Versatile uses of novel herb khare khask (t. terrestris l.) in ethanomedicine
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Versatile uses of novel herb khare khask (t. terrestris l.) in ethanomedicine
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Lubna Fatima, Arshiya Sultana, Saad Ahmed and Masuma Zaki.
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Full text available for: Versatile uses of novel herb khare khask (t. terrestris l.) in ethanomedicine
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The use of medicinal plants for the management of diseases has grown significantly, particularly within the context of Unani medicine. Among the numerous medicinal plants cited in Unani literature, Kharekhask (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) stands out for its diverse therapeutic applications. Renowned for its medicinal properties, Kharekhask has been employed traditionally for various ailments, including amenorrhea and uterine diseases, attributed to its diuretic and emmenagogue capabilities. This review explores the taxonomy, chemical constituents, and wide-ranging uses of Kharekhask in the Unani system of medicine.
Medicinal Properties of Kharekhask
Kharekhask (Tribulus terrestris) is a perennial, creeping herb known for its extensive use in traditional medicine. It has garnered attention for its diuretic (mudire baul) and emmenagogue (mudire haiz) effects, making it particularly valuable in the treatment of uterine diseases. The plant is rich in active compounds, including steroids, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which contribute to its therapeutic benefits. In Unani medicine, preparations from Kharekhask, such as decoctions or powders, are utilized to manage conditions related to menstrual irregularities, infertility, and various urinary disorders.
Ethnobotanical and Taxonomical Significance
From a taxonomical perspective, Tribulus terrestris belongs to the family Zygophyllaceae and is known by various names across different cultures, including gokhru in Hindi and sannaneggilu in Kannada. Ethnobotanically, it is predominantly found in sandy soils throughout India and other temperate regions globally. The plant is characterized by its slender fibrous root, yellow petals, and spiny fruits that help in its identification. The herbal applications of Kharekhask, associated with its historical and cultural significance, highlight its role in traditional healing practices across various regions.
Therapeutic Applications in Unani Medicine
The therapeutic applications of Kharekhask in Unani medicine extend far beyond its use as an emmenagogue. It has demonstrated efficacy in treating conditions like gout, kidney diseases, impotence, chronic cystitis, and various digestive disorders. Specific preparations, such as decoctions with other herbal ingredients, are administered for treating ailments like pharyngitis and conjunctivitis. Its ability to promote diuresis and alleviate conditions associated with the urinary tract and its significant role in managing digestive issues underscore its versatility as a medicinal herb.
Conclusion
Overall, Kharekhask (Tribulus terrestris) serves as a cornerstone in the traditional medicinal practices of Unani medicine. Its pharmacological properties, backed by an array of chemical constituents, afford it a broad spectrum of applications in disease management. The ongoing exploration of its ethnobotanical significance and therapeutic efficacy reflects its importance in both cultural and medicinal contexts. With increasing interest in herbal medicine, further research into Kharekhask may unveil new insights into its mechanisms and expand its potential uses in contemporary therapeutic settings.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Kharekhask commonly known as?
Kharekhask, scientifically known as Tribulus terrestris, is commonly referred to as puncture vine.
What are some medicinal properties of Kharekhask?
Kharekhask possesses diuretic, anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, and emmenagogue properties, indicated for various ailments.
How is Kharekhask used in Unani medicine?
In Unani medicine, Kharekhask is used for uterine diseases, infertility, and as a general tonic.
What are the active chemical constituents of Kharekhask?
Kharekhask contains steroids, saponins, flavonoids, vitamins, and various acids, contributing to its medicinal properties.
Is Kharekhask effective for treating urinary issues?
Yes, Kharekhask is beneficial for urinary disorders, such as dysuria and urinary incontinence.
What are the side effects of Kharekhask with excessive use?
Excessive use of Kharekhask can cause brain-related issues and may be harmful to kidneys.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Versatile uses of novel herb khare khask (t. terrestris l.) in ethanomedicine”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Disease:
In the context of traditional medicine, a disease refers to any pathological condition that affects the body. Medicinal plants like Tribulus terrestris are often utilized to manage various diseases, showcasing the importance of ethnomedicine in health care practices, especially in regions like India where such practices are prevalent.
