Variation of Krishna River water quality in Jamkhandi, Karnataka

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Variation of krishna river water quality in jamkhandi taluka of bagalakot district, karnataka, india
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:

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Author:

P.D.Pol, M.C.Sangannavar, R.R. Chavan and M.S.Yadawe


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Variation of krishna river water quality in jamkhandi taluka of bagalakot district, karnataka, india

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research


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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The study investigates the spatial and temporal variation in water quality parameters of the Krishna River in Jamkhandi Taluka, Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India. Water samples were collected from seven different locations over a period of twelve months, from April 2014 to March 2015, examining critical parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness, and various heavy metals. The results indicate a concerning trend of increasing pollution, rendering the river water unfit for human consumption despite ongoing efforts for conservation.

Water Quality Parameters

An important aspect of water quality examined in the study is the variation in pH and dissolved oxygen levels. The pH of the Krishna River fluctuated between 6.6 and 8.2, with an average of 7.01, indicating a generally neutral to slightly alkaline environment. Dissolved oxygen values were notably low, ranging from 2.5 to 2.9 mg/l, particularly affected by seasonal changes and anthropogenic activities. These measurements are vital, as pH levels impact aquatic life, while adequate dissolved oxygen is critical for maintaining diverse ecosystems. The decreasing levels of dissolved oxygen coupled with fluctuating pH levels raise alarm about the ecological balance of the river.

Pollution Indicators: Heavy Metals and BOD

The research highlights concerning concentrations of heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, and nickel, alongside the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). BOD levels varied from 5.9 to 6.8 mg/l across different sites, indicating significant organic pollution from municipal wastewater, which compromises water quality for human usage. The presence of heavy metals, with lead concentrations noted to be below WHO permissible limits, suggests that while immediate risks may be mitigated, long-term exposure can still pose a threat to both the ecosystem and human health. This aspect emphasizes the need for stringent monitoring and regulation of industrial effluents and waste disposal in the region.

Total Dissolved Solids and Electrical Conductivity

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) are critical indicators of water quality and salinity. The study found that TDS levels varied significantly, with some sites exceeding the WHO recommended limits for drinking water, highlighting concerns about added salts and pollutants that influence the river's overall water quality. Electrical conductivity ranged notably across sampling locations, with maximum values during the summer months, indicating a potential increase in solute concentration, likely correlated with evaporation and reduced water levels. These findings suggest that water quality management strategies must address salinity issues as part of broader conservation efforts.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the investigations into Krishna River's water quality reveal significant challenges regarding pollution, particularly in terms of organic matter and heavy metal concentrations. While some parameters, like pH and iron levels, remain within acceptable limits, the overall trend points towards deteriorating conditions. These results emphasize the urgent need for sustainable management practices, including regular monitoring, effective treatment of wastewater, and awareness campaigns to mitigate pollutants and preserve the ecological integrity of the Krishna River. Immediate actions are required to ensure that the river sustains its essential ecological functions and continues to support the communities that rely on it.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What parameters were analyzed in the Krishna River water study?

The study analyzed temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and iron, among other important water quality parameters.

What were the major findings regarding Krishna River water quality?

The findings indicated increased pollution levels, making the water unfit for consumption at certain sites, despite some parameters being within permissible limits.

How long was the study conducted on Krishna River water quality?

The study was conducted over twelve consecutive months, from April 2014 to March 2015, collecting data from seven locations along the river.

What factors contribute to the pollution of the Krishna River?

Pollution sources include untreated sewage, industrial effluents, stormwater runoff, and agricultural runoff, resulting in diverse environmental problems affecting river water quality.

Were the heavy metal levels in the river water within limits?

The concentrations of lead, cadmium, cobalt, and iron were generally within WHO permissible limits, except for elevated total hardness and TDS values in some areas.

What is the significance of measuring dissolved oxygen in river water?

Dissolved oxygen levels are critical for aquatic life and ecosystem health, indicating the water's ability to support biological processes and assess overall water quality.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Variation of Krishna River water quality in Jamkhandi, Karnataka”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Water:
Water is essential for all forms of life and various human activities. It encompasses freshwater systems like rivers, lakes, and groundwater that are integral for drinking, agriculture, sanitation, and industrial use. Sustainable management of water resources is critical to mitigate pollution and ensure availability for future generations.

2) Krishna (Krsna):
The Krishna River, one of India's major rivers, holds historical and cultural significance and is vital for irrigation. Flowing through multiple states, it supports agriculture, provides drinking water, and maintains biodiversity. Understanding its water quality is crucial for public health and ecological balance in the regions it traverses.

