Isolation and characterization of Kalanchoe crenata leaf constituents.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Isolation and characterization of constituents from the leaves of kalanchoe crenata and their evaluation for antioxidant and antimicrobial potential
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Aarti Rathour, Anjoo Kamboj, Mandeep Kaur, Ajay Kumar Saluja
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
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Full text available for: Isolation and characterization of constituents from the leaves of kalanchoe crenata and their evaluation for antioxidant and antimicrobial potential
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Kalanchoe crenata, commonly known as "never die" or "Dog's liver," is an ornamental plant from the Crassulaceae family, native to Africa and Southeast Asia. Traditionally, it has been utilized for various medicinal purposes, including the treatment of inflammation, respiratory ailments, and general debility. The current study focuses on the isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from the leaves of Kalanchoe crenata and evaluates their potential antioxidant and antimicrobial properties using various assays. Three constituents were isolated for the first time: α-amyrin, stearyl alcohol, and β-sitosterol-d-glycoside, demonstrating significant bioactive effects.
Antioxidant Activity
The study assessed the antioxidant potential of the isolated compounds through multiple methods, including DPPH radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant capacity was found to increase in a concentration-dependent manner for all substances tested. The results indicated that compound A (α-amyrin) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 77.64 µg/ml, followed by compound B (stearyl alcohol) and compound C (β-sitosterol-d-glycoside), which had IC50 values of 137.51 µg/ml and 185.65 µg/ml, respectively. This reflects the potential of these compounds as natural antioxidants, corroborating Kalanchoe crenata's traditional use in combating oxidative stress.
Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial properties of the isolated compounds were also evaluated against various bacterial and fungal strains, including Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative). The findings indicated that all three compounds possessed notable antimicrobial activity, with compound A showing higher efficacy against both bacterial and fungal strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values highlighted its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent, further supporting the plant's historical use in traditional medicine for preventing infections.
Spectroscopic Characterization
The isolated compounds were characterized using a combination of spectroscopic techniques, including IR, 1H-NMR, and MS analysis. Compound A was identified as α-amyrin, a triterpenoid with specific spectral characteristics indicating its alcohol functional group. Compound B was characterized as stearyl alcohol, a long-chain alcohol, while compound C was identified as β-sitosterol-d-glycoside, a sterol glycoside. The results from these spectroscopic analyses provided thorough confirmation of the chemical structures of the isolated constituents, ensuring their identification was accurate and reliable.
Conclusion
The study successfully isolated and characterized three significant compounds from the petroleum ether extract of Kalanchoe crenata, confirming their identities as α-amyrin, stearyl alcohol, and β-sitosterol-d-glycoside. The isolated compounds demonstrated considerable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, validating the traditional medicinal applications of Kalanchoe crenata in managing diseases related to oxidative stress and microbial infections. This research emphasizes the importance of natural plant resources in pharmacology and encourages further exploration of Kalanchoe crenata for potential medicinal applications.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are the main compounds isolated from Kalanchoe crenata leaves?
The study isolated three main compounds: α-amyrin, stearyl alcohol, and β-sitosterol-d-glycoside from Kalanchoe crenata leaves, evaluated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.
What traditional uses does Kalanchoe crenata have in medicine?
Kalanchoe crenata is traditionally used for treating inflammation, earaches, headaches, asthma, abdominal pain, convulsions, and general debility.
How was the antioxidant activity of isolated compounds evaluated?
The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and phosphomolybdenum methods.
What were the findings regarding the antimicrobial potential of Kalanchoe crenata?
All isolated compounds showed significant antimicrobial activity, particularly α-amyrin, with lower MIC values against tested bacteria and fungi.
What extraction method was used for isolating compounds from Kalanchoe crenata?
Compounds were extracted using petroleum ether and further purified through column chromatography and thin layer chromatography.
Which compound showed the highest antioxidant activity in the study?
α-amyrin exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, followed by stearyl alcohol and β-sitosterol-d-glycoside, based on IC50 values.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Isolation and characterization of Kalanchoe crenata leaf constituents.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
Activity refers to the effectiveness of compounds in carrying out desired functions, such as antioxidant or antimicrobial effects. In the context of Kalanchoe crenata research, it highlights how the isolated compounds can scavenge free radicals and inhibit microbial growth, validating their therapeutic potential against oxidative stress and infections.
2) Table:
A table is a systematic arrangement of data in rows and columns, commonly used to present research findings clearly. In this study, tables summarize the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of isolated compounds, making it easier to compare their effects and understand relationships between concentrations and activities.
