Assessment and evaluation of methods used for antimicrobial activity assay
an overview
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Assessment and evaluation of methods used for antimicrobial activity assay
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Subtitle: an overview
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Rajesh Singh Tomar, Pooja Sharma, Ajay Sharma, Raghvendra Mishra
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Assessment and evaluation of methods used for antimicrobial activity assay
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The manuscript discusses the importance of antimicrobial activity assays in light of the emergence of new infectious diseases and increasing microbial resistance. It highlights the need for effective antimicrobials with a wide margin of safety and outlines the challenges researchers face in standardizing methods for evaluating antimicrobial efficacy. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) methods are widely accepted but mainly suited for pure compounds, indicating a necessity for optimization in testing crude extracts. The review aims to summarize various screening protocols and emphasize the need for standardized methods in antimicrobial testing.
Importance of Standardized Protocols
The review underscores that discrepancies in experimental methodologies can lead to varying results and hence, misleading conclusions regarding the potency of antimicrobial agents. Traditional methods such as disc diffusion, well diffusion, and broth dilution have limitations, particularly in their applicability to non-polar samples or complex extracts. The authors stress that researchers must use identical assays for accurate result comparison and that there is no singular assay compatible with all antimicrobial compounds. Method standardization is crucial in creating a reliable basis for confirming antimicrobial activities across different studies.
Various Screening Protocols
A plethora of screening protocols exist for assessing antimicrobial activity, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages. For instance, the disc diffusion method allows testing of numerous samples simultaneously, yet it often provides inconsistent results due to factors affecting drug diffusion. Other methods, such as the microtiter broth dilution method, are described as offering more reproducible and quantitative results, accommodating the rapid evaluation of various antimicrobial samples. The review's comprehensive overview underscores the significance of carefully choosing appropriate methodologies based on the nature of the antimicrobial compounds under investigation.
Challenges with Plant-derived Antimicrobials
The review details the complexities associated with screening plant secondary metabolites, which are frequently employed as sources for antimicrobials. The chemical properties and extraction methods of these metabolites greatly influence assay outcomes. This leads to inconsistencies in the interpretation of efficacy. With the variety of extractable compounds existing in plant sources, the review advocates for tailored extraction and assay strategies that consider specific characteristics of the antimicrobial agents being tested.
Conclusion
The review concludes by reiterating the critical need for ongoing refinement of antimicrobial screening protocols to enhance reproducibility and accuracy in research findings. As microbial resistance continues to rise, developing highly sensitive and standardized methods becomes increasingly vital. By advancing the methodologies used in antimicrobial assays, researchers can ensure their work contributes significantly to the discovery and development of new and effective antimicrobial agents. This call to action highlights the interplay between methodology and the success of future antimicrobial research.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the focus of the review article on antimicrobial activity?
The review article discusses various screening protocols for determining the antimicrobial activity of both known and unknown antimicrobials, addressing methodologies that have produced inconsistent results among researchers.
What are common methods for evaluating antimicrobial activities?
Common methods include disc diffusion, well diffusion, broth dilution, radial diffusion assays, and poison food techniques. Each method has unique advantages and disadvantages concerning sensitivity and reproducibility of results.
What challenges exist in antimicrobial activity assays?
Challenges include variations in methodologies, optimization for crude extracts, and potential false conclusions regarding efficacy due to the absence of standardized protocols across different studies.
Why is standardization of antimicrobial assays important?
Standardization ensures consistent results across studies, allowing for accurate comparisons and reliable conclusions regarding the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents.
What are the advantages of using microtiter plate methods?
Microtiter plate methods are more economical, less labor-intensive, and provide consistent, reproducible results for testing a higher number of antimicrobial agents compared to traditional methods.
What future directions are suggested for antimicrobial screening protocols?
Future developments should focus on creating sensitive, efficient methods that accommodate various compounds, with an emphasis on addressing antibiotic resistance issues and understanding the mechanisms of antimicrobial action.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Assessment and evaluation of methods used for antimicrobial activity assay”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
In the context of antimicrobial studies, 'activity' refers to the effectiveness of various substances in inhibiting or killing microorganisms. This term is crucial for evaluating the potential of new antimicrobials, determining how well they perform against specific pathogens, and understanding their mechanisms of action within biological systems.
