Santalum album's protective effect against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Santalum album's protective effect against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Activity:
Activity refers to the biological effects or responses elicited by substances in pharmacological or biochemical contexts. In studies involving natural extracts or drugs, measuring their activity is crucial to determine their efficacy in mitigating conditions like cardiotoxicity, particularly how effectively they alter physiological parameters or cellular mechanisms.

2) Animal:
Animal studies are foundational in pharmacological research, providing insights into the effects and safety of potential treatments before human trials. In the context of the research on Santalum album and doxorubicin, male Wistar rats were used to model human diseases and evaluate the extract's cardioprotective potential against induced toxicity.

3) Study (Studying):
The study represents a systematic investigation into the protective effects of Santalum album against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. It encompasses experimental design, methodology, results, and analysis, aiming to understand how the aqueous extract impacts various biochemical markers and histopathological changes in a controlled animal model.

4) Santalum album:
Santalum album, or sandalwood, is a plant known for its various medicinal properties. It has been historically used in traditional medicine systems such as Unani and Ayurveda for its cardioprotective effects. The research investigates its potential in counteracting the oxidative stress and toxicity caused by doxorubicin.

5) Table:
Tables in scientific studies serve to present data succinctly and clearly, summarizing results from experiments for easier interpretation. In this research, a table summarizes the biochemical parameters measured in rat serum and cardiac tissue, showcasing the effects of Santalum album and comparisons with control groups.

6) Drug:
In pharmacological terms, a drug is a substance used for medical treatment, including prevention, diagnosis, and cure of diseases. Doxorubicin, categorized as an antitumor antibiotic, is the focal drug in this study, known for its severe cardiotoxic side effects, which the research aims to mitigate using Santalum album.

7) Delhi:
Delhi, the capital city of India, is mentioned in the context of the location where Santalum album was procured and the research is conducted. The geographical and cultural context of Delhi is relevant as it influences the availability of natural resources and the local traditional medicinal practices.

8) Blood:
Blood samples are critical for assessing biochemical parameters in pharmacological studies. In this research, blood was collected from rats to evaluate levels of various markers like CK-MB and LDH, which provide insight into the cardiac health and damage inflicted by doxorubicin during the experiment.

9) New Delhi:
New Delhi is the official capital of India, and it is significant in this research as it serves as both the location for the conducting institution, Jamia Hamdard, and the point of reference for the bioactive natural products being studied, surrounded by a rich heritage of traditional medicine.

10) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a critical biological response related to injury or infection and is implicated in numerous diseases, including cardiotoxicity. This study highlights the inflammatory markers, IL-6 and TNF-α, as key indicators of cellular response to doxorubicin, demonstrating how Santalum album may modulate these processes.

11) Species:
In biological research, the term species refers to a group of organisms capable of interbreeding. The study focuses on a specific species, Wistar rats, as experimental subjects, allowing researchers to draw conclusions that may extend to human health, particularly concerning cardiotoxic effects and their mitigation.

12) India:
India is the country where the research is conducted and where Santalum album is used in traditional medicine. The relevance of India is significant as it has a rich history of herbal pharmacology, which underscores the study's cultural backdrop against established scientific inquiry into its traditional uses.

13) Male (Mālē):
In the context of the experiment, male Wistar rats were specifically chosen for their standardized biological characteristics, which help maintain consistency across the study. The choice of sex in animal studies can influence hormonal and metabolic responses to drugs, thus guiding interpretations of the results.

14) Sign:
Sign indicates an observable manifestation or marker of a biological process. In the study, significant signs relate to improved cardiac function or reduced histopathological damage in hearts of rats treated with Santalum album, illustrating its potential protective effects against the toxic impacts of doxorubicin.

15) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibiotics refer to substances that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria. While doxorubicin is an antibiotic used in cancer treatment, the research explores its cardiotoxic effects, drawing a distinction between its therapeutic efficacy against tumors and its detrimental impacts on cardiac health necessitating protective interventions.

16) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds found in plants that contribute to their medicinal properties. The study explores the phytochemical profile of Santalum album and emphasizes its bioactive constituents, which may account for the observed cardioprotective and antioxidant effects against doxorubicin-induced damage.

