Determining LC50 of Clarias batrachus for zinc and copper sulfate.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: To study the determination of median tolerance limit (lc50) of clarias batrachus for zinc sulphate and copper sulphate
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Muneesh Kumar, Parvinder Kumar, Lekh Raj and Sangeeta Devi
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: To study the determination of median tolerance limit (lc50) of clarias batrachus for zinc sulphate and copper sulphate
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study conducted by Muneesh Kumar and colleagues focuses on the acute toxicity of zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) and copper sulfate (CuSO₄) on freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus. The backdrop of the research highlights the increasing concern over heavy metal pollution stemming from industrial activities, which poses significant risks to aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals not only alter the physical and chemical properties of water bodies but also adversely affect aquatic life. The aim of the study was to determine the median tolerance limit (LC50) of these heavy metals and their effects on various organs of the fish, facilitating a better understanding of the risks posed to aquatic organisms.
Acute Toxicity of Zinc Sulfate
One of the significant findings of the study is the determination of the LC50 values for zinc sulfate. The research revealed an LC50 value of 8.21 ppm for ZnSO₄ over a 96-hour exposure period. Fish exhibited significant behavioral changes in response to different concentrations of the toxin. The study utilized probit analysis to assess the lethality levels of zinc sulfate on the fish, revealing that exposure to this heavy metal led to increased mortality rates as concentration levels rose. The research indicates that while ZnSO₄ has toxic effects, its overall impact is less severe compared to CuSO₄.
Acute Toxicity of Copper Sulfate
In contrast, the study found that copper sulfate was significantly more toxic, with an LC50 value of 1.85 ppm. The researchers noted that fish exposed to CuSO₄ displayed drastic behavioral changes, such as respiratory distress and erratic movements, which ultimately led to increased mortality rates. The analysis emphasized the higher risks posed by copper compared to zinc, likely due to differences in how each metal interacts with biological systems. The results underscore the need for detailed investigations into the specific impacts of copper on aquatic life, especially given its potent toxicity.
Implications of Heavy Metal Exposure
The research further explores the broader implications of heavy metal exposure on fish and the aquatic ecosystem. While sublethal concentrations of these metals may not directly cause death, they can affect growth, reproduction, and overall health, which in turn disrupts food chains and community structures in freshwater environments. The study highlights that the stress experienced by fish due to heavy metals can lead to increased secretion of stress hormones, ultimately affecting their metabolic activities. Additionally, the study discusses the varying tolerance levels of different fish species to heavy metals, which can be influenced by factors such as size, age, and sex.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the study provides critical insights into the toxic impacts of zinc and copper on freshwater catfish. The findings confirm that copper sulfate poses a more significant risk to aquatic life than zinc sulfate, indicating the necessity for proactive measures to manage and reduce heavy metal pollution in water bodies. The results of this research have broader implications for understanding the health of aquatic ecosystems and the potential long-term effects of industrial pollutants on fish populations and food webs, thereby calling for further research and monitoring of heavy metal contamination in freshwater environments.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What was the objective of the study on Clarias batrachus?
The study aimed to determine the median tolerance limit (LC50) of zinc sulfate and copper sulfate for the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus, analyzing their acute toxicity effects.
What heavy metals were tested for toxicity in the study?
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) were the heavy metals tested for their acute and chronic toxicity effects on Clarias batrachus.
How long were the fish exposed to the toxic substances?
The adult catfish were treated separately with the chemicals for exposure periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours during the experiment.
What were the determined LC50 values for the toxicants?
The LC50 values determined were 8.21 ppm for zinc sulfate and 1.85 ppm for copper sulfate, indicating higher toxicity of copper.
What behavioral changes were observed in the fish during the study?
Fish exposed to toxic concentrations exhibited lethargy, respiratory distress, erratic movements, and insensitivity to external stimuli as signs of toxicity.
What conclusion was drawn from the study's findings?
The study concluded that zinc and copper cause harmful effects on fish, affecting growth and reproduction, which impacts the entire aquatic ecosystem.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Determining LC50 of Clarias batrachus for zinc and copper sulfate.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Fish:
Fish, specifically Clarias batrachus in this study, are aquatic vertebrates commonly used in toxicity testing due to their ecological and economic importance. Assessing the effects of heavy metals like zinc and copper on fish helps understand the impact of environmental pollutants and informs conservation strategies for aquatic ecosystems.
2) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance can harm living organisms. In the context of this study, the researchers measured the lethal concentration (LC50) of zinc and copper to understand how these heavy metals affect the survival and health of the fish species tested.
3) Water:
Water is a fundamental component of aquatic ecosystems, providing habitat for fish and other organisms. It also acts as a medium through which contaminants like heavy metals can adversely affect aquatic life. The quality of water directly influences the health and survival of fish and other aquatic animals.
4) Table:
Tables in scientific research present data in a structured format, aiding clarity and comparison. In this study, tables summarize the lethal concentration values obtained from the experiments, illustrating the impact of zinc and copper on Clarias batrachus over time, critical for interpreting results and drawing conclusions.
5) Zoology:
Zoology is the scientific study of animals and their biology. This research falls under zoology as it examines the effects of environmental pollutants on fish, contributing to our understanding of animal physiology and ecology. It can inform conservation efforts and policy making regarding aquatic life protection.
6) Vidisha (Vidisa):
Vidisha, a city in Madhya Pradesh, India, serves as the locale for the study, specifically regarding the collection of Clarias batrachus. The geographic context is relevant as it may reflect local pollution levels and provide insights on how specific environmental conditions affect aquatic life in that region.
7) Species:
Species refers to a group of organisms that can interbreed and share common characteristics. In this study, Clarias batrachus was the chosen species for testing heavy metal toxicity, providing specific insights into how that particular fish responds to environmental stressors, which is essential for species conservation.
8) Animal:
Animals, including fish like Clarias batrachus, are vital components of ecosystems and are often sensitive indicators of environmental health. The study's focus on these animals underscores the need to understand how pollutants such as copper and zinc can affect animal populations and biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems.
9) India:
India, as the geographical context for this research, provides insight into the specific environmental challenges faced by its aquatic ecosystems. This study's findings on the toxicity of heavy metals in local fish species can be crucial for developing environmental policies and conservation strategies tailored to the region.
10) Kumar:
Kumar is the surname of one of the authors, Muneesh Kumar, who conducted this research. The name highlights the contribution of individuals to the scientific body of knowledge, recognizing their role in studying environmental impacts and promoting awareness of aquatic ecosystem health through their research.
11) Study (Studying):
The study refers to the systematic investigation conducted by the authors to determine the lethal concentrations of zinc and copper for Clarias batrachus. This research contributes to our understanding of the impact of industrial pollutants on aquatic life, thus informing environmental management and protection practices.
12) Food:
Food is essential for the survival and growth of organisms, providing the necessary nutrients for energy and metabolism. In this study, the fish were starved during the experiment to minimize variables affecting toxicity results, demonstrating how metabolic processes can influence the outcomes of toxicity assessments.
13) Discussion:
Discussion sections in research papers interpret and analyze the results obtained from experiments. Here, the authors elaborate on the implications of their findings regarding the toxicity of heavy metals, relating them to broader environmental concerns and engaging with existing literature to contextualize their contributions.
14) Container:
Container refers to the various aquaria used in the experiments to hold fish during toxicity tests. The design and management of these containers are critical to ensuring controlled conditions for the fish, thereby accurately measuring the effects of toxic substances like zinc and copper on their health.
15) Relative:
Relative, in this context, relates to the comparison of toxicity levels among different substances or species. The study assesses the relative toxicity of zinc and copper, providing insights into how various pollutants affect aquatic life differently and the implications for ecological risk assessment.
16) Medium:
Medium refers to the environment or substance in which organisms live, which, in this study, is water. The medium significantly affects the exposure of fish to pollutants and plays a crucial role in toxicity testing, influencing how chemicals interact with aquatic organisms.
17) Death:
Death in ecological studies is a critical endpoint often measured in toxicology tests. In this research, the primary focus was on determining the lethal concentration (LC50), which signifies the level at which 50% of the fish exposed to toxic substances would perish.