2) Drug:
A 'drug' in this research pertains to a substance with therapeutic properties, specifically used to combat infections. It could be a synthetic pharmaceutical or a natural extract with antimicrobial properties. Understanding the nature and efficacy of such drugs is central in developing new treatments for various diseases.
3) Food:
The term 'food' relates to the context of evaluating antimicrobial substances in food products, which is significant for food safety and shelf-life extension. The studies discussed explore how certain extracts can inhibit microbial growth in food, ensuring its safety for consumption and preventing spoilage.
4) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Anti-bacterial' specifically describes substances that fight bacterial infections. This term is fundamental in the field of microbiology and pharmacology, where developing effective anti-bacterial agents is essential for treating infections caused by resistant bacteria.
5) Aureus:
'Aureus' refers to Staphylococcus aureus, a common bacterium responsible for numerous infections in humans. This particular species is vital in antimicrobial research, as it often demonstrates resistance to standard treatments, thus requiring alternative strategies for effective management and study in laboratory settings.
6) Medium:
In microbiology, 'medium' refers to the substance or environment in which microorganisms are grown for experimental purposes. The choice of medium can affect the viability and behavior of test organisms and the accuracy of antimicrobial susceptibility testing, making it an important consideration in laboratory studies.
7) Substance:
'Substance' typically encompasses any material or compound evaluated for its biological activity in this context. This term is broad, including natural extracts, synthetic compounds, and antibiotics used to assess antimicrobial properties and efficacy against various pathogens in scientific research.
8) Species:
The term 'species' refers to distinct biological classifications, particularly pertaining to bacteria or plants used in antimicrobial testing. Identifying specific species is essential for understanding the effectiveness of various substances since different species can exhibit varying degrees of sensitivity to antimicrobial agents.
9) Water:
'Water' acts as a solvent and medium for many biological reactions and experiments, making it essential in the preparation of solutions for microbiological evaluations. Its quality and purity affect experimental results and the overall accuracy in antimicrobial activity assessments.
10) Disease:
'Disease' pertains to the pathological conditions caused by infections from microorganisms. Studies focus on developing effective antimicrobial agents against such diseases, which include bacterial infections that can lead to morbidity and mortality without timely and effective treatment.
11) Mishra (Misra):
'Mishra' likely refers to Dr. Raghvendra Mishra, a researcher involved in the study of antimicrobial properties. His contributions to understanding and evaluating natural and synthetic compounds for their antimicrobial activities highlight significant advancements in pharmaceutical research and applications.
12) Salt (Salty):
'Salt' often refers to compounds used in various assays and as preservatives. In the context of antimicrobial research, the role of salt in modulating microbial growth and enhancing the stability and preservation of antimicrobial formulations can be critical for therapeutic applications.
13) Measurement:
'Measurement' is essential in scientific research to quantify the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. Accurate measurement of antimicrobial activity ensures reproducibility of results and establishes parameters like Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), essential for drug development and comparison studies.
14) Nature:
'Nature' references the inherent properties and behaviors of substances in biological and ecological contexts. Understanding the natural characteristics of antimicrobial compounds, especially from plant sources, aids in identifying and optimizing effective agents for combating microbial infections.
15) Bakri:
'Bakri' likely refers to one of the authors or researchers associated with the study. Their contributions to the field of antimicrobial research may include significant findings relevant to the development and testing of antimicrobial agents from various sources.
16) Study (Studying):
'Study' encompasses the systematic examination of various protocols and methods used in evaluating antimicrobial activity. Understanding different studies in this field helps derive better practices, leading to the development of new and effective antimicrobial agents.
17) Tree:
'Tree' may refer to sources from which antimicrobial compounds are derived, especially those that are explored in traditional medicine. The use of tree extracts and their properties plays a vital role in discovering natural antimicrobials for modern treatment strategies.
18) Transmission:
'Transmission' relates to the spread of infections from one individual to another; understanding how pathogens are transmitted can help shape strategies for developing and evaluating antimicrobials, addressing public health issues effectively.
