Immunomodulatory effects of bartogenic acid from Barringtonia racemosa.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: In-vitro immunomodulatory effects of isolated bartogenic acid from barringtonia racemosa roxb.
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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S. A. Agrawal, S. D. Patil, Dr. K. R. Biyan and A. M. Agrawal
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: In-vitro immunomodulatory effects of isolated bartogenic acid from barringtonia racemosa roxb.
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Recent scientific investigations have begun to explore the modulation of the immune response using medicinal plant products, emphasizing their potential therapeutic benefits. Among these, Barringtonia racemosa has been prominently studied for its pharmacological properties. Specifically, bartogenic acid, a triterpene dicarboxylic acid found abundantly in the bark and seeds of B. racemosa, has shown promise due to its reported cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory effects. This study assesses the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of isolated bartogenic acid by evaluating its influence on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in various immune function assays.
Immunostimulatory Effects of Bartogenic Acid
One of the critical findings of this study is the immunostimulatory activity of bartogenic acid on PMN cells. The research systematically evaluated phagocytosis of Candida albicans by PMN cells in the presence of bartogenic acid. Results suggested a significant dose-dependent increase in the number of Candida cells engulfed by PMN cells, indicating enhanced phagocytic activity. The statistical analysis demonstrated that concentrations ranging from 1.5 μg/ml to 50 μg/ml notably increased phagocytosis compared to the negative control, underscoring the compound's potential as an immune system enhancer.
Intracellular Killing Activity
In addition to its effects on phagocytosis, bartogenic acid also significantly influenced the intracellular killing of Candida albicans by human PMN cells. This portion of the study evaluated the percentage of Candida cells killed through PMN cell activity, illustrating a substantial dose-dependent stimulation of intracellular killing. Findings indicated that increasing concentrations of bartogenic acid, particularly at levels as low as 200 ng/ml to 50 μg/ml, led to a marked increase in the percentage of Candida killed, confirming the compound's capacity to enhance innate immune responses.
Chemotactic Activity of PMN Cells
Furthermore, the research examined bartogenic acid's role in PMN cell chemotaxis under agarose conditions, which is essential for effective immune response mobilization. The results indicated that bartogenic acid caused a significant increase in the migration of PMN cells towards the chemoattractant FMLP in a concentration-dependent manner. The study established that this enhanced chemotactic activity might contribute to the overall improved immune functionality provided by bartogenic acid, promoting more effective immune responses in the presence of infections.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the study demonstrates that bartogenic acid isolated from Barringtonia racemosa possesses potent immunomodulatory properties, enhancing phagocytosis, intracellular killing, and chemotaxis of PMN cells in vitro. These effects suggest that bartogenic acid could serve as a valuable candidate for developing natural immunostimulants. However, the exact mechanisms underlying these responses remain to be elucidated, necessitating further research to explore the interactions between bartogenic acid and specific immune pathways to confirm its therapeutic potential.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is bartogenic acid and where is it found?
Bartogenic acid is a triterpene dicarboxylic acid primarily found in the bark and seeds of Barringtonia racemosa. It is associated with various medicinal properties.
What are the immunomodulatory effects of bartogenic acid?
Bartogenic acid exhibits significant immunostimulant activity, enhancing phagocytosis, intracellular killing, and chemotaxis of PMN cells in in vitro immune models.
How was the effect of bartogenic acid measured?
The effects were evaluated using assays for NBT reduction, phagocytosis, intracellular killing of Candida albicans, and PMN cell chemotaxis.
What are PMN cells and their role in immunity?
Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, such as neutrophils, play a crucial role in the immune response by ingesting pathogens and mediating inflammation.
What findings were observed regarding bartogenic acid concentrations?
Increased concentrations of bartogenic acid correlated with enhanced phagocytic activity and intracellular killing of Candida albicans by PMN cells.
What further research is suggested for bartogenic acid?
Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms behind bartogenic acid's effects, specifically its impact on individual kinases and enzymes.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Immunomodulatory effects of bartogenic acid from Barringtonia racemosa.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Killing (Killed):
'Killed' pertains to the measurement of effectiveness in the context of the study where the percentage of 'Candida albicans' cells eliminated by PMN cells was quantified. This metric is essential to assess immune responses and the therapeutic potential of bartogenic acid in treating infections.
2) Activity:
'Activity' is used to denote the functional capabilities or effects of bartogenic acid on immune cells. In pharmacological studies, assessing activity helps to determine how substances influence biological systems, such as stimulating immune responses, enhancing phagocytosis, or killing pathogens, thereby evaluating their potential therapeutic efficacy.
3) India:
The geographical focus of this research is prominently on India, where 'Barringtonia racemosa' is found. Ayurvedic and traditional medicine practices in India often use indigenous plants for their medicinal properties, necessitating scientific validation through studies like this one to substantiate their benefits for public health.
4) Medium:
'Medium' refers to the growth environment used in biological experiments, specifically RPMI-1640 in this study, which provides the necessary nutrients for culturing cells. It serves as a controlled environment where various concentrations of bartogenic acid can influence the behavior and functions of PMN cells effectively.
