Antibacterial and radical scavenging effects of hispidulin and nepetin.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Antibacterial effect and radical scavenging activity of hispidulin and nepetin; a two flvaones from tarconanthus camphoratus l
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Wadah J.A. Osman, Ramzi A Mothana, Omer Basudan, Mona S. Mohammed, Malik S. Mohamed
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Antibacterial effect and radical scavenging activity of hispidulin and nepetin; a two flvaones from tarconanthus camphoratus l
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study focuses on evaluating the antibacterial and radical scavenging activities of two flavones, Hispidulin and Nepetin, isolated from Tarconanthus camphoratus L. This plant, belonging to the Herba family (Asteraceae) and found in southern regions of Saudi Arabia and Yemen, holds potential for developing new antimicrobial compounds amidst rising antibiotic resistance. The research highlights the significance of plant-based sources in producing diverse chemical entities that can lead to the development of novel drugs with unique mechanisms of action.
Antioxidant Potential of Hispidulin and Nepetin
The antioxidant activities of Hispidulin and Nepetin were assessed using the DPPH assay and β-carotene bleaching method. The DPPH assay measures the compounds' ability to neutralize free radicals, while the β-carotene method evaluates the capacity to inhibit oxidative degradation of β-carotene. Both compounds exhibited significant radical scavenging activity, comparable to standard antioxidants like Ascorbic acid and Rutin. The study suggests that the isolated flavonoids could serve as effective natural antioxidants with potential applications in food preservation and preventive medicine.
Antibacterial Activity Against Gram-Positive Bacteria
The antibacterial properties of Hispidulin and Nepetin were tested against various bacterial strains, including Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that Hispidulin had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 µg/ml against Bacillus subtilis and 100 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas Nepetin displayed a MIC of 100 µg/ml against both Gram-positive bacteria. Notably, neither flavonoid showed activity against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This selective antibacterial activity indicates the potential for developing new antimicrobial agents targeting specific bacterial pathogens.
Methodology and Isolation Techniques
To isolate the flavonoids, the researchers employed bioactivity-guided fractionation techniques, including column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The plant material collected was processed using organic solvents, leading to the successful isolation of Hispidulin and Nepetin. Advanced techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry were utilized for structural elucidation of the isolated compounds. This detailed methodology underscores the thorough approach taken to ensure the accurate identification and characterization of bioactive compounds from the plant.
Conclusion
The findings from the study emphasize the potential of Tarconanthus camphoratus as a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidative and antibacterial properties. Hispidulin and Nepetin, isolated from the plant, demonstrate remarkable activities that could be harnessed for therapeutic applications, particularly in combating oxidative stress and bacterial infections. The research advocates for further exploration of this plant in the development of novel and effective natural products for medical use, thereby contributing to the wider search for alternatives to traditional antimicrobial agents.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What was the main focus of the study on Tarconanthus camphoratus?
The study evaluated the antibacterial and radical scavenging activities of two flavones, Hispidulin and Nepetin, isolated from Tarconanthus camphoratus.
How were the radical scavenging activities of the flavones tested?
Radical scavenging activities were evaluated using the DPPH method and the β-carotene bleaching method, measuring the ability to neutralize free radicals.
What antibacterial activity did the flavones exhibit?
The isolated flavones showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, specifically Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC values between 50 and 100 µg/ml.
Which methods were used for antibacterial testing in this study?
The antibacterial activity was tested using the agar dilution method, involving dissolving the compounds in acetone or DMSO before exposing them to bacterial cultures.
Why are natural antioxidants important for health?
Natural antioxidants are significant due to their ability to combat oxidative stress without the toxicity associated with synthetic antioxidants, offering potential health benefits.
What were the sources for the flavonoids evaluated?
The flavonoids, Hispidulin and Nepetin, were isolated from the plant Tarconanthus camphoratus, which grows in southern regions of Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Antibacterial and radical scavenging effects of hispidulin and nepetin.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
Activity refers to the degree to which a substance can influence biological processes, such as exhibiting antioxidant or antimicrobial effects. In the context of this study, activities were evaluated through assays measuring how effectively the isolated flavones, Nepetin and Hispidulin, scavenge free radicals and inhibit bacterial growth.
2) Table:
Table refers to the organizational tool used in the study to present data in a clear, concise manner. In the article, tables summarize results from various tests, such as antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects, allowing for easier comparison and evaluation of the effectiveness of different compounds and extracts.
3) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibiotic refers to drugs used to combat bacterial infections. The study highlights the growing issue of antibiotic resistance, presenting the isolated flavonoids as potential novel antimicrobial agents that may serve as alternatives to traditional antibiotics for treating resistant bacterial strains.
4) Substance:
Substance refers to a particular chemical compound or mixture that exhibits unique properties. In this study, various extracts and isolated flavonoids (e.g., Nepetin and Hispidulin) are analyzed for their biological activities, indicating that the efficacy of substances can vary significantly in different assays.
5) Water:
Water plays a crucial role as a solvent in biochemical experiments, facilitating reactions and dissolving compounds. In the study, water is used in methods for preparing extracts and solutions, showcasing its importance in the extraction and testing of the plant's bioactive components.
6) Cutan:
Sudan is the country where part of the research was conducted, particularly in the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Khartoum. The geographical context is significant as it relates to the traditional use of local plants in medicinal practices, emphasizing the relevance of regional flora in pharmaceutical research.
7) Species:
Species refers to the specific type of plant under investigation, in this case, Tarconanthus camphoratus. The focus on a particular species is vital for understanding its unique properties, bioactive compounds, and potential applications in medicine by evaluating its historical use and chemical composition.
