Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Recent research on controlled release of anti retroviral drugs
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: a review
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K. P. R. Chowdary, K. Ravi Shankar and M. Ravi Kumar
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Recent research on controlled release of anti retroviral drugs
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Over the past four decades, significant advancements have been made in the development of antiretroviral drugs to combat HIV and other viral infections. Antiretroviral medications are crucial for improving the quality of life for individuals living with HIV, though they do not offer a cure. Among the various classes of antiretroviral drugs, there has been an increasing focus on controlled release formulations that enhance therapeutic efficacy and improve patient adherence to treatment regimens. This review discusses the mechanisms of various antiretroviral agents and highlights recent research concerning their controlled release technologies.
Controlled Release Formulations: Enhancing Patient Compliance
A major advantage of controlled release formulations lies in their potential to increase patient compliance. Traditional therapies often require multiple doses throughout the day, leading to challenges such as missed doses and adverse side effects due to fluctuating drug levels. For instance, lamivudine, a common drug for treating AIDS, typically requires administration twice daily due to its moderate half-life. By transitioning to a sustained release formulation, it is possible to maintain more consistent drug levels, ensuring better therapeutic outcomes and less frequent dosing. Other antiretroviral drugs like abacavir and nevirapine similarly benefit from controlled release formulations that allow for less frequent dosages while maintaining effective plasma concentrations.
Innovations in Drug Formulation
Recent research highlights innovative approaches in the development of controlled release systems for antiretroviral medications. Studies have reported on various polymers used in matrix tablets, showcasing different release kinetics over extended periods. For example, many studies on acyclovir matrix tablets have revealed that utilizing polymers like HPMC and xanthan gum can significantly extend drug release, often following zero-order kinetics. This development suggests that formulating drugs with these materials not only prolongs the therapeutic effects but also improves bioavailability, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.
Addressing the Limitations of Existing Treatments
Despite the advancements, existing antiretroviral treatments still face inherent limitations, such as short half-lives leading to frequent dosing and potential side effects. For instance, drugs like zidovudine require multiple daily doses to maintain therapeutic effects due to their quick metabolism. Sustained release formulations of zidovudine can mitigate these issues by prolonging the release of the drug, thereby reducing dosing frequency and associated side effects. The utilization of combination therapies further exemplifies how innovative formulations could transform the therapeutic landscape for patients with HIV.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the evolution of controlled release formulations for antiretroviral drugs represents a critical advancement in HIV treatment. By effectively utilizing various polymers and formulation strategies, researchers are making strides toward enhancing drug delivery, improving patient adherence, and minimizing side effects. Although significant progress has been made, further research is essential to explore new methodologies and innovative materials that can continue to optimize the controlled release of antiretroviral therapies. Enhanced treatment options are vital for improving the quality of life and therapeutic outcomes for individuals living with HIV.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are antiretroviral drugs used for?
Antiretroviral drugs are used to treat infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). They help prolong life and improve quality of life but do not cure HIV or AIDS.
Why are controlled release formulations important for antiretroviral drugs?
Controlled release formulations enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce side effects, and improve patient compliance by providing consistent drug levels in the bloodstream.
What are some classes of antiretroviral drugs?
Antiretroviral drugs are classified into several categories, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs).
How does Zidovudine function as an antiretroviral drug?
Zidovudine, the first approved anti-HIV drug, works by inhibiting reverse transcriptase, preventing the virus from replicating and spreading in the body.
What is the significance of half-life in drug formulations?
The half-life of a drug determines how frequently it needs to be administered. Short half-life drugs often require controlled release formulations to maintain effective drug levels.
What recent innovations have been made in controlled release formulations?
Recent research focused on developing controlled release systems using various polymers, achieving sustained drug release for up to 24 hours and enhancing formulation effectiveness.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Recent research on controlled release of anti retroviral drugs”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Drug:
The term 'drug' refers to a substance used for medical purposes, particularly for the treatment or prevention of diseases. In the context of the article, antiretroviral drugs are highlighted as critical in managing HIV infections, improving patient compliance, and enhancing therapeutic efficacy through controlled release formulations.
2) Viru:
Though 'viru' appears to be a truncation of 'virus', it highlights the significance of viruses in medical research and drug development. Antiretroviral drugs specifically target viruses like HIV, playing a vital role in combating viral infections that lead to serious health complications such as AIDS.
3) Life:
'Life' is crucial in the context of healthcare and medical treatments. The article focuses on prolonging the lives of individuals living with HIV/AIDS through effective antiretroviral drugs. Enhancements in drug formulations aim to improve the quality of life for patients, addressing both health and wellness.
4) Pur:
The term 'poor' relates to adverse conditions that impact patient health, such as poor compliance with medication regimens or low bioavailability of drugs. The article discusses how controlled release formulations can ameliorate poor patient compliance by reducing the number of doses required throughout the day.
5) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
In pharmacology, 'accumulation' refers to the build-up of a drug in the body, which can lead to adverse side effects. The article emphasizes the challenge of drug accumulation in multi-dose therapies for antiretroviral medications and the potential of controlled release formulations to mitigate this issue.
6) Toxicity:
'Toxicity' refers to the degree to which a substance can harm organisms. The article mentions dose-dependent toxicity associated with some antiretroviral drugs, which can lead to significant side effects. Effective formulations aim to reduce toxicity while maintaining therapeutic efficacy through controlled release mechanisms.
7) Activity:
In a medical context, 'activity' relates to the effectiveness of a drug in producing a desired therapeutic effect. The article stresses the importance of maintaining high antiviral activity against HIV through effective drug formulations, designed to enhance bioavailability and improve compliance.
8) Tamarind:
Tamarind is mentioned as a natural polymer in the development of controlled release formulations for drugs. Its inclusion may provide biocompatibility as a matrix material, aiding in the sustained release of drugs like acyclovir. The use of natural polymers like tamarind enhances the appeal of drug delivery systems.
9) Quality:
'Quality' signifies the standard of a drug's formulation and its therapeutic effects. The article highlights the goal of improving the quality of life for patients through effective antiretroviral medications. Controlled release systems are designed to ensure consistent drug quality over time for optimal therapeutic outcomes.
10) Science (Scientific):
'Science' encompasses the systematic study of the natural world, including the research and development of pharmaceuticals. The article reflects the intersection of pharmaceutical science and healthcare, discussing the innovations in controlled release drug formulations that advance therapeutic strategies against viruses like HIV.
11) Table:
The term 'table' in this context refers to a systematic presentation of data, particularly used to summarize research findings. The article includes a table that outlines various studies on controlled release systems for antiretroviral drugs, aiding in the synthesis of research insights for practitioners.
12) Ravi (Ravin):
Ravi refers to one of the authors of the study. Collaborative research, such as that by Chowdary, Ravi Shankar, and Kumar, reflects the importance of diverse expertise in the development and study of pharmaceutical formulations to combat diseases like HIV/AIDS effectively.
13) Road:
'Road' is part of the address for the Vikas Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences. It indicates a physical location where pharmaceutical research and innovation may take place, contributing to the development of new medical therapies and advancements in healthcare solutions.
14) Biodegradable:
Biodegradable materials are those that can be broken down by living organisms into non-toxic substances. In drug formulation, biodegradable polymers are pivotal for minimizing environmental impact. The article discusses how biodegradable systems can improve drug delivery for controlled release formulations, offering sustainability.
15) Swelling:
Swelling refers to the increase in size that certain materials may undergo when interacting with liquids, often relevant in hydrophilic drug formulations. In the context of the article, swelling can influence the release characteristics of polymer-based drug delivery systems, impacting the controlled release profile.
16) Disease:
Disease refers to a pathological condition affecting the body that can lead to impaired functioning. The article focuses on infectious diseases caused by viruses like HIV, emphasizing the development of antiretroviral drugs aimed at treating these conditions to restore and maintain health.
17) Reason:
'Reason' in a medical context often refers to the rationale behind a specific treatment or intervention. The article discusses the reasons for developing controlled release formulations, aiming to enhance therapeutic efficacy, improve patient adherence, and minimize adverse effects associated with conventional dosing.
18) Powder:
In pharmaceutical contexts, 'powder' generally refers to the state of a drug before it is formulated into dosage forms such as tablets or capsules. The processing and formulation of powders into controlled release systems can significantly affect drug solubility and bioavailability.
19) India:
'India' is mentioned as a geographic context where many antiretroviral drugs have been marketed and studied. This highlights the country's involvement in HIV research, public health efforts, and the advancement of pharmaceutical sciences necessary for addressing health challenges associated with viral infections.
20) Kumar:
Kumar refers to one of the authors and contributors to the study. Collaborative efforts in research, including diverse skill sets among authors like Chowdary, Ravi Shankar, and Kumar, enhance the development of effective pharmaceutical solutions tailored to combat diseases such as HIV.
21) Water:
'Water' is critical in the pharmaceutical industry as a solvent and medium for numerous formulations. In the context of controlled release systems, water interactions can impact polymer behavior and drug release dynamics, influencing the effectiveness of sustained-release formulations.
22) Food:
'Food' may relate to the nutritional context in which medications are taken and can affect drug absorption and metabolism. The article discusses ensuring patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes, acknowledging that food intake might influence the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Recent research on controlled release of anti retroviral drugs’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Therapeutic value, Therapeutic Management, Clinical efficacy, Drug delivery system, Controlled release, HIV infection, Sustained release, Recent studies, Human immunodeficiency virus, Adverse side effects, Patient compliance, In vitro evaluation, Formulation Development, Mucoadhesive polymer, Direct compression, Antiretroviral therapy, Sustained release formulation, Wet granulation, Sustained release tablet, Acyclovir, Antiretroviral drug, Weak base.
Concepts being referred in other categories, contexts and sources.