Cardioprotective effect of avocado extract in myocardial infarction
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Cardioprotective effect of persea americana mill fruit extract in experimental myocardial infarction
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Manal A Emam and Marwa G.A. Hegazy
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Cardioprotective effect of persea americana mill fruit extract in experimental myocardial infarction
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
This study investigates the cardioprotective effects of avocado fruit extract (AVOE) against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. MI is a significant form of ischemic heart disease characterized by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply, leading to heart tissue damage. Increased oxidative stress and inflammation are pivotal in MI pathology, with factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) playing crucial roles. The research focuses on how AVOE impacts heart injury by modulating antioxidant levels, inflammatory responses, and gene expressions associated with nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
Antioxidant Status and Cardioprotection
The study found that AVOE pretreatment significantly improved the antioxidant status in ISO-induced MI rats. Rats treated with ISO alone exhibited decreased levels of vital antioxidant enzymes—including catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione reductase—in heart tissue, correlating with increased oxidative stress markers like malondialdehyde (MDA). In contrast, AVOE administration restored antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced MDA levels, indicating its ability to mitigate oxidative damage caused by ISO. This suggests that AVOE can bolster the myocardial antioxidative defense system, supporting cardiovascular health through enhanced radical-scavenging activities.
Modulation of Inflammatory Responses
The research highlights the influence of AVOE on inflammatory markers connected to MI. ISO treatment resulted in elevated expressions of NF-kB and TNF-α in heart tissues, reflecting the inflammatory responses associated with myocardial injury. However, AVOE pretreatment reduced the expression levels of these inflammatory cytokines and increased NOS expression, thus enhancing nitric oxide production. The ability of AVOE to downregulate inflammatory markers suggests it might play a protective role against the inflammation triggered by ischemic injury.
Biochemical and Histopathological Findings
In terms of biochemical parameters, rats pretreated with AVOE showed significant reductions in cardiac marker enzyme levels (CK-MB, LDH, AST, ALT) typically elevated during myocardial damage. Additionally, AVOE effectively altered lipid profiles, decreasing total cholesterol and triglycerides while increasing HDL cholesterol levels in ISO-treated rats. Histopathologically, hearts from AVOE-pretreated rats demonstrated less damage compared to ISO-treated rats, as evidenced by the preservation of myocardial structure and reduced edema. These observations validate the cardioprotective effects of AVOE in the context of biochemical and morphological changes associated with myocardial infarction.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the study concludes that AVOE exhibits cardioprotective effects in rats with ISO-induced MI through its capacity to enhance antioxidant defenses, modulate inflammatory responses, and improve lipid profiles. The extract's ability to downregulate NF-kB and TNF-α expressions while increasing NOS suggests potential therapeutic pathways for AVOE in cardiovascular diseases. The findings emphasize the promise of incorporating avocado into dietary regimens as a means of supporting heart health and offering alternatives in managing cardiovascular conditions.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What was the aim of the study on avocado extract?
The study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of avocado fruit extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats and to understand the underlying mechanisms.
How was the avocado fruit extract prepared for the study?
The avocado fruit was dried, ground into powder, and then extracted at room temperature using 95% ethanol, yielding approximately 10% of a crude solid extract.
What methods were used to assess myocardial infarction in the study?
The assessment included measuring biochemical markers, antioxidant status, histopathological examination, and gene expression levels of specific inflammatory and nitric oxide synthase markers.
What findings were observed regarding heart and body weight?
The isoproterenol group showed increased heart weight and heart-to-body weight ratio, while avocado pretreatment significantly reduced these metrics, indicating protective effects against myocardial damage.
How did avocado extract affect biochemical markers in the study?
AVOE pretreatment significantly reversed the increased levels of cardiac marker enzymes and improved lipid profiles in isoproterenol-treated rats, suggesting its protective role against myocardial injury.
What conclusions were drawn from the study on avocado's cardioprotective effects?
The study concluded that avocado extract exhibits cardioprotective effects by improving antioxidant status and modulating nitric oxide pathways while inhibiting inflammatory gene expressions in myocardial infarction.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Cardioprotective effect of avocado extract in myocardial infarction”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Animal:
The study involved adult male albino rats, specifically from the Wistar strain, indicating the use of an animal model to investigate the effects of avocado fruit extract on myocardial infarction. This choice of animal is relevant for studying cardiovascular diseases due to their physiological similarities to humans.
