Impact of vehicles on indomethacin's in-vivo performance

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Impact of vehicles on indomethacin's in-vivo performance”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Table:
Table refers to a systematic arrangement of data, often used to summarize information. In the context of this research, tables are used to present experimental results, formulations, and measurements in a clear and organized manner, facilitating easy comparison and analysis of the outcomes from cream and gel formulations of indomethacin.

2) Water:
Water is a critical solvent used in pharmaceutical formulations, especially in creams and gels. It acts as a medium for dissolving other ingredients and providing the necessary consistency. In this study, purified water is utilized in preparing the formulations, ensuring they are suitable for topical application.

3) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a biological response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens or tissue injury. In this study, inflammation was induced in rats to test the efficacy of indomethacin formulations. Understanding inflammation is crucial for evaluating the anti-inflammatory effects of drugs like indomethacin in therapeutic contexts.

4) Study (Studying):
A study refers to a systematic investigation undertaken to discover or interpret facts. In this research, the study focuses on assessing the performance of various topical formulations containing indomethacin. It includes in-vivo evaluations to determine the effectiveness of creams and gels in reducing inflammation.

5) Animal:
Animal refers to living organisms used in scientific research for experimentation. In this context, Wistar strain albino rats were employed as subjects to evaluate the effectiveness of indomethacin formulations. Using animals allows researchers to observe physiological responses to treatments in a controlled environment.

6) Drug:
A drug is a chemical substance used for treating, curing, or preventing diseases. Indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), serves as the active ingredient in the formulations being studied for its ability to alleviate inflammation when applied topically.

7) Performance:
Performance relates to the effectiveness of the formulations in achieving desired outcomes. In this study, the performance of both the cream and gel formulations of indomethacin was evaluated based on their ability to reduce paw size in inflammatory conditions, providing insight into their therapeutic capabilities.

8) Science (Scientific):
Science refers to the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. The research conducted falls under pharmaceutical science, specifically focusing on drug formulation and its effects, demonstrating the scientific principles in action.

9) Alam (Alaṁ):
Alam refers to a geographical location, relevant as it connects to Shah Alam, Malaysia, where the research was conducted. The context of regional research facilities supports local educational and scientific developments, emphasizing the importance of geographical ties in academic studies.

10) Sah:
Shah is part of the name of Shah Alam, a city in Malaysia. It emphasizes the location of the research institution involved in the study. The presence of academic institutions in such areas contributes to the development of local expertise in pharmaceutical sciences.

11) Hand:
Hand often relates to the application of treatments in contexts such as massages or topical applications. In this study, the application of the cream or gel formulations would be performed by hand onto the affected area, highlighting the importance of direct application in therapeutic use.

12) Pain:
Pain is a symptom often treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. The study's primary aim is to evaluate indomethacin’s effectiveness in alleviating pain associated with inflammation. Understanding pain management is crucial in developing effective pharmaceutical applications for patients experiencing discomfort.

13) Activity:
Activity refers to the functional effects of the drug, in this case, the anti-inflammatory activity of indomethacin. Recognizing the active properties of a drug is essential for assessing its potential benefits and therapeutic applications in inflammatory conditions.

14) Medium:
Medium denotes the environment or vehicle through which reactions occur or substances are delivered. In topical formulations, the medium is critical for the distribution of active ingredients on the skin, affecting drug absorption and efficacy in treating local conditions.

15) Blood:
Blood plays an important role in systemic drug distribution. Though the study focuses on topical administration to minimize systemic absorption, understanding blood’s role helps clarify the pharmacokinetics of drugs and their potential effects throughout the body.

16) Hind:
Hind refers to the hind limbs of the rats used in this study, where inflammation was induced. The significance of this anatomical site highlights the relevance of choosing appropriate body parts for studying local inflammation and drug effects.

17) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological relates to the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs. This study examines the pharmacological actions of indomethacin in reducing inflammation, contributing to the understanding of NSAIDs in clinical settings.

18) Discussion:
Discussion is a critical part of research where findings are interpretted, contextualized, and analyzed relative to existing literature. In this study, the discussion section would elucidate the implications of the results, addressing how the findings contribute to the field of pharmaceutical research.

19) Substance:
Substance generally refers to a type of matter with a specific chemical composition. In this study, indomethacin is the active substance being tested in various formulations and serves as a key component for evaluating therapeutic efficacy in inflammation reduction.

20) Pregnant:
Pregnant refers to the state of carrying a developing fetus, which is relevant when considering the safety and systemic absorption of topical drugs. Caution is advised in using NSAIDs during pregnancy due to potential effects on fetal development, warranting careful study of formulations.

21) Mineral:
Mineral refers to naturally occurring inorganic substances often used in pharmaceutical formulations. In the context of this study, mineral oil, as part of the cream base, may enhance the formulation’s effectiveness as a topical agent by improving texture and absorption properties.

22) Surface:
Surface refers to the external layer of a material or interface at which drug application occurs. In topical formulations, ensuring the surface area is maximized during administration assists in effective drug absorption and therapeutic impact, especially in localized treatments.

23) Reason:
Reason denotes the justification or explanation for a specific action or decision made in the research. Highlighting reasons behind choosing particular formulations helps clarify the rationale for the research design and its methodology.

24) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasha is a reference to one of the authors involved in the study. Acknowledging all contributors recognizes the collaborative nature of research and highlights the diverse expertise involved in developing the formulations and conducting the experiments.

25) Milk:
Milk, while not directly applicable in this study, is relevant in pharmaceutical contexts as a natural emulsion. Discussing similar substances can help in understanding drug delivery systems, as comparisons could be drawn to topical formulations in stability and absorption characteristics.

26) Dish (Dis):
Dish typically refers to a container used for mixing or preparing substances in laboratories. In the context of this study, using a porcelain dish was part of the preparation process for the cream and gel formulations, which reflects the importance of equipment in pharmaceutical compounding.