Clinical appraisal of Ayurvedic immunomodulators and advances.

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Clinical appraisal of immunomodulators in ayurveda in the light of recent pharmacological advances
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Author:

Satyapal Singh, P.S. Byadgi, J.S. Tripathi and N.P. Rai


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Clinical appraisal of immunomodulators in ayurveda in the light of recent pharmacological advances

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Immunomodulation is a vital process in Ayurveda aimed at restoring biological balance and enhancing immunity through various natural substances. According to Ayurvedic principles, the equilibrium of three humors (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) and body tissues (Dhatus) is essential for optimal immune function, which can be achieved using specific natural drugs, known as Rasayana. These substances, derived from herbal, mineral, and animal sources, have been shown to have significant immunomodulatory effects and potentially serve as adjuncts to conventional therapies for diverse diseases, especially those involving chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction.

Rasayana in Immunomodulation

Rasayana refers to a class of Ayurvedic drugs known for promoting both physical and mental health while enhancing the immune response. These formulations assist in rejuvenating the body, delaying the aging process, and improving the functioning of vital organs. Scientific studies provide evidence that many Rasayana agents modulate immune functions through various mechanisms, such as regulating cytokine release and enhancing phagocytosis. By nourishing the body and enhancing metabolic processes, Rasayana drugs create a comprehensive foundation for supporting immunity and overall well-being.

Herbal Immunomodulators

Several herbal preparations have been extensively studied for their immunomodulatory properties in Ayurveda. Notably, Haridra (Curcuma longa) exhibits inhibitory effects on HIV replication and boosts immune function through diverse mechanisms. Another prominent herb, Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), has been demonstrated to enhance lymphocyte activation and natural killer (NK) cell activity, making it a potential therapeutic agent for boosting immunity. These herbs not only exhibit properties that promote immune health but also serve as adjuvants in managing conditions like HIV and specific cancer therapies.

Mineral and Animal Origin Immunomodulators

In addition to herbal substances, Ayurvedic practices utilize mineral and animal sources for immunomodulation. Swarna Bhasma (gold preparation) has been historically used to enhance overall immunity in infants, while Gomutra (cow urine) is known for its ability to stimulate both cellular and humoral immune responses. These materials can modify innate and adaptive immunity, providing a holistic approach to diverse health issues. The unique properties of minerals and animal-derived products highlight the variety of treatment options available in Ayurveda for improving immune functions.

Conclusion

Immunomodulation stands at the forefront of addressing contemporary health challenges, particularly in light of increasing disease prevalence linked to environmental factors and lifestyle changes. The Ayurvedic approach, leveraging natural immunomodulators from herbal, mineral, and animal sources, offers a safe and effective therapeutic avenue. With robust evidence supporting the efficacy of key Rasayana drugs, such as Haridra and Guduchi, alongside mineral and animal derivatives like Swarna Bhasma and Gomutra, there is a substantial opportunity to integrate these ancient practices into modern immunotherapy, ultimately enriching patient care.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What are immunomodulators in Ayurveda?

Immunomodulators in Ayurveda are natural substances that help regulate the immune system. They can enhance or suppress immune responses to restore balance within the body, particularly through the use of herbal, mineral, and animal-derived compounds.

How does Ayurveda define the immune system?

Ayurveda views the immune system as a complex biological system aimed at restoring balance among the three humors (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) and constitutional body tissues (Dhatus) to maintain good health and prevent diseases.

What role does 'Oja' play in Ayurveda?

In Ayurveda, 'Oja' is considered the essence of immunity. It is the ultrafiltrate of healthy digestion and tissues that supports the immune response, essential for overall health and resilience against illnesses.

What are 'Rasayana' drugs in Ayurveda?

'Rasayana' drugs are a class of Ayurvedic substances known for promoting physical and mental health. They enhance immunity, improve longevity, and are used for managing various disorders through their immunomodulatory effects.

What effects do common Ayurvedic herbs have on immunity?

Herbs like Haridra (Curcuma longa), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) demonstrate immunomodulatory effects by enhancing immune cell activity, modulating cytokine secretion, and improving both humoral and cellular immunity.