2) Medicine:
Medicine is the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease. In Unani and other traditional systems, plants like Tribulus terrestris are classified as medicine due to their bioactive compounds, which provide therapeutic effects for physical ailments, reinforcing the necessity of such natural remedies in holistic health care.
3) Tribulus terrestris:
Tribulus terrestris is a perennial plant known for its medicinal properties, particularly in traditional systems like Unani medicine. It is recognized for its therapeutic benefits including diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and aphrodisiac effects, making it a crucial herb in managing various health conditions and enhancing fertility among other uses.
4) Honey:
Honey is a natural sweetener with medicinal properties, often used in traditional medicine for its nutritional and therapeutic effects. In many herbal formulations, including those involving Tribulus terrestris, honey serves as a binding agent and enhances the palatability of remedies, promoting better adherence to treatment regimens.
5) Powder:
In herbal medicine, a powder refers to the finely ground form of herbs that enhances bioavailability and allows for easier dosing. The powdered form of Tribulus terrestris is often used in traditional remedies for its concentrated medicinal properties, making it a popular choice for therapeutic applications.
6) India:
India has a rich history of traditional medicine practices, including Unani and Ayurvedic systems. The biodiversity of the region has led to the discovery and utilization of various medicinal plants such as Tribulus terrestris, which plays a significant role in the health care practices of the Indian population.
7) Water:
Water is a fundamental solvent in herbal medicine, often used to create decoctions or infusions of medicinal plants like Tribulus terrestris. It aids in extracting active compounds from the plant, ensuring that the therapeutic properties are available for consumption and promoting its efficacy in treating ailments.
8) Drug:
A drug, in a medicinal context, refers to a chemical substance used for treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of diseases. Tribulus terrestris is classified as a drug in various traditional systems due to its bioactive components that exhibit therapeutic effects, showcasing the significance of phytotherapy in medicine.
9) Milk:
Milk is often used in traditional formulations to enhance the therapeutic effects of herbal remedies. When combined with Tribulus terrestris, it can improve palatability and absorption of the herb's active compounds, thereby facilitating better health outcomes, especially in treatments related to reproductive health.
10) Inflammation:
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection and is often addressed in traditional medicine through anti-inflammatory herbs. Tribulus terrestris is noted for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a critical ingredient in managing conditions characterized by inflammation, thus supporting overall health.
11) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial refers to the property of a substance to inhibit bacterial growth. Tribulus terrestris has demonstrated antibacterial activity, making it valuable in traditional medicine for treating infections and promoting healing, showcasing the role of herbal remedies in overcoming microbial-related ailments.
12) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a group of plant compounds with antioxidant properties that contribute to the protective effects of many herbs, including Tribulus terrestris. They play a role in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby enhancing the overall medicinal value of the plants in which they are found.
13) Affection:
Affection in a medical context can refer to the condition of being affected by an ailment or disease. This term is often used in traditional medicine literature to describe the various diseases or disorders that herbal remedies like Tribulus terrestris aim to alleviate, underscoring their therapeutic significance.
14) Activity:
Activity refers to the biological effects or efficacy of a substance. The pharmacological activity of herbs like Tribulus terrestris includes diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and aphrodisiac effects, highlighting their role in traditional medicine practices for treating various ailments and promoting health.
15) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is an ancient language of India that has contributed significantly to the vocabulary of traditional medicine, particularly in Ayurveda. The mention of herbal remedies like Tribulus terrestris in Sanskrit texts emphasizes the historical significance and cultural heritage of medicinal plants in Indian health practices.
16) Delhi:
Delhi, as a major urban center in India, reflects a confluence of traditional and modern medical practices. The use of traditional herbs like Tribulus terrestris in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine highlights the ongoing relevance of these systems within contemporary health care frameworks in cities such as Delhi.