3) Table:
In research, tables present data methodically for clarity and ease of comparison. They provide summarized information on water quality parameters, which are necessary for evaluating ecological health. Tables facilitate insights into trends and variations, helping policymakers and environmental scientists to formulate effective management strategies.

4) Quality:
Quality refers to the condition and characteristics of water, which determine its suitability for various uses. Understanding water quality is vital for health, agriculture, and ecosystems. Parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, and contaminant levels are analyzed to assess pollution and ecological integrity, guiding conservation efforts.

5) Soil:
Soil is a fundamental natural resource that affects water quality and agricultural productivity. It acts as a filter for pollutants entering water bodies, influencing the chemical makeup of surrounding water. Healthy soil promotes effective water retention and nutrient availability, crucial for sustainable farming and environmental health.

6) Study (Studying):
A study is a systematic investigation aimed at discovering facts or principles. In environmental science, studies often focus on water quality assessments, analyzing temporal and spatial variations in parameters to inform conservation policies. They contribute to scientific knowledge and public awareness about ecological issues and health risks.

7) India:
India, a diverse country with significant geographical and environmental variation, faces critical challenges in water management. The implications of water quality and availability are profound, influencing agriculture, public health, and industry. Urbanization and pollution threaten water sources, underscoring the need for rigorous scientific studies.

8) Surface:
Surface water refers to freshwater sources like rivers and lakes. It is highly susceptible to pollution from human activities, making regular monitoring crucial. Understanding the dynamics of surface water quality aids in maintaining ecological balance and ensuring safe water for human use, agriculture, and wildlife.

9) Village:
Villages are often dependent on local water sources for drinking, sanitation, and agriculture. In rural areas, water quality directly affects public health and agricultural productivity. Monitoring water quality in villages highlights the specific challenges they face due to pollution, helping tailor targeted interventions to improve conditions.

10) Mineral:
Minerals in water, such as calcium and magnesium, impact overall water quality and health. Their presence can indicate the geological characteristics of the region. Understanding mineral content is essential for assessing water suitability for drinking and agriculture, guiding sustainable resource management practices.

11) Science (Scientific):
Science is the methodical study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. In relation to water quality, scientific methods are employed to analyze various parameters that affect ecological health. Research in water science informs public policy and management strategies to protect critical resources.

12) Earth:
The Earth’s ecosystems are interconnected. Water quality plays a vital role in sustaining these systems by supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, and influencing soil health. Recognizing Earth's ecosystems' fragility prompts careful management and conservation efforts, especially regarding crucial freshwater resources like rivers.

13) Life:
Life on Earth is intertwined with water, making its quality vital for survival. Clean water supports biodiversity, agriculture, and human health. Studies on water quality fluctuations contribute to understanding environmental changes, allowing for better management practices and preservation of life dependent on freshwater ecosystems.

14) Karnataka:
Karnataka, a state in India, is home to the Krishna River and faces unique challenges in water management. Understanding local water quality is critical for agriculture, healthcare, and industrial activities. The state's diverse geography necessitates tailored water conservation and pollution prevention strategies to meet its needs.

15) Salt (Salty):
Salty water usually refers to brackish or saline conditions that can be harmful to freshwater ecosystems. Efforts to manage and monitor salinity levels are essential to prevent the decline of aquatic biodiversity, which is crucial for balance in the ecosystem and for human resource use.

16) Civilization:
Civilization's development heavily relies on water resources for agriculture, industry, and sustenance. The management of water quality directly affects human health and societal progress. Understanding historical impacts of water use on civilizations can guide sustainable practices for contemporary societies facing resource scarcity and pollution challenges.

17) Developing:
Developing nations frequently encounter issues regarding water scarcity and pollution, affecting public health and economic growth. Effective water management strategies must be researched and implemented to ensure access to clean water, supporting sustainable development goals while preventing calamities associated with degraded water bodies.

18) Narmada (Narman-da):
The Narmada River is another important river in India, similar to Krishna. Studies on rivers like Narmada and Krishna enable comparisons in water quality issues across different regions. This understanding helps illustrate the impacts of human activity on rivers and the need for conservation efforts.

19) Disease:
Disease prevalence often correlates with water quality, as contaminated water sources can lead to health crises. About 80% of diseases are linked to poor water quality. Monitoring water parameters can help prevent outbreaks, safeguarding public health and reinforcing the importance of clean water provisions.