Why is immunomodulation important in Ayurveda?

Immunomodulation is crucial in Ayurveda to combat diseases caused by immune dysfunction. It offers a natural, safe, and effective approach to restoring immune balance and managing infections, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune disorders.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Clinical appraisal of Ayurvedic immunomodulators and advances.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Activity:
Activity refers to the functional performance of biological or pharmacological responses within the body, particularly concerning how substances like herbal drugs influence immune response through stimulation or modulation. This is significant in the context of immunomodulation, as specific active compounds can enhance or suppress immune functions, aiding in disease prevention or management.

2) Bhasma (Bhasman):
Bhasma is a classical form of Ayurvedic preparation where metals and minerals are processed into fine ash for therapeutic use. It plays a critical role in the treatment of various ailments by enhancing nutritional uptake, acting as immunomodulators, and potentially possessing detoxifying properties that contribute to overall health and wellness.

3) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine from India, focusing on holistic healing, balancing bodily systems through lifestyle, diet, and herbal remedies. Its relevance lies in integrating physical, mental, and spiritual health, offering natural solutions for immunological disorders and promoting enhanced well-being through natural immunomodulation.

4) Rasayana (Rasa-ayana):
Rasayana signifies rejuvenating substances in Ayurveda, aimed at promoting longevity, strength, and mental wellness. These preparations are essential for enhancing immunity, preventing diseases, and improving overall body functions, showcasing their role in modern pharmacological approaches to health management by nurturing both the body and mind.

5) Study (Studying):
Studying involves careful examination and analysis of subjects or phenomena. In Ayurveda, studying herbs and their effects enhances our understanding of their medicinal properties, supporting the development of effective treatments to combat diseases and promote health.

6) Drug:
Drug encompasses any substance used to treat, prevent, or diagnose diseases. In the context of Ayurveda, various herbal, mineral, and animal-derived formulations act as drugs that can modulate immune responses, offering potential alternatives to synthetic medications and addressing the need for effective, natural therapies in healthcare.

7) Disease:
Disease refers to a pathological condition that disrupts normal bodily functions. The Ayurvedic perspective emphasizes restoring balance in the body's systems to combat diseases, especially autoimmune, chronic inflammatory, and infectious diseases, using natural immunomodulators to enhance the immune response and promote healing.

8) Animal:
Animal refers to sources derived from living organisms that are used in Ayurvedic medicine. These include products such as milk and certain animal-derived minerals. Their incorporation in therapeutic practices illustrates the holistic approach Ayurveda takes by using diverse natural resources for health benefits.

9) Ashvagandha (Asvagandha, Ashwagandha, Ashvagamdha, Ashva-gandha):
Ashwagandha, or Withania somnifera, is a revered herb in Ayurveda known for its adaptogenic properties, helping the body resist stress and improve immunity. Studies demonstrate its ability to enhance physical and mental health, reflecting its importance as a powerful natural immunomodulator in traditional Ayurvedic practices.

10) Amalaki:
Amalaki, also known as Emblica officinalis, is an essential Ayurvedic herb recognized for its potent antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Extensive research supports its ability to enhance immune function and promote health, making it a staple in treatments aimed at boosting overall wellbeing and combating various diseases.

11) Varanasi (Varanashi):
Varanasi is a city in India, historically significant as a center for Ayurveda and traditional medicine. Its academic and cultural environments contribute greatly to Ayurvedic research and education, fostering the exploration of natural therapies and promoting the integration of ancient wisdom into contemporary medicinal practices.

12) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses practices and substances used to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases. In Ayurveda, it emphasizes a holistic approach through the use of natural remedies, promoting wellness and addressing the underlying imbalances leading to various health issues, especially through immunomodulatory therapies.

13) Pippali (Pippalin):
Pippali, or Piper longum, is an important herb in Ayurveda known for its immunomodulatory and digestive properties. Research validates its role in enhancing immune function, showcasing its traditional use in promoting overall health, combating infections, and developing natural therapeutic agents in modern medicine.