3) Drug:
A drug is a substance used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or cure diseases. This research investigates potential natural drugs derived from Kalanchoe crenata's isolated compounds, suggesting their application in developing treatments for conditions related to oxidative stress and infections, especially in light of rising antibiotic resistance.
4) Water:
Water is a vital solvent in biological systems, crucial for various biochemical processes. In the extraction and testing phases of the research, water served as a medium for dissolving compounds and facilitating reactions, emphasizing its importance in laboratory protocols and experiments involving plant-derived substances.
5) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibiotics are medications designed to kill or inhibit bacterial growth. With rising antibiotic resistance, the need for alternative sources, such as plant extracts, is paramount. This study seeks to identify new antibiotic-like properties in Kalanchoe crenata’s compounds, contributing to the search for effective antimicrobial agents.
6) Inflammation:
Inflammation is the body’s response to injury or infection, often causing pain and swelling. Kalanchoe crenata has historical usage in traditional medicine for treating inflammatory conditions, and this research aims to elucidate the compounds' effects on inflammation, reinforcing the plant's medicinal significance in therapeutic applications.
7) Substance:
A substance refers to a form of matter with specific properties. In pharmacological research, understanding the nature of substances, including chemical constituents isolated from Kalanchoe crenata, is fundamental to explore their biological activities and applications in medicine, guiding the development of effective health solutions.
8) Medicine:
Medicine is the science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illnesses. This research emphasizes the role of Kalanchoe crenata as a medicinal plant, aiming to uncover its biochemical constituents' potential in treating diseases, particularly those induced by infections and oxidative stress, thus contributing to natural health solutions.
9) Debility:
Debility refers to physical weakness or lack of strength. Traditional uses of Kalanchoe crenata involve addressing debility and related symptoms, such as general fatigue or malaise. This research aims to validate these claims scientifically, investigating how its constituents may help restore health and vigor.
10) Disease:
Disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body, often characterized by specific symptoms. The study focuses on the potential of Kalanchoe crenata's active compounds in preventing or treating diseases linked to oxidative stress and microbial infections, highlighting its therapeutic relevance in modern and traditional medicine.
11) Aureus:
Aureus refers to Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium known for causing various infections. The research examines the inhibitory effects of Kalanchoe crenata’s compounds on Staphylococcus aureus, providing insights into the plant’s antimicrobial properties and its potential role in managing infections caused by resistant bacterial strains.
12) Family:
Family, in botanical taxonomy, groups related plants sharing common characteristics. Kalanchoe crenata belongs to the Crassulaceae family. Understanding its classification helps contextualize research findings within broader plant-based therapeutic explorations, facilitating comparisons with other family members known for their medicinal properties and compounds.
13) Medium:
Medium refers to the environment or substance in which biological reactions or experiments occur. In microbiological studies, the use of nutrient media allows for the cultivation and testing of microorganisms' growth. This research employs various media for assessing the antibacterial potential of isolated compounds from Kalanchoe crenata.
14) Ropar:
Ropar is a location in Punjab, India, where Kalanchoe crenata plants were collected for research. The geographical context of plant collection can influence phytochemical profiles, thereby affecting the constituents' biological activities. This significance underscores the importance of source and environment in herbal research.
15) India:
India is known for its rich biodiversity and traditional medicinal practices. This research highlights Kalanchoe crenata's potential as a native herb for medicinal use, showcasing the significance of exploring locally sourced plants in discovering new compounds for health applications, particularly in combating prevalent diseases.
16) Sugar:
Sugar refers to simple carbohydrates present in various biological materials, including plants. In the study, the sugar moiety of β-sitosterol-d-glycoside suggests its classification as a glycoside. This molecular detail enhances understanding of the compound’s biological activity and therapeutic potential, linking structure-function relationships.
17) Aman (Āman, A-man, Amaṇ, Āmāṉ):
Aman refers to Aman Plant Nurseries in Ropar, Punjab, where Kalanchoe crenata was collected. The involvement of specific nurseries emphasizes the role of cultivation and maintaining plant health in obtaining quality samples for research. Proper sourcing is crucial for accurate biochemical and pharmacological evaluations.
18) Pain (Paiṇ):
Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience typically associated with injury or illness. Traditional uses of Kalanchoe crenata include treating pain-related conditions. Understanding the compounds' analgesic potential is critical for validating the plant's medicinal efficacy, contributing to pain management strategies in herbal medicine.
