Genetic diversity assessment of Viola serpens in Himachal Pradesh.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Assessment of genetic diversity of viola serpens wall. in himachal pradesh using molecular markers
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Pankaj Kumar, Digvijay
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Assessment of genetic diversity of viola serpens wall. in himachal pradesh using molecular markers
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Viola serpens Wall., commonly known as "Banakasha," belongs to the Violaceae family and is a significant medicinal plant found in the temperate Himalayas up to an altitude of 2000 meters. With extensive uses in treating various ailments such as asthma, bleeding piles, cancer, and skin diseases, understanding its genetic diversity is crucial for conservation and medicinal development. The present study aims to assess this diversity using morphological and isozymic markers across thirty genotypes collected from various locations in Himachal Pradesh, India.
Genetic Diversity Assessment via Isozymic Analysis
The genetic diversity of Viola serpens was analyzed using nine enzyme systems through isozyme analysis. Out of the nine systems examined, seven exhibited polymorphism, resulting in a significant differentiation among the thirty genotypes, particularly distinguishing genotypes from Mandi, Hamirpur, and Bilaspur districts from those in Solan and Sirmaur districts. The study identified specific enzyme markers, such as PER I, AAT I, and EST I, which can effectively differentiate the genotypes based on their distinct banding patterns. This differentiation underscores the potential to utilize isozymic analysis as a reliable tool for evaluating genetic variation within medicinal plant species.
Morphological Variation in Genotypes
In addition to isozyme analysis, the study also examined morphological traits among the genotypes, studying ten qualitative and seven quantitative characteristics. Among these, significant variations were observed solely in the quantitative descriptors, highlighting the importance of employing multiple assessment methods for comprehensive genetic evaluation. However, the morphological analysis alone may not reveal the complete genetic diversity that is captured through isozyme studies, suggesting a complementary role between the two methodologies.
Genetic Parameters and Relationships
The research calculated various genetic parameters, including allele frequencies, polymorphism rates, expected heterozygosity, and similarity indices among genotypes. The findings indicated a low level of polymorphism (26.67%), with several alleles being monomorphic. The similarity index ranged from 0.73 to 1.0, indicating a degree of genetic relatedness among the collected genotypes. A dendrogram constructed from the genetic distance values revealed two major clusters of genotypes, further emphasizing the genetic relationships within the population of Viola serpens.
Conclusion
The investigation into the genetic diversity of thirty genotypes of Viola serpens Wall. revealed a concerning 26.67% polymorphism, indicating limited genetic variability among plants from different locations in Himachal Pradesh. This low variation suggests that the species may be at risk and possibly falls into the endangered category. Consequently, the study underscores the need for conservation efforts and further research into the genetic diversity of Viola serpens to promote its sustainable use and preservation for future generations.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Viola serpens and what are its medicinal uses?
Viola serpens, commonly known as 'Banakasha', is a medicinal plant used for treating asthma, bleeding piles, throat cancer, cough, fever, skin diseases, and headache. It has antipyretic, diaphoretic, and diuretic properties, among others.
What methods were used to assess genetic diversity in the study?
The study assessed genetic diversity of Viola serpens using morphological and isozymic markers. It involved analyzing qualitative and quantitative morphological descriptors and conducting isozyme analysis on thirty genotypes.
Which geographical locations were involved in the study?
The study collected specimens from ten sites across five districts in Himachal Pradesh: Mandi, Hamirpur, Bilaspur, Solan, and Sirmaur.
What were the primary findings related to isozyme polymorphism?
The study found that 26.67% of the isozyme bands exhibited polymorphism, indicating low genetic variation among the thirty genotypes of Viola serpens.
What conclusion was drawn about the conservation status of Viola serpens?
The study concluded that Viola serpens is in a concerning status, categorized as endangered due to low genetic diversity among its populations.
What are the most common isozyme systems studied in this research?
The research analyzed nine isozyme systems, including Peroxidase, Acid phosphatase, Aspartate amino transferase, Esterase, Catalase, Malate dehydrogenase, Alcohol dehydrogenase, Phosphorylase, and Alkaline phosphatase.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Genetic diversity assessment of Viola serpens in Himachal Pradesh.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Colar (Cōlar, Cōḻar, Cōḻaṉ, Cōlan, Colan, Cōḷaṉ):
Solan is a district in Himachal Pradesh, India, known for its biodiversity. The study references Solan as one of the collection sites for the Viola serpens genotypes, indicating its ecological significance in the research on genetic diversity and the medicinal properties of local flora.
2) Bilaspur (Bilāspūr):
Bilaspur is another district in Himachal Pradesh where the Viola serpens samples were collected. Its inclusion emphasizes the geographical diversity of the plant's habitat, which provides insights into the genetic variability and adaptation of species in different environmental conditions.
3) Kumar (Kumār):
Kumar refers to Dr. Pankaj Kumar, the primary author of the study. His work is crucial in advancing the understanding of Viola serpens through genetic diversity assessment, utilizing molecular markers that can have significant implications for conservation and medicinal applications of this plant.
4) Activity:
In the context of the study, 'activity' relates to enzyme activity levels measured through isozyme analysis. This activity is essential for determining genetic variations between different genotypes of Viola serpens, providing insights into their biochemical pathways and ecological interactions.
5) Wall:
The term 'Wall' in Viola serpens Wall refers to the botanist Robert Wall, who described the species. This annotation is critical for taxonomic identification, offering historical context and validating the scientific nomenclature used in botanical research, which is foundational in the study of plant genetics.
6) Species:
In the study, 'species' pertains to Viola serpens, highlighting its classification as a distinct group of plants with shared characteristics. Understanding species diversity and genetic variability is vital for conservation efforts, particularly for plants with significant medicinal properties.