14) Gomutra (Go-mutra):
Gomutra, or cow urine, is utilized in Ayurveda for its purported medicinal properties, particularly its ability to enhance immune responses. Traditional practices advocate its use in treatments for various diseases, emphasizing the holistic nature of Ayurvedic medicine and the significance of animal-derived products in health restoration.

15) Mineral:
Minerals play an essential role in Ayurvedic medicine, acting as critical components in health-maintaining formulations. Through proper processing and application as Bhasmas, they serve various therapeutic functions, including supporting immunity and restoring balance in bodily functions, reflecting Ayurveda's holistic philosophy.

16) Science (Scientific):
Scientific refers to the empirical study involving observation, experimentation, and validation of concepts. In the context of Ayurveda, applying scientific methodologies to investigate ancient practices supports evidence-based medicine, bridging the gap between tradition and modern healthcare approaches.

17) Mukta:
Mukta refers to pearl in Ayurveda, known for its calming and health-promoting properties. Often transformed into Mukta Bhasma, it is utilized for its minor immunomodulatory effects. The processing enhances its potency, making it relevant in treatments designed to rejuvenate and fortify the body's systems.

18) India:
India serves as the birthplace of Ayurveda, a rich tradition that combines spirituality with medicinal practices, emphasizing natural healing methods. The country's diverse flora and fauna support its vast pharmacopoeia, enriching global medicine and promoting wellness through holistic treatments while preserving ancient knowledge.

19) Tulsi:
Tulsi, or Ocimum sanctum, is celebrated in Ayurvedic medicine for its adaptogenic and immunomodulatory properties. Employed over centuries for its health benefits, modern studies reinforce its effectiveness in promoting immunity, demonstrating its relevance in both traditional and contemporary medicinal practices.

20) Piper longum:
Piper longum, known as Pippali, is recognized in Ayurveda for its beneficial effects on respiratory health and immune system modulation. Its usage highlights the importance of plant-based therapies in promoting health, validating traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific research on its efficacy and mechanisms of action.

21) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological refers to the study of drug action and the relationship between drugs and living systems. Understanding the pharmacological aspects of Ayurvedic herbs is crucial for integrating traditional practices into modern medicine, emphasizing the potential of natural compounds in regulating immune responses and treating various health conditions.

22) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical denotes bioactive compounds found in plants that contribute to health benefits. Research into phytochemicals in Ayurveda highlights their role in immunomodulation, providing insights into how natural plant substances can prevent disease, enhance immune function, and align with a holistic approach to health.

23) Muktabhasma (Mukta-bhasma):
Mukta-bhasma represents the preparation of pearl in Ayurvedic medicine, known for its rejuvenating effects. It serves as an example of how traditional processing methods in Ayurveda enhance the therapeutic efficacy of natural materials, particularly for promoting health and supporting the immune system.

24) Haridra:
Haridra, or Curcuma longa, is a potent herb in Ayurveda recognized for its immunomodulatory effects and utility against infections. Its use emphasizes the integration of traditional knowledge into therapeutic applications, supporting holistic health practices and validating the herb’s efficacy through modern scientific exploration.

25) Ocimum sanctum:
Ocimum sanctum, or Tulsi, is highly valued in Ayurveda for its extensive health benefits, particularly its immunomodulatory properties. As a symbol of purity and resilience, Tulsi represents the intersection of spirituality and medicine in Ayurveda, offering natural solutions for enhancing well-being and managing diseases.

26) Mental health:
Mental health encompasses emotional and psychological well-being, central to Ayurveda's holistic approach. By integrating practices that enhance mental resilience alongside physical health, treatments aim to foster overall wellness, recognizing the interconnectedness of mind and body in achieving true health.

27) Cow urine (Cow's urine):
Cow urine is traditionally used in Ayurveda for its medicinal properties, which include enhancing immune functions. Employing animal products reflects Ayurveda's holistic nature, emphasizing natural therapies and suggesting potential applications in modern medicine for managing various health conditions.