20) Nature:
Nature encompasses the ecosystems that rely on water, emphasizing the intrinsic value of preserving water quality. Healthy ecosystems contribute to biodiversity and assist in regulating climate and air quality, providing essential services that benefit human society and ensure the well-being of wildlife populations.

21) Sugar:
Sugar industries often contribute pollutants to rivers. Understanding the impact of industrial effluents on water quality is essential for mitigating damage to aquatic ecosystems and ensuring sustainable industrial practices. Monitoring river waters near sugar industries helps in enforcing regulations to protect environmental quality.

22) Ghat (Gham):
The Ghat refers to the plateau from where the Krishna River rises, impacting local ecosystems and communities. The river's source highly determines its water quality and flow patterns. Recognizing the geographical features contributes to comprehensive understanding and management of water resources downstream.

23) Food:
Food security often depends on water quality, especially in agriculture. Contaminated water can lead to poor crop yields and health hazards. Monitoring water quality assures safe farming practices, enabling sustainable food production while mitigating risks linked to polluted water sources.

24) Animal life:
Animal life in freshwater systems is significantly affected by water quality. Pollutants can disrupt habitats, leading to declines in populations and biodiversity. Protecting water bodies ensures the survival of various species, supporting ecological balance and maintaining the integrity of local ecosystems.

25) Tungabhadra (Tunga-bhadra, Tumgabhadra):
The Tungabhadra River is a tributary to the Krishna River, and studying both helps to understand larger watershed dynamics. The health of tributary water quality informs practices upstream and downstream, highlighting interconnectivity among river systems and the need for comprehensive management strategies.

26) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra, sharing the Krishna River basin, experiences similar water quality challenges. Research in this region addresses the impacts of community activities on water resources. Understanding inter-state water quality issues promotes cooperation in managing shared resources effectively and sustainably across state boundaries.

27) Measurement:
Measurement is crucial in water quality studies for determining parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and contamination levels. Precise measurements drive informed decisions in managing water resources, ensuring safety and sustainability in any environmental monitoring or regulatory framework to minimize pollution.

28) Agriculture:
Agriculture heavily relies on quality water for irrigation, impacting crop growth and sustainability. Poor water quality can lead to reduced agricultural productivity and food scarcity. Monitoring and managing water resources ensures the viability of agriculture, especially in regions dependent on rivers for irrigation.

29) Discussion:
Discussion is essential in interpreting research findings on water quality and its implications. Public discourse around water quality studies helps engage communities, policymakers, and stakeholders in conservation efforts. Collaborative discussions contribute to solutions that address pollution and enhance sustainable water management practices.

30) Pesticide:
Pesticide runoff poses significant threats to water quality, leading to contamination of nearby water bodies. Understanding pesticide impacts is crucial for developing regulations and promoting sustainable agricultural practices that minimize chemical use, thereby protecting the ecosystem and public health from toxic exposure.

31) Godavari (Go-davari):
The Godavari River, like Krishna, is critical for supporting numerous communities and ecologies. Researching water quality in multiple significant rivers allows for comparative analysis, contributing to effective management strategies. Understanding regional river health is vital for long-term ecological conservation and resource allocation.

32) Toxicity:
Toxicity levels in water directly correlate with health risks to human populations and wildlife. Assessing water for toxic substances is vital for informing safety regulations, which ensure clean drinking water. Monitoring toxicity helps mitigate public health threats related to contaminated water resources.

33) Commerce:
Commerce often relies on clean water for various industries, including food processing, textiles, and manufacturing. Water quality directly affects business operations and regulatory compliance. Sustainable water management practices are critical to ensure industrial growth while protecting water resources from degradation.

34) Relative:
Relative measures in water quality assessments allow comparisons among different locations, helping identify pollution sources and severity. Such assessments track changes over time, informing management decisions regarding water conservation and protection strategies based on the observed relative quality of water bodies.

35) Entering:
Entering water sources, pollutants can severely affect water quality. Understanding the pathways and sources of contamination is key for developing effective strategies to prevent pollutants from entering water systems. Monitoring and regulation of runoff and industrial discharges are essential for water preservation.

36) Account:
Keeping an account of water quality data is critical for understanding trends and advocating for conservation efforts. Regular documentation informs management policies and engages public interest. It ensures accountability in all sectors regarding the sustainability and safety of water resources.

37) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
Burning of certain materials can release harmful pollutants that enter water bodies during precipitation events. Controlling burning practices and understanding their environmental impacts are essential to prevent water contamination, thereby protecting ecosystems and human health from harmful effects associated with polluted water.