17) Badam:
Badam, or almonds, is a nutrient-rich nut with health benefits, commonly used in traditional formulations. It can be combined with Tribulus terrestris in remedies to enhance their efficacy, nourishing the body while combating various ailments through natural means within the framework of herbal medicine.
18) Aroma (A-roma):
Aroma refers to the distinctive fragrance or odor of a substance, which can have physiological effects on health and mood. The aroma of herbs like Tribulus terrestris contributes to their therapeutic appeal, enhancing patient experience in herbal treatments and solidifying its cultural significance in traditional medicine.
19) Mita:
Mitha translates to 'sweet' in various Indian languages and is often used to describe flavors in food and medicine. The sweet taste may influence the palatability of herbal formulations involving Tribulus terrestris, making it easier for patients to adopt traditional remedies into their health care regimens.
20) Hair:
Hair health is an important aspect of personal care and is often addressed in traditional medicine. The use of specific formulations, including those containing Tribulus terrestris, can promote stronger, healthier hair, aligning with the holistic approach of treating both physical and aesthetic concerns in natural health systems.
21) Southern India:
Southern India is known for its rich biodiversity and extensive traditional medicine practices, including Ayurveda and Unani. The wide use of herbs like Tribulus terrestris reflects the regional reliance on nature-derived remedies, emphasizing the importance of local flora in sustainable health care practices.
22) Goat milk:
Goat milk is utilized in traditional medicine for its rich nutritional profile and digestibility. It often complements herbal formulations containing Tribulus terrestris, enhancing therapeutic effects and aiding in nutrient absorption, which is critical in the treatment of various health conditions.
23) Suffering:
Suffering refers to the physical or emotional distress experienced due to illness. Herbal remedies like Tribulus terrestris are often employed in traditional medicine to alleviate suffering by addressing the underlying causes of ailments, thereby improving the quality of life for those affected.
24) Gujarati:
Gujarati relates to the language and culture of the Gujarati people in India, reflecting the ethnic diversity of the region. The use of local medicinal plants like Tribulus terrestris in traditional treatments showcases the cultural significance of herbal knowledge in different Indian communities, including Gujarat.
25) Cinnamon:
Cinnamon is a spice known for its aromatic flavor and medicinal properties. Its combination with medicinal herbs like Tribulus terrestris in traditional formulations enhances taste and therapeutic effects, promoting digestion and overall health, thereby integrating the culinary and medicinal uses of botanicals.
26) Crushing:
Crushing refers to the mechanical process of breaking down plant materials to extract active compounds for medicinal use. This method is commonly applied to herbs like Tribulus terrestris, facilitating the preparation of remedies that maximize the availability of essential therapeutic components.
27) Delusion (Deluded):
Delusion describes a state of false belief often associated with psychological conditions. In traditional medicine, herbs like Tribulus terrestris are sometimes used in treatments aimed at correcting such mental disorders, highlighting the holistic approach to health that includes both physical and mental well-being.
28) Epilepsy:
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Traditional remedies incorporating Tribulus terrestris may be explored as adjunct therapies to manage symptoms, demonstrating the cultural reliance on herbal medicine in addressing chronic conditions within the framework of holistic health care.
29) Hysteria:
Hysteria traditionally refers to psychological disturbances characterized by exaggerated emotions. In the context of traditional medicine, herbs like Tribulus terrestris may be employed to treat hysteria, showcasing the application of holistic approaches in addressing mental health issues through natural remedies.
30) Gokharu:
Gokharu is a vernacular name for Tribulus terrestris in several Indian languages, which reflects its cultural importance and recognition as a medicinal plant. Its usage in traditional health practices illustrates the deep-rooted connection between local flora and community health in India.
31) Marathi:
Marathi is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Maharashtra, India. The reference to medicinal plants like Tribulus terrestris in Marathi texts indicates the linguistic diversity of traditional medicine in India and how local languages capture the wisdom of herbal practices.