19) New Delhi:
New Delhi is the capital of India, playing a crucial role in overseeing medical research and contributing to advancements in health policies. The research conducted on Kalanchoe crenata may receive regulatory support and interest from institutions in New Delhi, facilitating the exploration of alternative medicines.
20) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological pertains to the study of drug actions and effects on biological systems. In this research, pharmacological evaluation assesses the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Kalanchoe crenata's isolated compounds, providing insights into their potential therapeutic uses in modern medicine, highlighting their relevance in drug discovery.
21) Purification:
Purification refers to the process of isolating specific compounds from a mixture, enhancing their concentration and activity. In this study, various purification methods, including chromatography and recrystallization, were employed to obtain pure isolates from Kalanchoe crenata, crucial for accurate pharmacological assessment and therapeutic efficacy.
22) Discussion:
Discussion revolves around the interpretation of research findings and their implications. In this study, it includes analyzing the isolated compounds' activities, comparing results with previous literature, and exploring their potential applications in medicine. This structured analysis enhances understanding and guides future research directions.
23) Container:
A container is any receptacle used to hold substances during experiments. In this research, containers played an essential role in the extraction and testing phases. Proper usage and selection of containers ensured accurate measurements and maintained the integrity of the extracted compounds throughout the study.
24) Surface:
Surface refers to the outer boundary or layer of a substance. In chromatography, the surface characteristics of stationary phases influence separation processes. This research involved using silica gel's surface properties to isolate compounds from Kalanchoe crenata, highlighting the importance of material selection in achieving effective separations.
25) Punjab:
Punjab is a northern region in India known for its agricultural biodiversity. The study's focus on Kalanchoe crenata, a plant native to this region, highlights the importance of regional flora in traditional medicine, encouraging exploration of local plants for discovering valuable bioactive compounds.
26) Powder:
Powder refers to the fine particles derived from grinding substances. In this study, powdered leaves of Kalanchoe crenata were used for extraction, facilitating the release of bioactive compounds. The form and preparation of plant material are crucial in maximizing the efficiency of extraction processes.
27) Delhi:
Delhi is the capital city of India and a hub for research institutions. The significance of this location lies in its centralized resources for medical research, including studies on indigenous plants like Kalanchoe crenata. Delhi’s research landscape fosters exploration of herbal medicines and their applications.
28) Kumar (Kumār):
Kumar is a common surname in India and likely refers to one of the authors involved in the study. Recognizing authors' contributions emphasizes collaborative efforts in scientific research. It highlights the significance of teamwork in exploring the medicinal potential of Kalanchoe crenata and advancing knowledge in pharmacology.
29) Study (Studying):
A study is a systematic investigation into a specific area of inquiry. This research on Kalanchoe crenata focuses on isolating and characterizing its bioactive compounds, emphasizing their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The findings aim to contribute to the broader understanding of plant-based medicinal applications in healthcare.
30) Food:
Food refers to substances consumed for nourishment, influencing health outcomes. Antioxidants and antimicrobial agents derived from plants like Kalanchoe crenata could have implications for food preservation and safety, suggesting potential applications in developing natural food additives that mitigate spoilage and promote health benefits.
31) Line:
Line refers to a sequence or pathway connecting points, often presented in graphs or diagrams. In this research, line graphs visualize data, illustrating relationships between concentrations of isolated compounds and their activities. This visual representation aids in understanding trends and making data-driven conclusions.
32) Soil:
Soil is the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, forming a natural medium for their roots. The quality and composition of soil influence the phytochemical properties of plants like Kalanchoe crenata. Understanding these environmental factors is essential for exploring the therapeutic uses of plant-derived substances.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Isolation and characterization of Kalanchoe crenata leaf constituents.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Kalanchoe crenata, Basic principle, Traditional medicine, Statistical analysis, Antioxidant activity, Oxidative stress, Antimicrobial activity, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Free radical scavenging activity, Antioxidant capacity, Pharmacognosy, DPPH scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide, Antioxidant potential, Column chromatography, Antimicrobial potential, Petroleum ether extract, Total antioxidant capacity, Gram positive, Gram negative, Soxhlet Apparatus, Physical parameter, Chemical constituent, Free Radical, In vitro evaluation, Nutrient agar medium, IC 50, Isolated compound, Spectroscopic data, Bioactive metabolite, Spectroscopic analysis, Agar diffusion method, Minimal inhibitory concentration, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, DPPH radical scavenging method, Phytoconstituent, Compound A, Compound B, Compound C.
Concepts being referred in other categories, contexts and sources.