38) Methane:
Methane is a greenhouse gas, which can also affect water quality when produced in anaerobic conditions prevalent in polluted waters. Understanding methane's role in aquatic systems aids in managing ecosystems, particularly in mitigating climate change effects while ensuring water quality and sustainability.

39) Ganges:
The Ganges River, like the Krishna River, is vital for supporting millions and is known for its spiritual significance. Studies on the Ganges can offer parallels for managing other rivers in India, highlighting crucial challenges regarding pollution and the need for effective water resource management.

40) Andhra (Amdhra):
Andhra Pradesh, sharing the Krishna River basin, faces similar water quality challenges. Discovering regional water quality issues in Andhra and surrounding states contributes to broader discussions on interstate water management and the need for collaborative conservation practices across shared river systems.

41) Bengal (Bemgal):
Bengal, as a region in India, is influenced by several river systems, including the Krishna. Understanding water quality in Bengal informs studies of habitat health and sustainability. The region's dependence on rivers for livelihood underscores the necessity for clean waterways to support communities and ecosystems.

42) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
Sharma refers to a common surname in India that may highlight contributors to water quality research. Individuals or studies by authors like Sharma in the context of environmental science contribute valuable insights into monitoring and managing river health, aiding in public policy formulation.

43) Summer:
Summer affects river conditions through increased evaporation and pollution concentration. Understanding seasonal variations in water quality is critical for assessing overall ecosystem health. Monitoring data collected during summer assists in identifying trends and planning for water resource allocation and conservation efforts during hotter months.

44) Marble:
Marble and other minerals influence water's chemical composition, often affecting quality. Mining activities that extract these minerals can lead to increased pollution in waterways. Recognizing the environmental implications of mining practices helps frame regulations to manage and mitigate impacts on water sources.

45) Medium:
Medium salinity levels in water indicate varying pollutant concentrations, impacting water quality assessment. Categorizing water based on salinity helps manage irrigation and drinking water uses effectively. Understanding these classifications informs policies aimed at improving water quality and preventing ecosystem degradation.

46) Animal:
Animal populations rely on high-quality water for survival; pollutants can disrupt food chains and habitat viability. Monitoring water quality is essential for protecting wildlife and ensuring biodiversity. The health of aquatic ecosystems is directly linked to cleaner water, reflecting broader ecological health.

47) Gupta:
Gupta can refer to researchers or contributors to water quality studies. Their work often provides crucial evidence for understanding river dynamics and pollution levels that inform conservation practices. Influential studies by authors like Gupta drive home the importance of protecting water resources.

48) Bhima:
The Bhima River, a tributary of the Krishna, plays an important role in hydrology and local ecology. Studying tributaries such as the Bhima helps to understand the interconnected nature of river systems and their respective water quality, guiding holistic management strategies across watersheds.

49) Pandu (Pamdu, Pamde):
Pande is another surname that may represent contributors to the field of water quality research. Such studies often provide comparative data and essential insights needed for developing policies aimed at preserving rivers, raising public awareness about pollution, and advocating sustainable water use practices.

50) Storm:
Storm events significantly influence surface water quality by causing runoff that transports pollutants into rivers. Understanding the relationship between storm patterns and water pollution aids resource managers in developing strategies for flood management, water conservation, and ensuring quality resilience against potential contamination.

51) Musi (Mushi):
The Musi River, as part of the river system, can be compared with the Krishna in terms of water quality evaluations. Studying interconnected rivers helps derive comprehensive insights into regional pollution issues, promoting cooperative restoration efforts for cleaner waterways that benefit broader ecosystems.

52) Diet:
Diet depends on the availability of clean water for agricultural production. Polluted water can lead to contaminated food sources, resulting in health hazards. Ensuring water quality aligns with nutritional standards and agricultural sustainability, driving public health initiatives that promote well-water management practices.

53) Fish:
Fish populations depend entirely on water quality for survival. Pollutants can lead to declines in fish populations and compromise aquatic biodiversity. Monitoring water quality parameters is vital not only for protecting fish species but also for maintaining the overall health and functionality of aquatic ecosystems.

54) Line:
Geographical lines often represent boundaries of drainage basins affecting water quality management. Understanding how these lines dictate water flow can inform conservation strategies surrounding river systems. Effective policies must account for these spatial factors to ensure comprehensive water quality assessments and management practices.

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Variation of Krishna River water quality in Jamkhandi, Karnataka’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Dissolved oxygen, Environmental Impact.

Concepts being referred in other categories, contexts and sources.

River Krishna.

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