Antimicrobial activity of holarrhena antidysenterica wall.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Antimicrobial activity of holarrhena antidysenterica wall.
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Meenakshi Vaidya
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Full text available for: Antimicrobial activity of holarrhena antidysenterica wall.
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall., belonging to the Apocynaceae family, is a medicinal plant widely recognized for its therapeutic properties, particularly in treating amoebic dysentery and various gastric disorders. The plant contains around 30 alkaloids, primarily extracted from its bark, including conessine and kurchine. Due to its diverse applications as an astringent, anthelmintic, and febrifuge, the authenticity and purity of this crude drug are of significant concern in herbal medicine. As many drugs in commerce are often adulterated, microbial evaluation is crucial for confirming the identity and quality of the drug while detecting any potential adulterations.
Adulteration of Herbal Drugs
Adulteration refers to the practice of replacing original crude drugs with inferior substitutes or similar-looking substances that lack equivalent chemical or therapeutic properties. This debasement often aims to enhance profits at the expense of drug efficacy and safety. Adulteration can take various forms, including deterioration, admixture, and spoilage, affecting the drug's overall quality. To mitigate this issue, the identification of crude drugs is essential, employing morphological, histological, chemical, physical, and biological studies to ensure the authenticity and standardized quality of herbal products.
Microbial Evaluation Methodology
Microbial evaluation plays a significant role in the identification and quality assessment of crude drugs. The study employed the Agar-cup plate method to assess the antimicrobial properties of extracts from Holarrhena antidysenterica and Wrightia tinctoria. Various extracts were placed in wells on a solid nutrient medium inoculated with bacterial cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. The diameter of the inhibited microbial growth zone was measured, providing critical insight into the extract's effectiveness against these pathogens. This methodological approach enables precise comparisons between the antibacterial properties of different samples.
Findings on Antimicrobial Activity
The study demonstrated that the aqueous extract of Holarrhena antidysenterica exhibited inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus, with a zone of inhibition measuring 14 mm, comparable to that of Sample 2. In contrast, no antimicrobial activity was detected in extracts from Wrightia tinctoria or marketed samples against both Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. These results suggest that while Holarrhena antidysenterica retains its antibacterial properties, some marketed samples may have diminished or exhausted efficacy, highlighting the importance of continuous quality assessment in herbal medicine.
Conclusion
The significance of evaluating herbal drugs like Holarrhena antidysenterica cannot be overstated given the risks of adulteration and the consequent implications for therapeutic efficacy. The study effectively demonstrated that microbial evaluation is a valuable tool for confirming the identity and purity of herbal products. It identifies a pressing need for regular assessment to ensure that herbal drugs retain their bioactivity and are safe for consumer use. Continuous vigilance against adulteration is vital to maintain the integrity of traditional herbal remedies and protect public health.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Holarrhena antidysenterica and its medicinal uses?
Holarrhena antidysenterica is a plant used for amoebic dysentery, gastric disorders, and gastrointestinal issues. It serves as an astringent, anthelmintic, and is indicated in conditions like diarrhea, indigestion, and skin diseases.
What is the problem of adulteration in herbal drugs?
Adulteration involves substituting original crude drugs with inferior substances, affecting their chemical and therapeutic properties. It primarily happens for commercial gain, leading to compromised drug quality and efficacy.
How is the microbiological assay conducted for drug evaluation?
The microbiological assay involves measuring the inhibition of microbial growth around wells containing drug extracts. Pure cultures are inoculated, and after incubation, the zones of inhibition are measured to determine antibacterial activity.
What were the observed effects of Holarrhena antidysenterica extracts?
Aqueous extracts of Holarrhena antidysenterica showed significant inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, while no inhibition was observed for Proteus vulgaris or Wrightia tinctoria extracts, indicating effective antibacterial properties of the former.
What techniques help in identifying crude drugs?
Crude drugs can be identified through morphological, histological, chemical, physical, and biological studies. These evaluations confirm the drug's authenticity and quality, while also detecting potential adulteration.
What is the recommended storage for Holarrhena antidysenterica bark?
The bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica should be stored in a cool, dry place, protected from moisture and heat, and can last up to 24 months if unopened.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Antimicrobial activity of holarrhena antidysenterica wall.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Drug:
The term 'drug' refers to a substance used for medical treatment, relief, or prevention of disease. In this context, Holarrhena antidysenterica is discussed as a traditional medicinal drug, highlighting its possible adulteration and the need for microbiological evaluation to ensure its authenticity and therapeutic efficacy.
2) Vaidya:
Meenakshi Vaidya is the author of the research piece. As a member of the Department of Botany at Mithibai College, her expertise in botany is crucial for understanding the properties and potential medicinal uses of Holarrhena antidysenterica and its comparison with other substances like Wrightia tinctoria.
3) Wall:
The term 'Wall' in Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. indicates the scientific name's collector or someone who described the species. This nomenclature plays a significant role in botany as it provides a standardized reference for researchers, underpinning the importance of accurate plant identification in medicinal use.
4) Aureus:
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium tested in the antimicrobial activity study. It is clinically significant due to its role in various infections and is a commonly used organism in microbiological assays to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial substances derived from medicinal plants.