17) Chemotherapy:
Chemotherapy is a treatment modality that uses chemical agents to combat cancer. The study investigates the side effects of one such chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin, focusing on its cardiotoxicity and assessing the capacity of Santalum album to mitigate these adverse effects through potential antioxidant mechanisms.

18) Observation:
Observation in scientific research involves the careful monitoring and recording of phenomena or data during an experiment. This study presents various observations regarding biochemical changes and histopathological alterations due to doxorubicin treatment and the impact of Santalum album, providing substantive evidence for its cardioprotective effects.

19) Measurement:
Measurement refers to the quantitative assessment of various parameters in an experiment. In this study, measurements of biomarkers like MDA, CK-MB, and LDH in serum serve to evaluate the extent of cardiotoxicity and the efficacy of Santalum album, supporting objective conclusions derived from statistical analysis.

20) Discussion:
Discussion is a critical component of research articles where results are interpreted and contextualized. In this study, the discussion section elaborates on the implications of the findings, linking the observed effects of Santalum album on doxorubicin-induced toxicity to existing literature, and suggesting future research directions.

21) Science (Scientific):
Scientific indicates an approach based on systematic observation, experimentation, and evidence, emphasizing methodological rigor. The research on Santalum album and doxorubicin embodies scientific inquiry aimed at advancing understanding of natural products in mitigating medication-induced side effects, contributing to pharmacological knowledge.

22) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance can cause harm to organisms. The study focuses on the toxicity of doxorubicin, highlighting its cardiac side effects and examining how Santalum album may counteract its toxic effects through various biochemical and histopathological assessments.

23) Heating:
Heating is a common method used in the extraction of phytochemicals from plants. In this study, the aqueous extract of Santalum album was prepared using heating, which facilitates the release of bioactive compounds. This methodological choice is fundamental to ensuring an effective extract for subsequent biological evaluations.

24) Muslin:
Muslin cloth is utilized as a filtering medium during the extraction process to separate solid plant materials from the aqueous extract. Its use in this study signifies the traditional methods of preparing herbal extracts, which are essential to obtaining a pure extract containing the desired bioactive compounds.

25) Family:
Family, in taxonomy, refers to a rank in the classification of organisms. Santalum album belongs to the Santalaceae family, and understanding its familial relationships helps in researching and recognizing the biochemical properties shared among related species, enhancing the study's relevance in the broader context of plant research.

26) Sharman (Śarma, Sarmā, Sarma, Sharma, Śarman):
Sharma is mentioned as part of a reference to previous research that established the treatment protocol for doxorubicin. Recognizing such prior studies is important in situating the current research within the larger body of literature, providing context, and validating methodologies employed in the exploration of cardiotoxicity.

27) Khari (Khārī, Khāri, Kha-ri):
Khari Baoli is a market in Delhi known for its rich array of herbs and spices. Its mention signifies the location where Santalum album was sourced for the study, representing the cultural heritage of herbal medicine in India and connecting contemporary scientific research to traditional practices.

28) Water:
Water is a crucial solvent in the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials. In this study, water was used to prepare the aqueous extract of Santalum album. The choice of solvent significantly influences the extraction efficiency and the types of phytochemicals obtained, impacting the study's findings.

29) Death:
Death refers to the cessation of life and is a vital endpoint in studies assessing toxicity. In the context of this research, it underscores the severity of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and the necessity for protective measures, like administering Santalum album, to prevent apoptosis and safeguard cardiac tissue integrity.

30) House:
House refers to the institution or facility where the animal studies were conducted, specifically the central animal house of Jamia Hamdard. Adequate facilities for animal care and ethical treatment are critical in research settings to ensure compliance with regulations and promote the welfare of the study subjects.

31) Sah:
Shah is referenced as one of the authors involved in the research. Acknowledging the contributions of researchers is essential in academic and scientific works, reinforcing the collaborative effort that underpins the study, while also attributing findings to credible experts in the field of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry.

32) Diet:
Diet refers to the food and nutrition provided to the experimental animals during the study. Maintaining a standard diet ensures that any observed effects are attributable to the experimental treatments rather than variations in nutritional status, thus supporting the reliability and validity of the study's results.

33) Life:
Life represents the biological processes and organismal functions that are influenced by various internal and external factors, including drug administration. The study's focus on cardioprotective interventions aims to enhance the quality and duration of life in individuals receiving potentially toxic chemotherapy treatments like doxorubicin.