32) Kannada:
Kannada is a South Indian language spoken in Karnataka. The recognition of plants like Tribulus terrestris in Kannada herbal medicine emphasizes the integration of botanical knowledge into local health practices, underscoring the role of linguistic culture in preserving traditional medicinal heritage.
33) Bengali:
Bengali refers to the language and cultural heritage of the Bengali people in India and Bangladesh. The use of Tribulus terrestris and other medicinal plants in Bengali traditional practices highlights the significance of regional knowledge systems in providing natural health solutions.
34) Habitat:
Habitat refers to the natural environment where a plant species grows. Understanding the habitat of Tribulus terrestris is crucial for its conservation and sustainable use in traditional medicine, as it affects the availability and potency of its medicinal properties.
35) Species:
Species is a biological classification that groups organisms based on shared characteristics. Recognizing Tribulus terrestris as a distinct species emphasizes the importance of biodiversity in traditional medicine, as different species contribute varying therapeutic benefits to health care practices.
36) Mineral:
Mineral content in herbal plants is significant for understanding their nutritional value. The presence of various minerals in Tribulus terrestris highlights its role not only as a medicinal herb but also as a source of essential nutrients necessary for maintaining health and wellness.
37) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
Burnt may refer to the process of heating herbs for extraction or preparation. In traditional medicine, burning certain components of Tribulus terrestris can release their medicinal qualities, linking the physical transformation of plant materials to their therapeutic applications.
38) Anxiety:
Anxiety is a common mental health condition characterized by excessive worry. Herbal remedies, including those based on Tribulus terrestris, may offer natural support for managing anxiety symptoms through their calming effects, highlighting the relevance of plant-based treatments in mental health care.
39) Kashmir:
Kashmir is a region known for its unique climatic conditions and diverse flora. The presence of Tribulus terrestris in Kashmir emphasizes the adaptability of this medicinal plant and its potential benefits within traditional health systems reflective of local environmental contexts.
40) Sarala (Sharala):
Sarala, referring to certain types of local flora, may connect to the uses of herbs within traditional systems. In the case of Tribulus terrestris, understanding it in relation to Sarala could highlight its role in specific regional medicinal practices and botanical relationships.
41) Weapon:
The term weapon can symbolize tools or methods used for defense, but in the context of plants like Tribulus terrestris, it represents the power of natural remedies to combat diseases. Traditional medicine views these plants as protective agents in promoting health and well-being.
42) Family:
In botanical terms, family refers to a classification grouping related species. Tribulus terrestris belongs to the Zygophyllaceae family, which highlights the significance of taxonomic relationships in understanding the characteristics and medicinal properties of various plants in traditional medicine.
43) Silver:
Silver has historical significance in folk medicine for its antimicrobial properties. In traditional practices, silver may be combined with herbal remedies, including those with Tribulus terrestris, to enhance their healing effects, symbolizing the integration of elements in holistic health approaches.
44) Marble:
Marble can symbolize beauty and permanence, but in a medicinal context, it may denote the physical characteristics of certain seeds or plant components. Understanding the texture and composition of Tribulus terrestris seeds can enhance knowledge related to their health benefits and usage.
45) Madra:
Madra refers to traditional practices or concepts within specific cultural contexts. The integration of Tribulus terrestris into these practices highlights the importance of local knowledge in the utilization of herbal remedies for health and wellness.
46) Anana:
Anana, which includes references to the pineapple, symbolizes tropical biodiversity and medicinal uses of fruits. It illustrates how diverse ingredients can be incorporated in traditional formulations with Tribulus terrestris, enhancing the flavor and therapeutic effects in herbal medicine.
47) Sugar:
Sugar is often added to herbal remedies to improve taste. In traditional formulations with Tribulus terrestris, sugar makes the medicine more palatable, enabling easier intake and adherence, which is essential for effective health outcomes in herbal practices.
48) Hindi (Himdi):
Hindi, as a major language in India, reflects the cultural and linguistic diversity of the country. The mention of medicinal herbs like Tribulus terrestris in Hindi literature reinforces the role of language in preserving and disseminating traditional health knowledge among different communities.
