Combating drug resistance in E. coli and S. aureus using Spilanthes.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Combating drug resistance in E. coli and S. aureus using Spilanthes.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Refers to a class of drugs used to treat infections by killing or inhibiting bacterial growth. The study addresses the limitations of current antibiotics due to resistance, advocating for exploration of natural alternatives from plant extracts.

2) Activity:
In the context of this research, activity pertains to the biological effects of the methanolic extract of Spilanthes oleracea, particularly its capacity to inhibit bacterial growth and scavenge free radicals, showcasing its potential therapeutic benefits in combating infections and oxidative stress.

3) Aureus:
Refers to Staphylococcus aureus, a common bacteria that can cause various infections, including skin and respiratory infections. It is a focus of the study due to its multidrug-resistant strains, underscoring the need for alternative therapeutic approaches like plant extracts.

4) Drug:
Denotes substances used for medical treatment. The research discusses the urgent need for new drugs to address multidrug-resistant bacteria, emphasizing the potential of using plant extracts as effective alternatives to conventional synthetic antibiotics in treating bacterial infections.

5) Study (Studying):
Refers to the systematic investigation conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity and phytochemical constituents of Spilanthes oleracea extracts. The findings from the study aim to contribute to the understanding of natural remedies in combating antibiotic resistance.

6) Phytochemical:
Describes the chemical compounds produced by plants, often playing roles in defense against pests or diseases. The study identifies various phytochemicals in Spilanthes oleracea, which are believed to contribute to its antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

7) Medicine:
Refers to the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease. This study highlights the significance of exploring plant-based medicinal resources as alternative treatments, particularly against multidrug-resistant pathogens in the field of traditional medicine.

8) India:
The country where the study was conducted, particularly at Integral University in Lucknow. India has a rich tradition of utilizing medicinal plants, making it an important location for research on natural antibacterial agents derived from indigenous flora.

9) Table:
In the context of the study, tables present data succinctly, summarizing findings like antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and identification of phytochemicals through GC-MS analysis to facilitate understanding and comparisons among results.

10) Disease:
Refers to pathological conditions often caused by infectious agents like bacteria. The study aims to address the issue of bacterial diseases exacerbated by antibiotic resistance, proposing an alternative approach through the use of plant extracts with antibacterial properties.

11) King:
Refers to King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia, where some authors are affiliated. This institution is significant for promoting research in personalized medicine and advancing the understanding of the medicinal properties of various plants globally.

12) New Delhi:
Capital of India and a significant location for scientific research. The study acknowledges institutions based in New Delhi that contribute to the analysis of plant-based extracts and drug development, reflecting the city's role in advancing medical research.

13) Lucknow:
The city in India where Integral University is located. It serves as the primary research site for analyzing the antibacterial properties of Spilanthes oleracea, thereby contributing regionally to the field of pharmaceutical research and traditional medicine.

14) Science (Scientific):
Involves methods of systematic observation, experimentation, and analysis to obtain knowledge. The paper exemplifies scientific research by presenting data on the effectiveness of plant extracts in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, contributing valuable insights to the field.

15) Delhi:
Part of the National capital territory of India, recognized for its educational and research institutions. The mention of Delhi emphasizes its role in the study of traditional medicine and collaboration among various scientific communities.

16) Family:
In botanical taxonomy, family refers to a group of related plants. Spilanthes oleracea belongs to the Asteraceae family, known for a variety of medicinal properties and traditional uses in cultural practices across different regions.

17) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
Refers to one of the authors of the study who contributed to the research on the antibacterial properties of Spilanthes oleracea. The inclusion of authors' names signifies collaboration among researchers from different institutions and backgrounds.

18) Powder:
Indicates the form in which the flower of Spilanthes oleracea was processed for extraction. The dried flower powder was homogenized with methanol to create the extract used for evaluating its antibacterial and antioxidant properties in the study.

19) Kumar:
Another contributor in the research team. The mention of authors provides insight into the collaborative nature of scientific research and the various expertise involved in studying the antibacterial potential of plant extracts.

20) Water:
While not a primary focus of the study, it is often involved in procedures like washing the plant material. Water is fundamental in various biological processes, signifying its importance in the extraction and analysis of medicinal compounds.

21) Beta:
While not explicitly addressed in the study, beta could refer to various bioactive compounds, or functions indicative of moderate aspects of pharmacological effects. The term might also relate to comparative measurements in biological analysis.

22) Discussion:
A crucial section in scientific papers where findings are interpreted in the context of existing research. The discussion in this study analyzes the implications of antibacterial and antioxidant activities observed and compares them to previous literature.

23) Flavonoid:
A class of phytochemicals often found in plants, known for various health benefits including antioxidant properties. The study indirectly relates to flavonoids since the identified compounds in the extract may include similar bioactive constituents contributing to its efficacy.

24) Relative:
Indicates a comparison or relation between variables. In the study, relative efficacy of the extract against different bacterial strains may be discussed, highlighting how certain extracts perform better under specified conditions.

25) Chandra:
Refers to one of the authors contributing to the research. Including authors’ names highlights collaboration in scientific inquiry, which is essential for bringing together diverse expertise necessary for researching complex topics.

26) Pungent:
Describes a strong, sharp smell or taste. In herbal medicine, pungency can signify the presence of particular bioactive compounds, and in this study, the pungent characteristics of Spilanthes oleracea suggest its potential therapeutic applications.

27) Species:
In biological terms, species is a group of organisms capable of interbreeding. The study focuses on Spilanthes oleracea, highlighting its specific characteristics and benefits as a medicinal plant in combating bacterial infections.

28) Account:
In scientific discourse, account refers to a narrative that explains findings and observations. The study provides an account of the research conducted on Spilanthes oleracea and its significance in addressing multidrug resistance.

29) Nature:
Refers to the natural environment encompassing all living organisms. The study reflects on how nature can be a source of medicinal compounds, advocating for the exploration of plant-based remedies to counteract antibiotic resistance.

30) Cotton:
Often used in laboratory settings, cotton may refer to materials used for swabbing or filtering. In the context of this study, it might be used to ensure aseptic handling of plant extracts during the antibacterial testing.

31) Lanka (Lamka, Lànkà):
Refers to Sri Lanka, an island nation known for its rich biodiversity, including numerous medicinal plants. The mention may emphasize comparative aspects of traditional medicine practices or plant diversity studies relevant to the research.

32) Field:
Indicates the area of study or research practice. The study conducted in the field of biomedical research emphasizes the exploration of medicinal plants for developing therapeutic agents against resistant bacterial strains.

33) Fever:
A common symptom caused by infections. Many medicinal plants, including Spilanthes oleracea, have been historically used to treat fever and other related ailments, thus highlighting the traditional use of plants in managing health issues.

34) Naga (Nag):
Refers to an author associated with the study, indicating collaborative research efforts. Including various authors allows representation of diverse academic backgrounds and institutions in advancing the understanding of medicinal plants.

35) Hand:
While not a direct focus in the study, 'hand' can symbolize craftsmanship or manual involvement in preparing extracts and conducting experiments, emphasizing the physical aspect of research in natural product development.