7) Study (Studying):
The term 'study' indicates the systematic investigation conducted by the researchers to assess the genetic diversity of Viola serpens. This structured approach is fundamental in scientific research, as it lays the groundwork for analyzing data, interpreting results, and contributing to the field of botany and pharmacology.
8) Table:
In the document, 'table' refers to the organized presentation of data summarizing findings, such as geographical locations and genetic variation parameters. Tables are essential for effectively conveying complex information, allowing for easier comprehension and comparison of results across different samples.
9) India:
India is the country where the research was conducted, specifically in Himachal Pradesh. The geographical context is significant, as the diverse climatic conditions and ecosystems of India contribute to the rich biodiversity of medicinal plants like Viola serpens, underscoring conservation importance.
10) Similarity:
The term 'similarity' refers to the genetic relationships assessed among the various genotypes of Viola serpens. Similarity metrics help identify patterns of genetic variation, which inform conservation strategies and enhance our understanding of species dynamics in different ecological settings.
11) Observation:
Observation in the study refers to data collected regarding the genetic traits of Viola serpens. This empirical evidence is crucial for drawing conclusions about the plant's genetic diversity and the effectiveness of the isozymes as markers for distinguishing between different genotypes.
12) Bleeding:
Bleeding is mentioned in relation to the medicinal properties of Viola serpens, which is utilized in traditional remedies for conditions like bleeding piles. This highlights the importance of understanding plant attributes not only for scientific inquiry but also for developing alternative therapeutic options.
13) Disease:
The reference to 'disease' encompasses the potential ailments that Viola serpens may help treat, including skin diseases and cancer. Recognizing the medicinal applications reinforces the need for continued research into genetic diversity to ensure the availability of effective treatments.
14) Science (Scientific):
Science embodies the systematic study and exploration of natural phenomena, which is exemplified in the genetic analysis of Viola serpens. This discipline is essential for making informed decisions related to conservation, ecology, and the sustainable use of medicinal plants.
15) Punjab:
Punjab is a neighboring state to Himachal Pradesh, where some of the authors are affiliated, illustrating the regional academic collaboration in botanical research. It emphasizes the significance of local expertise in exploring the genetic and medicinal characteristics of endemic plant species.
16) Family:
In botanical terms, 'family' denotes the classification rank that groups related plants, with Viola serpens belonging to the Violaceae family. Understanding familial relationships is important for taxonomic studies, revealing evolutionary connections and ecological interactions among plant species.
17) Cancer:
Cancer is highlighted as one of the ailments that Viola serpens can potentially address. Its significance underscores the need for thorough investigations into medicinal plants, their properties, and the genetic diversity that may influence their efficacy in treating such serious health conditions.
18) Water:
Water is a critical resource that impacts plant growth and distribution, especially in the context of habitats such as Himachal Pradesh. The study recognizes the environmental factors influencing Viola serpens' genetic diversity, which can be modulated by water availability.
19) Patta (Paṭṭa, Pāṭṭā, Pāttā):
Patta is a specific site in Himachal Pradesh where samples of Viola serpens were collected. This locational detail contributes to understanding the ecological diversity and genetic variability of the species, highlighting the significance of specific environmental conditions in shaping plant genetics.
20) Fever:
Fever is mentioned in the context of the medicinal uses of Viola serpens, where it serves as an antipyretic. This highlights the plant's importance in traditional medicine, showcasing the need for genetic studies to discover and preserve such valuable therapeutic properties.
21) Discussion:
The term 'discussion' refers to the section of the study where authors interpret findings, analyze results, and contextualize their significance in the broader scientific landscape. This critical evaluation informs future research directions and helps to clarify implications for conservation and medicinal applications.
22) Knowledge:
Knowledge encompasses the information gained through the study of Viola serpens and its genetic diversity. This understanding is vital for informed decision-making regarding conservation strategies, ecological assessments, and the sustainable use of biodiversity for health-related purposes.
23) Resolving:
Resolving pertains to the clarification of genetic relationships among different genotypes of Viola serpens through isozyme analysis. This process is important for discerning variations and understanding how these differences can affect the species' adaptability and conservation status.
24) Himalaya (Himālaya, Hima-alaya):
The term 'Himalaya' refers to the mountain range where Viola serpens is found. Its unique climatic and ecological conditions contribute to the biodiversity of medicinal plants, making it crucial to study genetic variation in this context for conservation efforts.
25) Fixation:
Fixation in genetic terms relates to the presence of certain alleles at higher frequencies within a population, which was noted in the study's F-statistics. Understanding fixation helps in assessing genetic diversity and guiding conservation of plant species like Viola serpens.
26) Kangra (Kāṅgrā):
Kangra is a district noted for its biodiversity in Himachal Pradesh, contributing to the geographic scope of the study. The inclusion of Kangra reinforces the importance of regional variability in understanding the genetic diversity and conservation of endemic plant species.
27) Muslin:
Muslin cloth is mentioned as a tool for filtering leaf homogenates during enzyme extraction. Its use highlights the practical aspects of laboratory techniques that underpin the scientific methodologies employed in studying the genetic properties of Viola serpens.
28) Nature:
Nature in this context refers to the inherent characteristics and ecological interactions of Viola serpens. Studying these attributes is essential for understanding the plant's adaptation strategies and conservation needs within its natural habitats.
29) Campa (Campā, Caṃpā, Cāṃpa):
Chamba is a district in Himachal Pradesh included as a collection site for the study. Its geographical relevance plays a role in understanding the ecological diversity of Viola serpens, providing insights into how regional environmental conditions impact genetic variability.
Other Science Concepts:
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