28) Powder:
Powder refers to finely ground substances used in Ayurvedic formulations. This method of preparation enhances the bioavailability of active compounds in herbs, facilitating better absorption and efficacy in therapeutic applications, highlighting the importance of preparation techniques in traditional medical practices.

29) Dhatu:
Dhatu refers to the fundamental bodily tissues in Ayurveda that sustain health and vitality. The balance and quality of Dhatus influence overall well-being, and their support through natural therapies is essential for effective immune function and holistic health.

30) Bala:
Bala refers to strength or immunity in Ayurveda, encompassing both physical and mental resilience. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining immunity and vitality through proper lifestyle choices, diet, and natural remedies, reflecting a core principle of Ayurvedic healing.

31) Gold (Golden):
Gold, often represented as Swarna in Ayurveda, is used for its therapeutic effects, particularly in enhancing immunity. Formulations containing Swarna exemplify the use of precious metals in traditional medicinal practices, believed to confer health benefits and rejuvenate the body.

32) Viru:
Viru (or viral) refers to pathogens causing infections. Understanding the mechanism of viral infections and their effect on the body highlights the relevance of immunomodulators in Ayurveda for enhancing the immune response to combat these pathogens and support recovery.

33) Vyadhikshamatva (Vyadhiksamatva):
Vyadhikshamatva refers to immunity in Ayurveda, emphasizing the balance of the body's humors, tissues, and metabolic processes. Strengthening Vyadhikshamatva allows for better disease resistance, showcasing the importance of holistic approaches in enhancing body immunity and health.

34) Kumari:
Kumari represents Aloe vera in Ayurveda known for its health-promoting properties, particularly its immunomodulatory effects. This herb underscores the significance of plant-based therapies in promoting overall wellness and supporting the body's natural defenses against diseases.

35) Cancer:
Cancer refers to a group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth. Ayurveda's holistic approach offers unique strategies for prevention and treatment, using natural immunomodulators to boost the immune system and support cancer management, integrating traditional wisdom with modern therapeutic needs.

36) Field:
Field refers to a domain of study or practice, such as Ayurvedic medicine. The field emphasizes the exploration and application of natural therapies for health care, promoting the integration of ancient knowledge into contemporary practices for a broader public health impact.

37) Agni:
Agni, or digestive fire, is a fundamental concept in Ayurveda, representing metabolic processes and energy. Balancing Agni is vital for maintaining health, influencing digestion, immunity, and overall vitality, highlighting the interconnectedness of digestive health and disease prevention.

38) Ghi (Ghee):
Ghee is clarified butter used in Ayurvedic cooking and treatments, often valued for its health benefits. Possessing anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, ghee plays a role in promoting digestion and nutrient absorption, reinforcing Ayurveda's holistic approach towards diet and health.

39) Life:
Life encompasses the dynamic processes of biological existence. In Ayurveda, the aim is to promote a healthy and balanced life through natural remedies, emphasizing longevity and quality of life, all while enhancing immunity and preventing illness.

40) Tinospora cordifolia:
Tinospora cordifolia, known as Guduchi, is a crucial herb in Ayurveda celebrated for its immunomodulatory properties. Its ability to enhance resistance against diseases aligns with Ayurveda's holistic approach, reinforcing the significance of plant-based therapy in promoting overall health.

41) Zingiber officinale:
Zingiber officinale, commonly known as ginger, is valued in Ayurveda for its versatility in treating various ailments, including its immunomodulatory effects. Used traditionally to enhance digestion and fight inflammation, ginger exemplifies the application of natural methods for health maintenance.

42) Emblica officinalis:
Emblica officinalis, or Amalaki, is a key herb in Ayurveda recognized for its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Its traditional uses highlight its importance in enhancing immunity and promoting health through natural means, reinforcing the value of Ayurvedic treatments.

43) Glycyrrhiza glabra:
Glycyrrhiza glabra, commonly referred to as Yashtimadhu or licorice, is noted for its immunomodulatory and protective effects against infections. Its usage in Ayurveda showcases the significance of herbal remedies in supporting the body's defense mechanisms and promoting holistic health.