5) Water:
In the context of this study, 'Water' is often a solvent for various laboratory preparations and is vital for numerous biological processes. The use of distilled water is standard practice for preparing solutions and maintaining cellular integrity, ensuring accurate experimental conditions when assessing the activity of bartogenic acid.
6) Blood:
'Blood' is critical in the context of this research as the source of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells used in experiments. Isolated from human volunteers' blood, these immune cells provide insights into how bartogenic acid impacts immune function, including phagocytosis and intracellular killing of pathogens.
7) Drug:
'Drug' in this study refers to 'bartogenic acid', the compound investigated for its potential immunomodulatory effects. Understanding its properties and how it interacts with immune cells contributes to knowledge regarding natural pharmaceuticals derived from plants, which could lead to novel therapeutic options in healthcare.
8) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra is one of the states in India involved in this research, specifically hosting Anuradha College of Pharmacy. The study underscores the regional academic contributions to pharmaceutical research in India, emphasizing the collaboration between educational institutions in exploring the medicinal properties of local flora.
9) Rajasthan:
'Rajasthan,' where Pacific College of Pharmacy is located, indicates the state's contribution to the research. Local flora, such as 'Barringtonia racemosa', found in Rajasthan, is significant in traditional medicine, and studies like this emphasize the need for scientific exploration of such indigenous resources for modern pharmacology.
10) Udaipur (Udaypur):
Udaipur, a city in Rajasthan, houses Pacific College of Pharmacy, where the research was conducted. The institution plays a pivotal role in pharmaceutical education and research in India, highlighting the collaboration between academia and local medicinal practices, particularly in studying bioactive compounds from regional plants.
11) Study (Studying):
'Study' defines the systematic investigation conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of bartogenic acid extracted from 'Barringtonia racemosa'. It underscores the scientific process of hypothesis testing, data collection, and analysis to gain insights into potential medicinal applications of the compound in immune function enhancement.
12) Tinospora cordifolia:
This term refers to another medicinal plant with reputed therapeutic effects documented in traditional medicine. Mentioned in the study, it emphasizes the trend of utilizing natural products for immune modulation, showcasing the relevance of such botanical resources in developing clinically effective treatments for various conditions.
13) Fish poison (Fish venom):
'Fish poison' highlights traditional uses of the fruit pulp of 'Barringtonia racemosa', known to be utilized in fishing practices. This aspect of the plant's ethnopharmacological profile not only underscores its diverse applications but also prompts research into its safety and efficacy as a natural remedy.
14) Surrounding:
'Surrounding' refers to the arrangement of wells during the chemotaxis assay, which was designed to evaluate how PMN cells respond to stimuli from FMLP. This setup is critical to accurately measure cell migration, a vital component of the immune response being assessed in the research.
15) Discussion:
'Discussion' serves as a section in the study where results are interpreted and contextualized within existing literature. It allows researchers to present implications of their findings, draw conclusions, and suggest future research directions, ultimately contributing to the broader knowledge of the subject matter.
16) Science (Scientific):
'Scientific' denotes the rigor and methodology underpinning the study. It signifies the systematic approach to investigating bartogenic acid's effects, emphasizing the need for evidence-based results that contribute to understanding the biochemical and immunological processes involved in the therapeutic potential of natural compounds.
17) Medicine:
'Medicine' underscores the focus on utilizing plant-derived compounds for therapeutic purposes. The study aims to bridge traditional knowledge with modern scientific inquiry, ensuring that findings can be translated into effective medications that enhance immunity and combat infections, reflecting the integration of herbal remedies in healthcare.
18) Indian:
'Indian' specifies the cultural and geographical context of the study, linking it to the rich tradition of using indigenous plants in medicine. It highlights the significance of local practices in informing scientific research into the pharmacological properties of native flora, promoting sustainable healthcare solutions.
19) Patil:
Dr. S. D. Patil, one of the authors, represents the academic involvement in this research. His contributions to the study reflect the collaborative efforts of researchers in enhancing scientific understanding of plant-based immunomodulators, emphasizing the role of academia in translating traditional knowledge into empirical evidence.
20) Fever:
'Fever' is mentioned as a condition treated using plant extracts in traditional medicine, outlining the broader context of why substances like bartogenic acid are studied. It demonstrates the potential of natural compounds to manage common ailments, underlining the relevance of such research to human health.
21) Eagle:
In the study's methodological context, 'Eagle' refers to the MEM Eagle medium, a nutrient solution utilized for cell culture experiments. This medium supports cellular health and functionality, critical for accurate evaluations of the immunomodulatory effects of bartogenic acid on PMN cells.
22) Pune:
Pune is highlighted as the location of the National Chemical Laboratory, where Candida albicans cultures used in this study were obtained. This connection underscores the collaborative efforts among various institutions in India to conduct research that leverages local resources and expertise in the field of pharmacology.
23) Fish:
'Fish' refers to the traditional use of 'Barringtonia racemosa' fruit pulp as a fish poison, presenting an example of how plant resources have multiple applications across different sectors. This plurality supports the need for comprehensive studies to explore both beneficial and harmful properties of indigenous plants.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Immunomodulatory effects of bartogenic acid from Barringtonia racemosa.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Natural product, Statistical analysis, Statistically Significant, Folk medicine, Immune response, Dose-dependent, Phagocytosis Assay, In vitro model, Effective concentration.