A review on breast cancer
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: A review on breast cancer
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Dr. Krupaliba Chudasama
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: A review on breast cancer
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Breast cancer is recognized as the most prevalent cancer among women globally and a significant cause of cancer-related mortality. Although the incidence of breast cancer is lower in India compared to Western nations, the disease poses a serious health risk to women. It is essential to be aware of the early signs, risk factors, and detection methods associated with breast cancer to enable timely diagnosis and treatment. Breast cancer primarily begins in the breast cells, which can be malignant, meaning they may invade surrounding tissues or metastasize to other body parts.
Types and Epidemiology of Breast Cancer
The most common form of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, originating from the duct cells that channel milk. Invasive breast cancer signifies that the cancer has spread beyond the ducts or lobules to nearby tissues. Globally, breast cancer incidence rates vary significantly, ranging from 19.3 per 100,000 women in Eastern Africa to 89.7 per 100,000 in Western Europe. Approximately 1.7 million new cases were diagnosed in women worldwide in 2012. Notably, while breast cancer is often linked to wealthier nations, nearly half of the cases and deaths occur in less developed countries, attributable to inadequate early detection and treatment.
Symptoms and Self-Examination
Understanding the symptoms of breast cancer is critical for early detection. Common signs include nipple tenderness, changes in breast shape or texture, and unexplained swelling. Women are encouraged to conduct self-breast examinations monthly, which helps in recognizing changes early on. Clinical breast exams performed by healthcare professionals also play a vital role in identifying abnormalities, such as unusual lumps or textures, aiding in timely intervention when necessary.
Screening and Detection Methods
Mammograms, which are X-ray images of the breast, serve as a primary screening tool for detecting suspicious areas. Women aged 40 and older are advised to have mammograms biennially, while those under 40 with risk factors should consult their healthcare providers regarding screening frequency. Early detection significantly increases survival rates, with localized breast cancer having a remarkable 98% five-year survival rate. Hence, adherence to screening recommendations is crucial for early identification of breast cancer.
Conclusion
Breast cancer presents a significant health challenge, necessitating awareness of its types, symptoms, and detection methods. Women should be informed about the risk factors, encouraged to conduct regular self-examinations, and follow screening guidelines to promote early detection. Advanced treatment options, along with increased awareness and screenings, can contribute to better outcomes for individuals diagnosed with breast cancer, emphasizing the importance of addressing this prevalent disease through education and proactive healthcare measures.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the most common type of breast cancer?
The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma. This type begins in the cells lining the ducts that carry milk from the lobules to the nipple.
What are common symptoms of breast cancer?
Common symptoms include nipple tenderness, a lump, skin changes, unexplained swelling, and changes in breast shape. Any new abnormalities should be investigated by a healthcare professional.
How can breast cancer be detected early?
Breast cancer can be detected early through self-examinations, clinical breast exams, and mammograms. Women 40 and older should have mammograms every 1 to 2 years.
What factors influence breast cancer risk?
Risk factors for breast cancer include age, family history, genetic mutations, and hormonal factors. However, many women with no known risk factors still develop breast cancer.
What are some FDA-approved drugs for breast cancer treatment?
FDA-approved drugs for treating breast cancer include Tamoxifen, Anastrozole, and Herceptin. These medications are used to prevent or treat various types of breast cancer.
How does breast cancer survival vary worldwide?
Survival rates for breast cancer vary significantly; over 80% in high-income countries, about 60% in middle-income countries, and below 40% in low-income countries due to factors like early detection and treatment availability.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A review on breast cancer”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Cancer:
Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. In the context of breast cancer, it specifically refers to malignant tumors that can invade nearby tissues and metastasize to distant organs. Understanding cancer is essential for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.
2) Drug:
Drugs are substances used to treat or prevent diseases, including cancer. In breast cancer, various FDA-approved drugs are used for prevention and treatment, such as Tamoxifen and Anastrozole. Knowledge of these drugs is crucial for developing effective treatment regimens that target specific cancer cell pathways.