44) Withania somnifera:
Withania somnifera, or Ashwagandha, is a prominent adaptogen in Ayurveda, recognized for enhancing resilience against stress and boosting immunity. Its effectiveness highlights the integration of herbal treatments in modern health practices, celebrating the enduring relevance of Ayurvedic pharmacology.

45) Curcuma longa:
Curcuma longa, known as Haridra or turmeric, possesses powerful anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Its application in Ayurvedic therapies underscores the significance of natural spices in promoting overall health and addressing various ailments, contributing to the richness of herbal medicine.

46) Yuktikritabala (Yuktikrtabala, Yuktikrita-bala):
Yuktikrita-bala signifies immunity achieved through logical or acquired means in Ayurveda, contrasting with natural immunity. This concept emphasizes the role of lifestyle, environment, and intentional practices in enhancing immunity, reinforcing the holistic nature of Ayurvedic approaches to health.

47) Acorus calamus:
Acorus calamus, or Vacha, is utilized in Ayurveda for its cognitive enhancing and other therapeutic properties. Its application displays Ayurveda's breadth in addressing both mental and physical health, showcasing the diverse range of herbal treatments available.

48) Chemotherapy:
Chemotherapy refers to a treatment method utilizing substances to combat cancer. Its contrast with Ayurvedic practices illustrates a significant alternative approach to managing diseases, particularly in enhancing immunity and promoting overall health through natural therapies rather than solely relying on aggressive treatments.

49) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a biological response to harmful stimuli, playing a pivotal role in many diseases. In Ayurveda, managing inflammation through natural remedies illustrates the importance of balancing bodily responses, supporting optimal health, and preventing chronic conditions.

50) Yashtimadhu (Yastimadhu, Yashti-madhu):
Yashtimadhu, or Glycyrrhiza glabra, is renowned in Ayurveda for its soothing and protective properties. Its immunomodulatory effects highlight the significance of herbal solutions in strengthening the body's defenses and maintaining overall health.

51) Sahajabala (Sahaja-bala):
Sahaja-bala denotes innate immunity in Ayurveda, emphasizing the natural protective mechanisms of the body. Understanding this concept reinforces the role of herbal treatments in enhancing and sustaining immune health, crucial for preventing diseases and promoting longevity.

52) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the examination and exploration of ideas, particularly regarding the implications of research findings in Ayurveda. Engaging in scholarly dialogue aids the ongoing development and refinement of treatment modalities, ensuring the continued relevance of traditional medicinal practices in modern healthcare.

53) Developing:
Developing denotes the process of advancing or enhancing practices or formulations, particularly in research contexts. In Ayurveda, developing new therapies based on traditional knowledge and modern scientific principles fosters innovation and integration, promoting holistic health solutions.

54) Attacked:
Attacked signifies the onset of disease or infection affecting the body. The importance of protecting and enhancing immunity against such attacks is central to Ayurvedic practices, which emphasize natural therapies for building resilience and combating health challenges.

55) Vikriti (Vikrti):
Vikriti refers to an individual's altered state of health in Ayurveda, indicating an imbalance in Doshas or biological systems. Understanding Vikriti is pivotal in determining the appropriate therapeutic interventions in Ayurveda, guiding personalized treatment for restoring balance and improving health.

56) Channel:
Channel in an Ayurvedic context refers to the pathways through which energies and substances flow within the body. Maintaining the integrity of these channels is vital for ensuring optimal health and effective functioning of Ayurvedic therapies aimed at restoring balance and promoting well-being.

57) Quality:
Quality in the context of Ayurveda pertains to the standards of preparation, effectiveness, and purity of herbal materials and formulations. Emphasizing quality ensures the safety and efficacy of treatments, reinforcing trust in natural therapies for health management.

58) Species:
Species refers to the classification of living organisms. In Ayurveda, understanding the species of medicinal plants ensures accurate identification and application of herbal remedies, reflecting the depth of knowledge required for effective practice in traditional medicine.

