is referenced in the context of ailments treated traditionally with Gmelina asiatica. It emphasizes the plant's medicinal applications for conditions producing discomfort. Understanding such associations enhances the relevance and practical applications of herbal remedies in managing symptoms derived from various medical conditions.
14) Pharmacological:
'Pharmacological' pertains to the study of drugs and their effects on biological systems. The study contributes pharmacological insights by detailing the antibacterial activities of Gmelina asiatica extracts, showcasing their potential role in drug development, especially as alternatives to synthetic antimicrobials against resistant bacteria.
15) Discussion:
'Discussion' refers to the section of research where findings are interpreted, explaining their significance in light of existing knowledge. This study's discussion elaborates on the implications of the antibacterial activities observed, proposing avenues for further research into Gmelina asiatica’s medicinal properties and practical applications.
16) Developing:
The term 'developing' in this context refers to countries or regions that are advancing in healthcare and medical research. The study highlights the importance of exploring the medicinal plants available in developing nations like India, potentially harnessing their therapeutic properties to address public health challenges.
17) Knowledge:
'Knowledge' signifies the understanding gained through the study of Gmelina asiatica and its properties. The research expands scientific knowledge relating to alternative medicinal therapies, focalizing on the importance of plant-derived substances in combating bacterial infections, broadening the existing frameworks in pharmacology and microbiology.
18) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a class of plant secondary metabolites known for their natural antibacterial properties. Their relevance in this study lies in the potential role they play in the antimicrobial activities observed in Gmelina asiatica extracts, providing a biochemical basis for the plant's effectiveness against bacterial pathogens.
19) Pesticide:
'Pesticide' refers to substances used to eradicate pests, including harmful bacteria and insects. This term's mention is relevant in the context of discussing the broader applications of plant extracts not just in medicine but also in agricultural practices, where their antimicrobial properties can be beneficial.
20) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is a traditional system of medicine originating from India, emphasizing the use of natural herbs and plants for health. The study’s focus on Gmelina asiatica reflects its potential application in Ayurveda, where plants are integral in developing remedies for various ailments based on holistic health principles.
21) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
'Burning' relates to sensations associated with pain or irritation often treated using traditional medicinal plants. In the study, this term exemplifies the contextual usage of Gmelina asiatica in alleviating common ailments in local populations, showcasing the relevance of exploring plant-based treatments across cultures.
22) Family:
In biological classification, 'family' groups organisms sharing common traits. This term is significant in classifying Gmelina asiatica within the Verbenaceae family, providing insight into its related species' potential uses in medicine. Knowing the family can help in understanding the plant's properties and its relatives.
23) Reason:
'Reason' signifies the justification for conducting the study, which includes exploring the effectiveness of Gmelina asiatica extracts against bacterial infections. It encapsulates the motivation behind seeking natural alternatives in combating diseases, considering the rising antibiotic resistance and the search for safe, effective treatments.
24) Medium:
'Medium' refers to the growth environment for bacterial cultures used in the study. Understanding the appropriate medium is crucial for accurately measuring bacterial responses to various extracts. This knowledge ensures the reliability of experimental results in evaluating the antibacterial efficacy of Gmelina asiatica.
25) Indian:
The term 'Indian' specifically identifies the geographical and cultural context of the study. It underscores the importance of researching indigenous plants like Gmelina asiatica, which holds cultural significance and potential therapeutic benefits in traditional Indian medicine, influencing local healthcare practices.
26) Campu:
'Campu,' likely referring to 'campus,' denotes the location from which Gmelina asiatica leaves were sourced for the study. It emphasizes the importance of local biodiversity and the availability of medicinal plants in educational institutions, promoting research that draws on their natural, regional resources.
27) Water:
'Water' serves as a fundamental component in the extraction and research process of plant-based substances. It is essential for the process of creating aqueous extracts, which play a significant role in evaluating the antibacterial efficacy of Gmelina asiatica, reflecting its application in traditional medicine.
28) Fever:
'Fever' is a symptom of various infections and diseases, often indicating body's response to pathogens. The relevance in this study highlights the traditional medicinal use of Gmelina asiatica as a potential treatment component for conditions resulting in fevers, showing the plant's therapeutic promise in managing symptoms.
29) Tamil:
Tamil refers to the language and cultural identity of a significant population in Southern India. The study's reference to Tamil culture underscores the importance of documenting traditional knowledge about the use of Gmelina asiatica, contributing to the preservation and understanding of regional medicinal practices.
30) Blood:
'Blood' is central to various physiological and medical contexts, often referenced in traditional remedies that aim to purify or enhance circulation. In exploring Gmelina asiatica's properties, its potential effects on blood-related conditions may reflect the broader pursuit of holistic healing approaches in traditional medicine.
31) Rich (Rch):
'Rich' describes the biodiversity and cultural wealth found in areas like India and Tamilnadu. This term illustrates the significance of leveraging the diverse flora available for medicinal purposes, underlining the potential discovered in plants like Gmelina asiatica for their health-promoting properties and applications.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘In vitro antibacterial activities of crude leaf extracts of gmelina asiatica l.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Medicinal plant, Essential oil, Traditional medicine, Antibacterial activity, Phytochemical analysis, Disc diffusion method, Zone of inhibition, Secondary metabolite, Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, Agar disc diffusion method.