5) Meenakshi:
Meenakshi is the first name of the researcher, Vaidya, emphasizing her personal contribution to the work. This highlights the importance of individual researchers in advancing scientific knowledge and understanding the properties of medicinal plants through their scholarly pursuits and project development.
6) Family:
The term 'Family' refers to the taxonomic classification in which Holarrhena antidysenterica belongs, specifically the Apocynaceae. Understanding the family classification helps in studying related plants and their shared characteristics or compounds, especially when evaluating their medicinal properties and potential for adulteration.
7) Medium:
Medium denotes the solid nutrient medium used for microbiological assays. The composition of this medium is crucial as it supports bacterial growth and allows for the observation of antimicrobial activity surrounding the extracts, providing a reliable method to determine the effectiveness of the tested substances.
8) Botany:
Botany is the scientific study of plants, which encompasses understanding their properties, classifications, and uses. In this research, botany is integral for identifying Holarrhena antidysenterica and its medicinal qualities, as well as examining other plant substances' efficacy against microbial pathogens.
9) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial refers to the property of a substance that kills or inhibits bacterial growth. The study's focus on the antibacterial activity of Holarrhena antidysenterica highlights its potential therapeutic applications in treating infections caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, enhancing its medicinal relevance.
10) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical relates to the chemical compounds produced by plants. This study implies the importance of phytochemical screening to identify bioactive compounds within Holarrhena antidysenterica that may contribute to its therapeutic effects and stability, aiding in the quality assessment of herbal medications.
11) Observation:
Observation refers to the systematic assessment of the zones of inhibition observed during the microbiological assays. These observations are crucial for analyzing the effectiveness of the drug extracts against bacteria, guiding conclusions on the drugs' medicinal properties and potential quality issues.
12) Surrounding:
Surrounding indicates the area around the extracts in the culture plates. The surrounding zone of inhibition is the key measurement in assessing antimicrobial effectiveness, providing visual evidence of the extracts' impact on bacterial growth and substantiating their potential use as antimicrobial agents.
13) Measurement:
Measurement pertains to quantifying the diameter of the zones of inhibition in the microbial assay. Accurate measurement is critical in comparing the antibacterial potency of different extracts and validating their effectiveness against specific pathogens, forming a basis for quality assessment.
14) Substance:
Substance refers to the particular materials or extracts investigated in the study, including Holarrhena antidysenterica and Wrightia tinctoria. Understanding the nature of these substances lays the groundwork for evaluating their medicinal properties and ensures a thorough analysis of their antibacterial activities.
15) Affection:
Affection in this context can relate to the therapeutic properties of the drug concerning various ailments. Holarrhena antidysenterica showcases its efficacy in treating specific diseases, reinforcing its traditional use in herbal medicine for addressing different health conditions.
16) Activity:
Activity denotes the biological effects exhibited by Holarrhena antidysenterica, especially its antimicrobial effects. The research examines this activity against specific pathogens, emphasizing the significance of identifying therapeutic agents in biomedicine and supporting evidence for traditional uses in health care.
17) Commerce:
Commerce in this study reflects the trade and sale of herbal drugs. Recognizing adulteration in commercial products emphasizes the importance of maintaining ethical practices and quality standards, ensuring that consumers receive effective medicinal products derived from authentic sources.
18) Quality:
Quality refers to the standard of the drug as assessed through its chemical and therapeutic properties. The study emphasizes quality control measures, stressing the need for microbial evaluation and the detection of adulteration in herbal drugs to ensure efficacy and safety.
19) Disease:
Disease indicates health conditions that Holarrhena antidysenterica is traditionally used to treat, such as amoebic dysentery. Understanding the relationship between the drug and the diseases it addresses enhances knowledge of its therapeutic applications, supporting the need for rigorous scientific evaluation.
20) Purity:
Purity encompasses the absence of adulterants in the plant material, which is critical for ensuring the therapeutic efficacy of Holarrhena antidysenterica. The study emphasizes the importance of verifying purity through microbiological assessments, especially in the context of traditional medicine.
21) Nature:
Nature relates to the essential characteristics of the drugs studied, including their biochemical properties and the presence of active constituents. Understanding the natural properties of Holarrhena antidysenterica is imperative for establishing its traditional medicinal uses and supporting ongoing scientific research.
22) Shri (Śri, Śrī, Śṝ, Sṛ, Sṝ):
Shri signifies a respectful title, often used in India. In this context, it refers to Shri. Jiya Maa Ayurvedic and General Stores, highlighting the importance of reputable sources for sourcing herbal products, ensuring better quality control and trustworthiness within the commerce of medicinal plants.
23) Life:
Life pertains to the shelf life mentioned for the crude drug, emphasizing the importance of effective storage and proper handling practices in maintaining the drug's efficacy and preventing degradation over time, which is crucial for both therapeutic and commercial purposes.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Antimicrobial activity of holarrhena antidysenterica wall.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Wrightia tinctoria, Phytochemical screening, Antimicrobial properties, Zone of inhibition, Chemical studies, Histological studies, Anatomical studies, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Morphological studies, Crude drug, Alkaloid, Biological studies, Microbial evaluation, Microbiological assay, Department of Microbiology, Standardization technique, Standardization of Crude Drug, Commercial motive.