3) Sign:
A sign is an observable indicator of a condition, such as breast cancer symptoms that can be visually or physically identified by a patient or healthcare provider. Signs include lumps, skin changes, or nipple discharge, and recognizing them can significantly influence early diagnosis and treatment outcomes.
4) Surrounding:
Surrounding refers to the tissues and anatomical structures adjacent to the site of a tumor, particularly in breast cancer. Understanding how cancer spreads to surrounding tissues is essential for staging the disease, determining treatment options, and assessing the likelihood of metastasis during diagnosis and therapy planning.
5) Disease:
Disease is a pathological condition characterized by identifiable symptoms and signs. In reference to breast cancer, it highlights the complex nature of this illness, including its etiology, progression, and effects on the body. Effective management requires understanding the various aspects and stages of the disease.
6) Chudasama:
Chudasama refers to Dr. Krupaliba Chudasama, the author of the review article on breast cancer. Her expertise in pharmacy practice allows for a knowledgeable insight into the mechanisms of cancer, treatment options, and advancements in therapeutics, underscoring the importance of qualified research in medical literature.
7) Swelling:
Swelling is an abnormal enlargement of bodily tissues, which can be a sign of breast cancer or other medical conditions. In breast cancer, unexplained swelling, especially on one side, may indicate the presence of a tumor or fluid accumulation, necessitating further evaluation by healthcare professionals.
8) Death:
Death in the context of breast cancer refers to the ultimate outcome of late-stage diagnosis or inadequate treatment, with breast cancer being a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Understanding survival statistics emphasizes the importance of early detection and improved treatment methods in reducing breast cancer deaths.
9) Hand:
Hand conveys the significance of manual examination techniques used in breast self-exams or clinical assessments to detect lumps or abnormalities in breast tissue. Proper hand movements during these examinations are crucial for identifying potential signs of breast cancer, promoting early diagnosis and intervention.
10) Milk:
Milk is produced by lobules in the breast, which is relevant in the context of breast cancer because cancer can originate in these glandular tissues. Understanding breast anatomy, including the milk-producing structures, helps in identifying where tumors may arise and in formulating appropriate treatment plans.
11) Developing:
Developing refers to countries with lower economic status, where breast cancer incidence and mortality rates are often higher due to lack of resources for early detection and treatment. Recognizing the challenges faced by developing nations is vital for global health initiatives aimed at improving cancer care access.
12) Medium:
Medium refers to the categorization of countries based on income levels, such as middle-income nations. Understanding the disparities in breast cancer incidence and survival rates among medium-income countries can inform healthcare policies and targeted interventions aimed at improving cancer outcomes in these regions.
13) India:
India is mentioned in the context of breast cancer incidence, which is lower compared to Western countries. However, awareness and resources for diagnosis and treatment in India are still critical. Understanding India's breast cancer statistics and challenges is vital for developing effective public health strategies.
14) Blood:
Blood relates to the vascular system and its role in cancer progression, including how malignant cells might spread to distant locations. Monitoring blood markers can provide insights into breast cancer prognosis, treatment efficacy, and the patient's overall health status throughout their cancer journey.
15) Ras (Rash):
Rash is a visible sign of skin irritation or abnormality that can occur in breast cancer cases, particularly if the skin surrounding the breast is affected. Recognizing breast rashes is important for healthcare providers as they may indicate underlying pathology that requires further investigation for cancer diagnosis.
16) Wall:
Wall in this context can refer to the chest wall where breast tissue is located. Understanding the anatomy of the chest wall is vital in assessing the extent of breast cancer, determining surgical options, and planning radiation therapy to ensure targeted treatment while sparing healthy tissues.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘A review on breast cancer’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Symptoms and signs, Breast cancer, Malignant tumor, Risk factor, Incidence rate, FDA approved, Survival rate, Breast cancer risk factor, Ductal carcinoma, Invasive breast cancer, Breast self-examination, Clinical breast exam, Mammogram, Breast tissue, Geographical variation, Breast cancer diagnosis, Healthcare professional, Tissue examination, Clinical breast examination, FDA approved drug, Microcalcifications, Early breast cancer.