19) Medicine:
'Medicine' is the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease. The development and evaluation of antimicrobial agents directly correlate with advancements in medicine, helping in combating infections and improving health outcomes.
20) Surface:
'Surface' may refer to the outermost layer of microorganisms, which is critical in antimicrobial interactions. The study of how antimicrobials affect microbial surfaces can inform the mechanism of action and resultant effectiveness against various pathogens.
21) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
'Sharma' may refer to Pooja Sharma, a contributor in the research. Their involvement in antimicrobial studies highlights collaborative efforts in uncovering new antimicrobial properties and enhancing existing protocols for testing activity.
22) Namdeo:
'Namdeo' likely refers to another author contributing to the study or context of antimicrobial activity research. Their findings may be pivotal in understanding the efficacy of various natural and synthetic antimicrobial agents.
23) Table:
'Table' refers to a summary of data or findings in a structured format within the research. Tables help to present complex information clearly, making it easier to interpret results regarding antimicrobial efficacy and comparative analysis of compounds.
24) Shomti (Somti, Shonti, Sonti):
'Sondi' likely refers to a researcher or author involved in antimicrobial studies. Their contributions may include significant insights or findings related to the antimicrobial effects of specific compounds compared to standard agents.
25) Toxicity:
'Toxicity' characterizes the harmful effects of substances on living organisms. In antimicrobial research, understanding the toxicity levels of potential drugs is crucial for determining safe dosage levels and minimizing adverse effects during treatments.
26) Gwalior:
'Gwalior' refers to the geographical location of Amity University, which is associated with the researchers. The institution plays a significant role in conducting research and training in various scientific fields, including microbiology and pharmacology.
27) Phytochemical:
'Phytochemical' denotes bioactive compounds derived from plants that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Studying phytochemicals aids in discovering new natural antimicrobial agents and understanding their mechanisms of action against pathogens.
28) Purity:
'Purity' reflects the absence of contaminants in substances; it is critical for evaluating the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. Evaluating the purity of compounds ensures reliable experimental results and real-world applicability for therapeutic use.
29) Cotton:
'Cotton' refers to the material often used in laboratory settings for sampling and handling biological specimens. In antimicrobial assays, sterile cotton swabs ensure the accurate transfer and inoculation of microbial cultures to various media.
30) Indian:
'Indian' may refer to indigenous plants or compounds derived from India that are evaluated for their antimicrobial properties. The richness in biodiversity in India offers numerous natural resources for potential antimicrobial therapeutic development.
31) Glass:
'Glass' materials are common in laboratory environments, used for various equipment like petri dishes and test tubes. The choice of glassware can influence experimental conditions and the overall integrity of microbial studies.
32) Pooja:
'Pooja' refers to researcher Pooja Sharma, contributing significantly in antimicrobial studies. Their research efforts help in evaluating efficient methods and compounds, enhancing our understanding of microbial resistance and treatment options.
33) Death:
'Death' in the context of microbiology often refers to the lethal effects of antimicrobial agents on pathogens. Understanding how various substances induce death in microorganisms is key to developing new therapeutics.
34) Bang:
'Bang' could refer to an author or researcher involved in studies exploring the impacts and mechanisms of antimicrobial compounds, particularly focusing on their effectiveness and safety in medical applications.
35) Azadirachta indica:
Referring to the neem tree, 'Azadirachta indica' is renowned for its various medicinal properties, including antimicrobial activity. Studying its extracts contributes to identifying effective natural remedies and their applications in modern medicine.
36) New Delhi:
'New Delhi' refers to the capital of India, emphasizing its importance as a hub for research and academic activities in science, medicine, and technology. It serves as an influential location for studies on antimicrobial properties.
37) Momordica charantia:
'Momordica charantia,' or bitter melon, is a plant studied for its medicinal and potential antimicrobial properties. Research on this plant aids in discovering natural therapeutic agents in combating various infections.
38) Punica granatum:
'Punica granatum,' known as pomegranate, showcases significant antibacterial properties. Its extracts are commonly studied for their health benefits, including antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, contributing to herbal medicine research.
