Insilico structure prediction of orf61 gene responsible for chicken pox
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Insilico structure prediction of orf61 gene responsible for chicken pox
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Achal Tiwari, Deepak Shakya, Pallavi Gangwar, Prashanta Kumar Pal & Ankur Mohan
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
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Full text available for: Insilico structure prediction of orf61 gene responsible for chicken pox
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Chickenpox, an infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), primarily affects children under 15 years of age but can also pose risks to adults and pregnant women. Characterized by an uncomfortable, itchy rash, chickenpox spreads easily through airborne particles and direct contact with fluid from blisters. While the disease is typically mild, it can lead to complications, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Understanding the various genetic elements involved in VZV pathogenesis, particularly the open reading frame 61 (ORF61), is crucial for the development of effective treatments and preventive strategies.
Role of the ORF61 Gene in VZV Modulation
The ORF61 gene of VZV encodes a protein that plays a significant role in the virus's ability to modulate the host's immune response. It acts as a transactivator for both viral and cellular promoters, similar to the herpes simplex virus’s ICP0 protein. IN vivo studies have shown that ORF61, along with other immediate-early genes such as ORF4 and ORF62, influence the expression of VZV genes across different kinetic classes in human T lymphocytes. This interaction is essential for the virus's persistence and virulence, making ORF61 a key target for therapeutic interventions.
Molecular Modeling of ORF61
Given the lack of available structural data for the ORF61 protein in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), this study employed molecular modeling techniques to predict its three-dimensional structure. Utilizing the Modeller 9.10 software, the researchers generated ten homology models based on four templates. The model with the best DOPE score (target model no. 7, with a score of -32793.12109) was selected for further analysis. This modeling provides insights into the potential structure of ORF61, with implications for understanding its function and interaction with other viral proteins.
Validation and Stability of ORF61 Structure
To ensure the reliability of the predicted protein structure, validation was conducted using the Ramachandran plot analysis. The results indicated that the majority of amino acids were positioned in the core region, suggesting a stable structure. Loop modeling was also performed to optimize the protein's conformation, enhancing its stability. Such verification processes are critical in structural biology, as they establish the credibility of models prior to their application in drug design and other research.
Conclusion
The insights gained from the structural prediction and validation of the ORF61 gene offer valuable knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying chickenpox caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The modeling approach not only sheds light on the gene's role in VZV pathogenesis but also sets the stage for future research aimed at discovering targeted therapies. By elucidating the structural features of ORF61, researchers can identify potential drug sites, paving the way for advancements in treatment options for chickenpox and related viral infections.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the primary cause of chickenpox?
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), an infectious disease primarily affecting children, but adults can also contract it. Once infected, the virus can remain dormant and may later cause shingles.
What are the common symptoms of chickenpox?
Common symptoms of chickenpox include an itchy rash, fever, headaches, tiredness, and loss of appetite. The rash starts as small red spots that develop into fluid-filled blisters and eventually crust over.
What role does the ORF61 gene play in chickenpox?
The ORF61 gene of the varicella-zoster virus encodes a protein that helps modulate the expression of viral genes. It enhances the activity of other immediate early genes, playing an important regulatory role in the virus infection process.
How was the structure of the ORF61 protein predicted?
The ORF61 protein structure was predicted using Modeller 9.10 based on homology modeling. Four templates were identified, and the best model was selected based on the DOPE score to ensure stability.
What methodology was used in this study for analysis?
The study employed sequence alignment, similarity searches using BLAST, protein structure prediction, and modeling validation through techniques like Ramachandran plot analysis to ensure the reliability of the predicted protein structure.
What are the implications of this research on drug development?
The predicted structure of the ORF61 protein can be used to identify potential drug targets, aiding in the development of therapies for diseases caused by the varicella-zoster virus, including chickenpox and shingles.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Insilico structure prediction of orf61 gene responsible for chicken pox”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Viru (Vīṟu):
The keyword 'Viru' is likely a shorthand for 'virus', which is a biological agent that causes infections in hosts. In the context of this study on chickenpox, it specifically refers to the Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), responsible for both chickenpox and shingles. Understanding viruses is crucial in developing treatments and vaccines.
2) Similarity:
In biological studies, 'similarity' refers to the genetic or structural resemblance between sequences or proteins. The research highlights similarity between the ORF61 gene of VZV and other proteins, indicating evolutionary relationships and potential functional parallels, which aid in modeling the structure of the ORF61 protein.
3) Disease:
'Disease' denotes a pathological condition characterized by a specific set of symptoms. Chickenpox, the disease studied, is caused by VZV and presents as an itchy rash and other symptoms. Investigating diseases is vital for understanding their impact on health and developing effective interventions.
4) Table:
In scientific literature, a 'Table' organizes data for clarity and comparison. Table 1 and Table 2 in the study present results of similarity searches and DOPE scores, respectively. Such tables are crucial for summarizing findings, enabling readers to grasp quantitative data quickly.
5) Ras (Rās, Rash):
'Rash' describes the skin manifestation of chickenpox, characterized by itchy vesicular lesions. The rash is a primary indicator of infection by VZV and reflects the body's immune response. Understanding the rash helps in diagnosing chickenpox and differentiating it from other skin conditions.