18) Hand:
Hand, in a scientific context, can refer to the involvement of researchers in directly manipulating experimental conditions and handling the specimens. It emphasizes the importance of careful and ethical handling of living organisms during experiments to ensure valid results and minimize distress.
19) Life:
Life refers to the biological processes that define living organisms, including growth, reproduction, and response to environmental stimuli. This study's focus on Clarias batrachus highlights the importance of understanding how toxic substances like zinc and copper can disrupt these life processes in aquatic animals.
20) Food supply:
Food supply refers to the availability of nutritional resources for organisms. In the context of the study, the researchers restricted food supply to the fish to reduce metabolic activity and minimize variables affecting toxicity, illustrating the balance between maintaining biological needs and experimental control.
21) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulating refers to the process by which organisms, like fish, may take in substances over time. This is significant in studies of heavy metal toxicity as bioaccumulation can lead to higher concentrations of toxins in fish tissues, impacting health and affecting the ecosystem's food web.
22) Science (Scientific):
Science is the pursuit of knowledge through systematic study. This research embodies the scientific method by employing experimentation to understand the effects of toxic substances on fish. Its findings contribute to scientific literature that informs environmental policies aimed at protecting aquatic life and ecosystems.
23) Substance:
Substance typically refers to a chemical or material that can have specific properties and effects. In this study, the substances being investigated are heavy metals, particularly zinc and copper, whose toxic effects on fish illustrate the broader implications of industrial pollution on aquatic life.
24) Pesticide:
Pesticide refers to chemicals used for controlling pests, which can lead to environmental contamination. The study mentions pesticides to highlight the broader category of pollutants affecting aquatic ecosystems, underscoring the need for comprehensive assessments of all human-made substances in water bodies that impact fish health.
25) Disease:
Disease indicates a pathological condition caused by external factors, including pollutants. While this study focused on toxicity, the chronic exposure to heavy metals may lead to diseases in fish populations, emphasizing the importance of understanding pollutants' long-term effects on aquatic organisms and their ecosystems.
26) Dealing:
Dealing refers to the management of issues related to environmental health or pollution. The study deals with the toxicity of heavy metals, highlighting the need for effective strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of industrial pollutants on aquatic ecosystems, which is crucial for ecological conservation.
27) Reason:
Reasoning relates to the logic and rationale used in scientific inquiry. The study employs reasoned approaches to assess the impacts of heavy metals on fish, using statistical methods to validate hypotheses and understand observed phenomena, which is central to scientific rigor and credibility.
28) Patra:
Patra is a geographic location referenced in the study where Clarias batrachus were collected. Understanding the local conditions and potential pollution sources in Patra provides context for interpreting the results, as regional environmental factors can significantly influence aquatic species' health and tolerance levels.
29) Glass:
Glass refers to the material used to construct the aquaria for the experimentation. The transparency of glass allows for easy observation of the fish during toxicity tests, contributing to the experimental design's effectiveness in monitoring behavior and responses to the toxic substances tested.
30) Devi:
Devi is the surname of one of the authors, Sangeeta Devi, who contributed to this research. Recognizing authors’ contributions is important in academia to acknowledge the collaborative effort in conducting the study, ensuring transparency and credibility in scientific research.
31) Line:
Line refers to the graphical representation used to illustrate data trends or relationships in toxicity studies. The study utilizes regression lines to analyze and present the relationship between toxin concentration and fish mortality, enabling clearer communication of findings and facilitating further research in the field.
32) Soil:
Soil is a critical component of environmental health, often affected by pollution from industrial activities. Although this study focuses on aquatic impacts, understanding soil contamination is essential as it can lead to runoff and further migrates pollutants to water bodies, affecting aquatic ecosystems.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Determining LC50 of Clarias batrachus for zinc and copper sulfate.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Copper-sulphate, Ph. D. Thesis, Acute toxicity, Chronic toxicity, Xenobiotics, Physical properties of water, Inhibitory effect, Toxic effect, Biochemical properties, Heavy Metal Pollution, Lethal concentration, Industrial effluent, Sub lethal concentration, Zinc sulphate, Exposure period, Environmental risk, Fish farm, Neural mechanism, Behavioural changes, Behavioral response, Aquatic organism, Behavioral change, Metal ion.