8) Aureus:
Aureus refers to Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium tested for susceptibility to the antibacterial effects of the flavonoids. Identifying specific pathogens like Aureus is essential for evaluating the potential therapeutic applications of the plant extracts against common, problematic infections in healthcare.
9) Study (Studying):
Study encapsulates the systematic investigation conducted to evaluate the antibacterial effects and radical scavenging activities of flavones from Tarconanthus camphoratus. The study's methods and findings contribute to the broader understanding of natural compounds' roles in health and provide a basis for future research.
10) Shana (Sana):
Sana refers to Sana'a, the capital of Yemen, where Tarconanthus camphoratus was collected. This geographical location denotes the plant's native habitat, emphasizing the importance of regional biodiversity and traditional medicinal practices in exploring natural resources for pharmacological studies.
11) Science (Scientific):
Scientific pertains to the methodical approach to inquiry that characterizes research. The study employs scientific techniques to isolate and evaluate plant compounds, emphasizing the importance of rigorous methods in establishing the efficacy and safety of potential new therapeutic agents.
12) Flavonoid:
Flavonoid denotes a class of plant secondary metabolites known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The research centers around specific flavonoids, Hispidulin and Nepetin, which were isolated from Tarconanthus camphoratus, assessing their potential health benefits and pharmacological applications.
13) Nature:
Nature embodies the intrinsic properties and behaviors of organic compounds and ecosystems. The study highlights how natural products, like flavonoids from plants, continue to be valuable sources for discovering new medicinal compounds, emphasizing the interconnection between nature and pharmaceutical innovation.
14) King:
King refers to King Saud University in Saudi Arabia, where part of the research collaboration took place. This institution plays a vital role in advancing scientific research in the region, contributing valuable insights and resources pivotal for developing natural pharmaceuticals and medicines.
15) Drug:
Drug refers to any chemical substance used to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases. The study identifies flavonoids as potential drug candidates, underscoring the importance of exploring plant-derived compounds, which may offer novel therapeutic options compared to synthetic drugs.
16) Discussion:
Discussion is a section in research articles where the authors interpret their findings in relation to existing literature. In this study, it would provide insights into how the observed activities of the flavonoids contribute to the current understanding of natural products in health care.
17) Similarity:
Similarity pertains to the comparative analysis of the activities of the isolated compounds with existing standards. The study discusses the similarities in the efficacy of Hispidulin and Nepetin to known antioxidants and antimicrobials, validating their potential therapeutic roles.
18) Evolution:
Evolution refers to the gradual development of organisms and their adaptations over time. In a scientific context, this may relate to how plants develop chemical defenses to survive environmental pressures, leading to the exploration of these adaptations for human medicinal use.
19) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance can harm organisms. The study addresses the importance of evaluating the safety profiles of natural compounds, emphasizing the need for alternatives to synthetic antioxidants and the growing interest in nontoxic natural substances for health applications.
20) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases. This study contributes to medical knowledge by exploring plant extracts' potential in developing new therapeutic agents, reinforcing the importance of traditional medicine in the search for effective treatments.
21) Relative:
Relative suggests a connection or comparison between different elements. In the context of this study, analyses of activities are presented relative to standards like ascorbic acid, helping establish the effectiveness of the isolated flavones alongside known compounds.
22) Disease:
Disease refers to any abnormal condition affecting the body that impairs normal functioning. The study underscores the potential of flavonoids as therapeutics to combat infectious diseases, highlighting the need for continued research into alternative remedies among resistant pathogens.
23) Family:
Family in this context pertains to the botanical family Asteraceae to which Tarconanthus camphoratus belongs. Understanding plant taxonomy and relationships within the family can aid in exploring similar species that may possess advantageous properties for medicinal use.
24) Medium:
Medium refers to the nutrient solution used for cultivating microorganisms in laboratory settings. In this study, trypticase-soy agar serves as the growth medium to test the antibacterial effects of flavonoids, highlighting the importance of composition in microbiological research.
25) Malik:
Malik refers to one of the authors involved in the research, which underscores the collaborative nature of scientific studies. Individual contributions from researchers like Malik can significantly influence the outcomes and credibility of the findings in the scientific community.
26) Pulse:
Pulse in this context may refer to pulse sequences used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments for structure elucidation. It's important as it showcases the sophisticated techniques employed to analyze the compounds' structures in organic chemistry.
27) Genu:
Genu may refer to a specific classification or genus in botanical taxonomy. In scientific studies, understanding genetic relationships helps in identifying the source of compounds and exploring their properties, which is essential for research in pharmacognosy.
28) Food:
Food pertains to the substances consumed to provide nutritional support. This study highlights the interest in food sources containing bioactive compounds for health benefits, linking dietary habits with the potential for natural antioxidants to mitigate risks of chronic diseases.
29) Hand:
Hand can refer to the manual or physical aspects of conducting experiments, emphasizing the hands-on work involved in extracting and testing plant materials. This aspect underscores the physicality in science, illustrating the connection between practical techniques and research outcomes.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Antibacterial and radical scavenging effects of hispidulin and nepetin.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Conflict of interest, Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity, Plant material, Oxidative stress, Pharmacognosy department, Antimicrobial activity, Antimicrobial agent, DPPH assay, Radical Scavenging Activity, Hydroxyl group, Gram positive bacteria, Voucher specimen, Column chromatography, Chemical structure, Internal standard, Food industry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass spectrum, Isolated compound, Department of Pharmacognosy, Spectroscopic analysis, DPPH method, Antimicrobial evaluation, King Saud University, Cellular damage, Antimicrobial compound, Natural antioxidant, MIC value, Sephadex LH-20, Agar dilution method, Faculty of pharmacy, Synthetic antioxidant, Plant product, Trypticase Soy Agar, Antioxidant test, Deanship of Scientific Research, Volatile compound, Microorganism, In vitro activities.