6) India:
'India' refers to the geographical context of the research, indicating the location where the study is conducted, specifically in Lucknow and Aligarh. The prevalence of diseases like chickenpox and access to healthcare can vary by region, making local context significant for epidemiological studies.
7) Line:
'Line' in the context of this study likely pertains to T lymphocyte cell lines used for experimenting with the effects of VZV genes. Such cell lines are essential tools in virology, allowing researchers to understand viral behavior and gene interactions more efficiently.
8) Lucknow:
'Lucknow' is a city in India, specifically the location of the Bio-EGICORE research laboratory involved in this study. The city's academic and research institutions contribute to advancements in life sciences and biotechnology, reflecting local expertise in the field of infectious diseases.
9) Science (Scientific):
'Science' encompasses the systematic study of the natural world, including biological processes like those involving viruses. The research on the ORF61 gene of VZV exemplifies scientific inquiry, aiming to enhance understanding of disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches.
10) Fever:
'Fever' is a common symptom associated with chickenpox, reflecting the body's inflammatory response to infection. Managing fever is part of supportive care in treating chickenpox, emphasizing the importance of understanding the disease's symptomatic effects for effective patient care.
11) Study (Studying):
'Study' refers to the systematic investigation of a topic, in this case, the ORF61 gene and its role in chickenpox. The study enhances scientific knowledge and may lead to new drug development, showcasing the importance of research in healthcare advancements.
12) Life:
'Life' in this context relates to the field of life sciences, which focuses on studying living organisms and their interactions. The research contributes to the broader understanding of viral diseases, enhancing knowledge pivotal for improving human health and well-being.
13) Drug:
'Drug' denotes a substance used for medical treatment. The goal of the study is to predict the structure of ORF61 to identify potential drug targets. Understanding viral proteins is critical in drug discovery for treating infections like chickenpox.
14) Discussion:
'Discussion' signifies the section in research where findings are interpreted and contextualized. It allows researchers to reflect on the implications of results, draw conclusions, and propose further research directions, which are crucial for advancing scientific understanding and application.
15) Knowledge:
'Knowledge' refers to the information gained from research, crucial for informed decision-making in healthcare. The study adds to the scientific corpus on VZV and its effects, enhancing understanding that can lead to improved treatment and prevention strategies.
16) Education:
'Education' encompasses the dissemination of information and training in science. This research contributes to educational resources in bioinformatics and virology, helping to train future scientists and healthcare professionals to understand viral diseases and develop effective treatments.
17) Activity:
'Activity' in research typically refers to the tasks undertaken to reach a goal. In this study, the activities involved include molecular modeling, sequence analysis, and validation processes, all aimed at understanding the ORF61 gene and its significance.
18) Pregnant:
'Pregnant' refers to women who are expecting a child. Chickenpox can result in severe complications for pregnant women and their fetuses, highlighting the importance of understanding the disease's risks and advocating for vaccination and preventive measures.
19) Mathura (Mathur, Mathurā, Māthura, Mathūrā):
'Mathura' is mentioned as a location in India, relevant for the research environment. It indicates the geographical area where people may be affected by diseases like chickenpox, emphasizing the need for local health interventions and education on infectious diseases.
20) Itching:
'Itching' is a significant symptom associated with chickenpox and is caused by the rash that forms during infection. Understanding the mechanisms behind itching is important for improving patient comfort and managing symptoms effectively in clinical settings.
21) Shakya (Sakya, Śākya, Sakyā):
'Shakya' refers to one of the authors contributing to the research. Author contributions are integral to scientific studies, as they provide expertise and perspectives that substantiate the research findings and methodologies discussed throughout the paper.
22) Nausea:
'Nausea' is a symptom often experienced in the early stages of chickenpox. Recognizing associated symptoms like nausea aids in the comprehensive understanding of chickenpox, ensuring healthcare providers can offer effective symptomatic relief and patient support.
23) Filling (Filled):
'Filled' refers to the fluid-filled blisters that characterize the rash of chickenpox. These lesions are key indicators of infection and play a significant role in the transmission of the virus, necessitating careful management and patient education to prevent spread.
24) Kumar (Kumār):
'Kumar' is another author on the study, contributing to the collaborative effort in researching the ORF61 gene. Authorial contributions are essential in research papers, as they reflect the collective expertise and collaborative nature of scientific investigations.
25) Acala (Ācal, Acalā, Achal, Ācāḷ, Achala, Acal):
'Achal' refers to one of the authors of the research paper. Individual contributions from authors are critical in scientific research, highlighting the collaborative efforts in exploring complex topics like viral infections and their underlying biological mechanisms.
26) Road:
'Road' in this context likely metaphorically represents the journey of research and discovery within the scientific community. It signifies the progress and pathway that researchers embark on to uncover new knowledge, innovating solutions for public health challenges.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Insilico structure prediction of orf61 gene responsible for chicken pox’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Immune response, Bioinformatics tools, Acetaminophen, Varicella zoster virus, Early symptoms, Molecular modeling, 3D structure, Potential drug, Biological database.