49) Oriya:
Oriya relates to the language and cultural framework of Odisha, India. The recognition of herbal formulations in Oriya emphasizes how regional languages encapsulate traditional knowledge, allowing communities to maintain their heritage of medicinal practices using plants like Tribulus terrestris.
50) Mahi:
Mahi is a term that can refer to fish, which may symbolize nourishment or health in cultural contexts. The integration of various elements like fish with herbal remedies could underscore the holistic approach in traditional health care systems that consider diverse dietary sources.
51) Sira (Shira):
Sira may relate to specific medicinal practices or formulations. The use of Tribulus terrestris in such contexts reflects the diverse applications of plants in traditional health care, aligning with holistic approaches to treating various conditions.
52) Badi:
Badi refers to specific types of herbal formulations or the plant itself. The significance of using Tribulus terrestris in various traditional medicines emphasizes the rich diversity of plant-based treatments employed across different cultures in health and wellness.
53) Beta:
Beta is often associated with beneficial compounds, particularly in synthetic and natural remedies. The occurrence of beta compounds in Tribulus terrestris contributes to its health-promoting properties, reinforcing the role of phyto-chemicals in traditional medicine.
54) Bagh:
Bagh can refer to gardens or natural settings where plants are cultivated. The cultivation of Tribulus terrestris in various regions signifies the importance of local flora in providing resources for traditional medicine and sustainable health practices.
55) Genu:
Genu may denote joints or knee-related conditions. The inclusion of Tribulus terrestris in treatments for musculoskeletal issues showcases the integrative practices within traditional medicine that address both mobility and overall bodily health.
56) Jali:
Jali refers to a form of mesh structure in various contexts, which can symbolize networks in traditional knowledge systems. The interconnected use of herbs like Tribulus terrestris within these networks highlights the collaborative essence of traditional health practices across different cultures.
57) Ripe:
Ripe indicates the optimal state for harvesting fruits or herbs, as in the case of Tribulus terrestris. Recognizing the ideal ripeness for collection is crucial for preserving the medicinal potency and effectiveness necessary for therapeutic applications in traditional medicine.
58) Rich (Rch):
Rich refers to a quality that can denote abundance, especially in nutritional or therapeutic contexts. Tribulus terrestris is considered rich in bioactive compounds, which supports its widespread use in traditional remedies, enriching the cultural practices associated with health and wellness.
59) Pain:
Pain is a significant health issue that traditional remedies aim to relieve. The applications of Tribulus terrestris in alleviating pain showcase its role in herbal medicine, emphasizing the holistic approach to managing physical discomfort in various cultures.
60) Ghi (Ghee):
Ghee is clarified butter used in cooking and traditional medicine, prized for its nourishing properties. When combined with herbs like Tribulus terrestris, ghee can enhance the absorption of the herbs' beneficial compounds, facilitating their therapeutic effects in traditional formulations.
61) Soil:
Soil serves as the foundational medium for plant growth, impacting the health and potency of medicinal plants like Tribulus terrestris. Understanding soil quality and composition is essential for sustainable practices in cultivating herbs used in traditional medicine for effective treatment outcomes.
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Tribulus terrestris, Medicinal plant, Essential oil, Diuretic properties, Adverse effect, Traditional medicine, Decoction, Therapeutic use, Pharmacological properties, Medicinal use, Digestive aid, Menstrual flow, Nutritional properties, Dosage guidelines, Anti-inflammatory activity, Antioxidant activity, Infertility treatment, Anti-inflammatory properties, Herbal formulation, Analgesic effect, Anti-inflammatory, Folk medicine, Diuretic effect, Chronic cystitis, Liver disease, CNS depressant, Pharmacopoeia of India, Aphrodisiac Effect, Unani medicine, Emmenagogue, Chemical constituent, Antispasmodic Effect, Estrogenic effects, Urinary discharge, Steroid saponin, Cooling action.