59) Sahaja (Saha-ja):
Sahaja refers to the innate or natural qualities, particularly associated with health and immunity. Emphasizing Sahaja in Ayurveda highlights the importance of nurturing and enhancing inherent strengths through lifestyle, diet, and natural therapies to maintain wellbeing.

60) Brahmi:
Brahmi, or Bacopa monnieri, is an important herb in Ayurveda renowned for its cognitive-enhancing properties. Its use illustrates Ayurveda's commitment to nurturing mental health and cognitive functions, showcasing the significance of herbal therapies in achieving balanced wellness.

61) Family:
Family pertains to the classification in biological terms, which is crucial in identifying and categorizing medicinal plants. Understanding family relationships among plants aids practitioners in recognizing the properties and potential uses of herbs in Ayurveda, ensuring informed applications.

62) Psyche:
Psyche refers to the human mind and its processes. In Ayurveda, the connection between the psyche and physical health is vital, emphasizing the significance of mental well-being in achieving holistic health and the interrelatedness of mind and body in treatment practices.

63) Dosha (Dosa):
Dosha refers to the three fundamental bodily humors—Vata, Pitta, and Kapha—in Ayurveda, which determine an individual's constitution and health. Maintaining Dosha balance is critical for overall well-being, highlighting the importance of personalized treatments tailored to an individual's unique constitution.

64) Pitta:
Pitta is one of the three Doshas in Ayurveda, representing the fire and water elements. It governs digestion, metabolism, and energy production. The balance of Pitta is crucial for health, influencing processes such as thermoregulation and the overall functioning of the body.

65) Kapha:
Kapha is one of the three Doshas in Ayurveda, characterized by earth and water elements. It governs structure, stability, and lubrication within the body. Maintaining balance in Kapha is important for health, affecting bodily functions and emotional well-being.

66) Gupta:
Gupta is a common surname in India; in the context of research and studies, it could refer to the various contributions made by individuals named Gupta in the field of Ayurveda, promoting traditional knowledge and its integration into modern scientific exploration.

67) Water:
Water is essential for life and plays a critical role in Ayurvedic practices. It is fundamental for maintaining balance within the body, supporting digestion, absorption, and detoxification processes, thus reinforcing the importance of hydration in promoting health and immunity.

68) Honey:
Honey is used in Ayurveda for its medicinal properties, including its role as a natural sweetener and health promoter. It supports digestion and has antimicrobial properties, emphasizing the importance of natural substances in enhancing immunity and overall wellness.

69) Pearl:
Pearl, referred to as Mukta in Ayurveda, is valued for its health properties in traditional medicine. Its use as Mukta-bhasma illustrates the significance of utilizing precious minerals in Ayurvedic formulations for healing and rejuvenation, contributing to health enhancement.

70) Fight:
Fight signifies the body's response to pathogens or illness. In Ayurveda, bolstering the immune system is crucial for effectively fighting diseases. The application of natural immunomodulators helps enhance these defenses, facilitating recovery and resilience against health challenges.

71) Blood:
Blood is vital for transporting nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. In Ayurveda, healthy blood quality is essential for overall health and vitality, emphasizing the role of natural remedies in promoting healthy blood cell function and supporting immune responses.

72) Vaca:
Vacha, or Acorus calamus, is valued in Ayurveda for its stimulating properties, especially relating to cognitive functions. Its application illustrates Ayurveda's focus on mental health and cognitive enhancement through natural herbal therapies.

73) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasa refers to the essence or taste of substances in Ayurveda, influencing their therapeutic properties. Understanding Rasa is crucial in formulating Ayurvedic medicines, indicating their effects on the body and guiding appropriate dietary and treatment choices.

74) Vata:
Vata is one of the three Doshas in Ayurveda, primarily associated with air and space elements. It influences movement, circulation, and communication in the body. Balancing Vata is vital for maintaining health and preventing imbalances that may lead to health issues.

75) Hela (Helá):
Hela refers to a type of specific immune response or immune cell activation in the body. Understanding its mechanisms allows Ayurvedic practitioners to develop targeted treatments enhancing immune responses against pathogens.

[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 79]

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