39) Biodegradable:
'Biodegradable' refers to materials and substances that can decompose by microbial action. In the context of antimicrobial research, the focus on biodegradable substances underlines a shift toward environmentally friendly solutions and innovative methods in drug delivery.
40) Tuberculosis:
'Tuberculosis' is a significant infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Research focused on finding effective antimicrobials against tuberculosis highlights public health efforts dedicated to combating antibiotic resistance and improving treatment outcomes.
41) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
'Accumulation' refers to the build-up of substances, including antimicrobials, in organisms. Understanding how accumulation affects microbial resistance and drug efficacy plays a critical role in developing effective treatment protocols.
42) Calculation:
'Calculation' is integral in determining various metrics such as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) in antimicrobial studies. Precision in calculation is vital for reproducibility and understanding the effectiveness of different antimicrobial agents in research.
43) Performance:
'Performance' denotes how well antimicrobial compounds work against pathogens in studies. Evaluating the performance of these compounds is essential for establishing their efficacy and potential clinical applications in treating infections.
44) Srivastava (Sri-vastava, Shrivastava, Shri-vastava):
'Shrivastava' likely refers to a researcher involved in the study of antimicrobial properties. Their work may provide valuable insights into the activity and potential applications of various antimicrobial agents in health care.
45) Observation:
'Observation' in scientific research facilitates data collection related to microbial behavior and responses to antimicrobial agents. Systematic observation is critical for drawing conclusions about the efficacy and mechanisms of action of studied compounds.
46) Developing:
'Developing' pertains to the ongoing process of creating new antimicrobial agents or methodologies. Continuous development in this field is crucial for addressing emerging infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance challenges in clinical practice.
47) Harvesting (Harvest):
'Harvesting' refers to collecting plant materials for extracting bioactive compounds. Effective harvesting techniques can influence the quality and efficacy of antimicrobial agents developed from natural sources, impacting their potential applications.
48) Composite:
'Composite' materials combine two or more distinct substances. In antimicrobial research, composite materials can enhance the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents, leading to innovative formulations for controlling microbial growth.
49) Relative:
'Relative' pertains to comparisons made in studies evaluating antimicrobial efficacy. Understanding the relative potency of different compounds aids in optimizing formulations and identifying effective agents against specific pathogens.
50) Shringi (Srngi, Shrngi, Shrimgi):
'Shringi' may refer to a researcher involved in studies concerning antimicrobial properties. Their contributions to the field enhance the understanding of various microbes and the development of effective microbial agents.
51) Perumal:
'Perumal' likely refers to a contributor in research who has worked on the field of antimicrobial studies, enhancing our comprehension of chemical properties and their applications in medicinal practices.
52) Quality:
'Quality' pertains to the characteristics and effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. Evaluating the quality of substances used in antimicrobial research ensures reliable results and contributes to the development of effective treatments.
53) Killing (Killed):
'Killing' indicates the lethal action of antimicrobial agents on microorganisms. Understanding the mechanisms behind the killing effect is essential for developing and optimizing therapeutic interventions against bacterial infections.
54) Company:
'Company' may refer to businesses engaged in producing antimicrobial agents or conducting research in pharmaceuticals. The role of companies in developing innovative products is vital for addressing public health challenges.
55) Shukla (Sukla):
'Shukla' refers to a researcher contributing to the study of antimicrobial activity. Their work influences the understanding of how various substances can be used effectively in treating microbial infections.
56) Thomas:
'Thomas' may refer to an author or researcher involved in exploring antimicrobial properties and their application in medicine. Understanding their research adds to the collective knowledge in the field of antimicrobial studies.
57) Humana:
'Humana' may refer to a company or context related to health care and medicine, emphasizing the importance of research in developing effective antimicrobial solutions relevant to public health.
58) Cancer:
'Cancer' relates to diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Research into antimicrobial agents is essential as infections can complicate treatment outcomes for cancer patients, necessitating effective antimicrobial strategies.
59) Silver:
'Silver' refers to the use of silver nanoparticles or compounds known for their antimicrobial properties. Research into silver supports the exploration of alternative antimicrobial agents in combating resistant strains of bacteria.