2) Study (Studying):
This research article presents a study investigating the cardioprotective effects of Persea americana, commonly known as avocado, and its extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. The findings contribute to the scientific understanding of possible dietary interventions for heart disease.
3) Table:
Several tables are included in the study to present significant findings related to biochemical parameters, antioxidant activities, and the effects of avocado extract. These tables organize complex data in a clear format, allowing for easy comparison and analysis of the results across different experimental groups.
4) Activity:
The activity of various cardiac enzymes and antioxidants was measured to evaluate the impact of avocado extract on myocardial damage. Enhanced antioxidant activity indicated a protective mechanism of the avocado against oxidative stress induced by isoproterenol, helping to prevent heart disease effects.
5) Egypt:
The research was conducted at Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt, highlighting the geographical context of the study. This location is relevant as it influences the availability and use of local plant materials like avocado in pharmacological studies.
6) Edema (Oedema):
The study examined histopathological changes where edema, or swelling caused by fluid accumulation, was a common finding in the myocardium of isoproterenol-treated animals. The ability of avocado extract to reduce edema indicates its potential as a treatment for related diseases.
7) Blood:
Blood samples were collected to analyze biochemical markers like creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and others indicative of myocardial infarction. Monitoring blood parameters is essential for understanding the extent of cardiac damage and the efficacy of treatments.
8) Science (Scientific):
The findings presented in the study contribute to scientific literature, providing evidence for the cardioprotective properties of avocado. Emphasizing scientific methodologies, it validates the potential for developing new dietary recommendations in the field of cardiac health.
9) Kappa:
In the study, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) was assessed as part of the inflammatory response to myocardial injury. NF-kB is a critical signaling molecule implicated in various diseases, including heart diseases, making it significant in this pharmacological study.
10) Water:
The study noted the body weight and heart weight of rats, where changes in heart weight could indicate edema or other fluid retention issues. Adequate hydration is essential for maintaining physiological functions during the experimental phases.
11) Sam (Sham):
[see source text or glossary: Sham]
12) Disease:
The study focuses on myocardial infarction as a major disease affecting heart health. Understanding the mechanisms of such diseases enables better therapeutic strategies and encourages exploration of natural treatments like phytochemicals from plants.
13) Diet:
The relevance of diet in heart disease prevention is underscored by the study's exploration of avocado extract as a dietary supplement with potential cardioprotective effects. This finding supports the notion of dietary interventions in managing heart health.
14) Line:
[see source text or glossary: Line]
15) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
The study observed the accumulation of heart weight in isoproterenol-treated rats, a result of myocardial injury. The avocado extract significantly mitigated this accumulation, suggesting a protective effect against the underlying damage.
16) Medicine:
This research contributes to the field of traditional medicine by exploring the therapeutic potential of avocado extract, a natural remedy derived from a common fruit, thus integrating herbal approaches into modern medical practices.
17) Relative:
Data were expressed as relative changes compared to control groups. This statistical approach is crucial to quantify the effects of avocado extract in the context of myocardial infarction, allowing for clearer interpretation of results.
18) Species:
This study examines the species Persea americana and its phytochemical properties, focusing on how this specific fruit can influence cardiovascular health, thus demonstrating the importance of species-specific dietary components in health outcomes.
19) Powder:
Avocado fruit was processed into powder for extraction purposes, enabling the study of its bioactive components. The extraction method and form allow for concentrated effects of the phytochemicals to be analyzed in the experimental setup.
20) Kumar:
A reference in the study, Kumar et al. provided methodologies for measuring oxidative stress markers. Citing previous works enhances the credibility of the study, linking current findings to established research in the field.
21) Veterinary medicine:
[see source text or glossary: Veterinary medicine]
22) Pharmacological:
The pharmacological aspects of the study are highlighted by the investigation of how Persea americana extract affects myocardial infarction. This aligns the research with studies focused on drug development and mechanisms of action in pharmacology.
23) Phytochemical:
The study focuses on the phytochemical properties of avocado, exploring its potential health benefits. Understanding how these natural compounds interact with biological processes is fundamental for developing dietary recommendations for heart disease prevention.
24) Purification:
The process of purification is relevant in obtaining the avocado extract used in the study. Proper purification techniques ensure the extract is free from contaminants, allowing for accurate measurement of its effects on myocardial health.