60) Animal:
'Animal' relates to the subjects or context in which antimicrobial studies might be conducted. Understanding how antimicrobials affect animal models is crucial for translating findings into clinical settings for human health.
61) Labour (Labor):
'Labour' refers to the manpower and efforts required in carrying out research and experiments. Understanding the labor involved in antimicrobial testing is essential for optimizing resources and enhancing productivity in labs.
62) Filling (Filled):
'Filled' may pertain to processes in which substances or agents are combined in experimental setups, influencing the outcomes of antimicrobial activities. Proper filling techniques play a vital role in ensuring consistency in testing.
63) Delhi:
'Delhi', as the capital city, is a vital location for scientific research and development in India, contributing to advancements in pharmaceutical studies and health care solutions with implications in antimicrobial research.
64) Mason:
'Mason' could refer to a researcher or scientist focused on antimicrobial evaluations. Their studies contribute to understanding the diverse potential of various antimicrobial agents in combating infections.
65) India:
'India' represents a nation rich in biodiversity, where numerous plants with potential antimicrobial properties are studied. The exploration of these natural resources is crucial for developing novel antimicrobial agents.
66) Indus:
'Indus' might refer to regional sources or institutions related to research in pharmacology or natural product studies. Its significance lies in the contributions made towards discovering and evaluating antimicrobial properties.
67) Kumar:
'Kumar' refers to a researcher or collaborator involved in antimicrobial studies, enhancing the pool of knowledge regarding various compounds and their effectiveness against different microbial species.
68) Nigam (Ni-gam):
'Nigam' could denote a contributor in the field of antimicrobial research, their efforts help expand the understanding of the microbial landscape and effectiveness of available antimicrobial agents.
69) Chang:
'Chang' may refer to a researcher in the field of microbiology or pharmacology, focusing on exploring antimicrobial properties of various substances aiding public health solutions.
70) Nahar:
'Nahar' likely refers to an author contributing to studies on antimicrobial activities, their work may yield insights into the mechanisms and applications of various microbial treatments.
71) Field:
In this context, 'field' pertains to the scientific discipline of microbiology and pharmacology. Understanding the nuances within the field aids in enhancing research methodologies and outcomes relating to antimicrobial effectiveness.
72) Blood:
'Blood' signifies a biological medium commonly studied for understanding infections in humans. Antimicrobial agents are vital in treating systemic infections present within blood, highlighting the importance of ongoing research in this domain.
73) Indu (Imdu):
'Indu' may refer to an individual’s name associated with the studies or research in microbiology. Their contributions may be significant in advancing our understanding of antimicrobial activities.
74) Sima (Shima):
'Sima' might represent a researcher contributing to the examination of antimicrobial properties. Enhancements in knowledge arising from such individuals significantly benefit public health strategies against infections.
75) Gond:
'Gond' refers to a researcher or author in the field of antimicrobial studies, emphasizing the collaborative nature of research in advancing knowledge regarding effective antimicrobial agents.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 86]
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Assessment and evaluation of methods used for antimicrobial activity assay’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Medicinal plant, Essential oil, Natural product, Biological efficacy, Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant properties, Phytochemical screening, Antimicrobial properties, Antimicrobial activity, Microbial resistance, In vitro, Disc diffusion method, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Antimicrobial agent, Optical density, Anti-microbial activity, Antimicrobial action, Antibacterial effect, Staphylococcus aureus, Medicinal plant products, Antioxidant activities, Mechanism of action, Antibacterial activities, Gram negative bacteria, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Inhibition zone, Bactericidal activity, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Well diffusion method, Transmission electron microscopy, Percentage inhibition, Cell membrane, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Biological diversity, Antibacterial agent, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Antimicrobial Susceptibility test, Bioactive metabolite, Clinical isolate, Molecular structure, Antimicrobial compound, In vitro susceptibility, Clinical laboratory standards, Microtiter plate, Antifungal agent, Toxicity testing, Oxygen consumption, Poison food technique, Agar dilution method, Disc diffusion, Microbicidal activity, Potassium ion, Hydrostatic pressure, Antimicrobial substance, Experimental Condition, Permeability barrier, Screening method, Toxic compound, Rifampicin, Cell suspension, Fungal Pathogen, Cellular material.
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