25) Measurement:
Accurate measurement of biochemical parameters was essential in this study to assess the cardioprotective effects of avocado. The reliability and validity of the results depend on precise measurements in the biochemical assays performed.
26) Observation:
The observation of changes in heart weight and biochemical markers provided crucial evidence supporting the effectiveness of avocado extract in preventing myocardial damage. Detailed observations are vital for deriving conclusions in experimental research.
27) Discussion:
The discussion section of the study interprets the findings in the context of existing literature, emphasizing the significance of the results in understanding myocardial infarction and the potential role of avocado extract in treatment.
28) Substance:
The avocado extract is the main substance investigated in the study for its antioxidant and cardioprotective effects. Understanding the interactions of such substances with biological systems is critical for developing therapeutic applications.
29) Flavonoid:
Avocado contains various flavonoids, which are bioactive substances known for their antioxidant properties. Studying these flavonoids contributes to the understanding of how plant-derived compounds can modulate body processes related to diseases.
30) Anantan:
Anandan et al. are cited in the study, providing foundational research on cholesterol levels and myocardial damage. Their findings enhance the credibility and context of the current research within the broader scientific community.
31) Prabhu:
Prabhu et al. is another reference in the article that discusses inflammatory responses related to myocardial infarction. Their work adds depth to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the study being examined.
32) Reason:
[see source text or glossary: Reason]
33) Botany:
The identification of the avocado fruit was conducted by the botany department, emphasizing the importance of botanical knowledge in ensuring accurate species identification for the pharmacological study.
34) Nayak:
Nayak et al. provided methodologies relevant for the dosage of avocado extract used in the study, supporting the rationale for selecting specific dosages to achieve desired outcomes in experimental setups.
35) Glass:
[see source text or glossary: Glass]
36) Sugar:
Avocado is a nutrient-dense fruit with low sugar content, reflecting its suitability for a heart-healthy diet. The nutritional profile of fruits like avocado informs dietary recommendations for managing cardiovascular diseases.
37) Death:
The study addresses myocardial infarction, a condition that can lead to death if not properly managed. Understanding the protective effects of natural extracts can contribute to reducing mortality related to cardiovascular diseases.
38) House:
[see source text or glossary: House]
39) Beta:
Isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist, was used to induce myocardial infarction in the study, demonstrating the relevance of beta receptors in cardiovascular research and the study’s pharmacological approach.
40) Food:
The study underlines the importance of food, specifically avocado, in the context of heart health. It positions diet as a crucial component in preventing and managing diseases like myocardial infarction.
41) Male:
The use of male rats in the study design is significant, as sexual dimorphism can influence drug metabolism and action in pharmacological studies. The choice of male subjects adds specific relevance to the experimental design.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Cardioprotective effect of avocado extract in myocardial infarction’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Medicinal plant, Control group, Protective action, Significant change, Clinical studies, Experimental group, Oxidative stress, One-way ANOVA, Lipid peroxidation, Dietary fiber, Antioxidant Effect, Radical Scavenging Activity, Body weight, Histopathological examination, Maceration process, Free radical scavenging activities, Inflammatory cells, Biochemical estimation, Serum VLDL, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Extraction method, Myocardial infarction, Isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction, Catalase activity, Hypercholesterolemia, Cardiotoxicity, Uric acid level, Chemical properties, Oxydative stress, LDH, Expression level, Histopathological change, Nutritional Research, Antioxidant mechanism, Antioxidant defense system, Antioxidant enzyme, RNA isolation, Malondialdehyde Level, Therapeutic target, Avocado fruit extract, Nuclear factor-kappa B, Nitric oxide synthase, Potassium and sodium, Upregulation and downregulation, Vascular function, Biochemical parameter, Beta-Sitosterol, Cardioprotective effect, Xanthine oxidase, Marker enzyme, Statistical package for social science, Dietary fat, Cardiovascular function, Cardiac marker, Antioxidant system, Nitrite levels, Nitric Oxide Pathway, Oxidative stress marker, Isoproterenol-induced cardiac injury, Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, AVOE group, ISO group, Anti-sense for NF-kB, Paraffin bees wax tissue blocks, CK-MB, AVOE pretreatment, NOS expression, NF-kB gene expression, AVOE treated heart tissues, Heart weight to body weight ratio, NF-kB activity, Lipids in serum, Gene expression downregulation, Differential modulation.