N/s/o functionalized ligands and their metal complexes
synthesis, characterization and biological activities
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: N/s/o functionalized ligands and their metal complexes
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: synthesis, characterization and biological activities
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K. H. Kumar Naik, Nagaraja Naik
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: N/s/o functionalized ligands and their metal complexes
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
This article discusses the synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of N/S/O functionalized ligands and their corresponding metal complexes. Specifically, the study focuses on ligands derived from the condensation of Boc-protected gabapentin with various amino acids and their resultant metal complexes formed with Cu(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Sr(II), and Cd(II). Characterization techniques such as elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, NMR, electronic absorption spectra, and molar conductance measurements were employed to confirm the formation of these complexes. The article also highlights the significance of these metal complexes in biological applications, particularly their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
Antioxidant Activity Assessment
The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. This assay involves preparing solutions of the synthesized compounds at various concentrations and measuring their capacity to scavenge free radicals by comparing absorbance changes. The result is expressed as the percentage of inhibition of DPPH radical absorption. The article reveals that both ligands and their metal complexes exhibit potent antioxidant properties, significantly influenced by the presence of electron-donating functional groups. Specifically, compounds L1, L2, and several metal complexes showed notable scavenging activity, highlighting their potential therapeutic applications.
Antimicrobial Properties
The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds were assessed against selected bacterial and fungal strains using the disc diffusion method. Bacterial strains included E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and R. solanacearum, while fungal strains included A. flavus, C. keratinophilus, and C. albicans. The results indicated varying degrees of antibacterial and antifungal activities, with ligands L1 and L2 and several of their copper and cobalt complexes displaying significant inhibition zones. The findings emphasized that the incorporation of metal ions can enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of the ligands, suggesting the importance of metal-ligand interaction in achieving therapeutic effectiveness.
Coordination Chemistry and Characterization
The study also provides insights into the coordination chemistry of the synthesized ligands and their metal complexes. Infrared spectroscopy revealed key structural changes, indicating the coordination of ligands to metal ions through nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Notably, shifts in the characteristic vibrational frequencies of functional groups in the ligands upon complexation were documented. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicated that the metal complexes exhibited paramagnetic properties typical of high-spin octahedral geometries. This thorough characterization confirms the formation of stable complexes and establishes a framework for understanding their chemical behavior.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this research highlights the synthesis and characterization of new N/S/O functionalized ligands and their metal complexes, which exhibit promising antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The incorporation of metal ions was shown to enhance the biological efficacy of the ligands. The findings contribute to the growing field of bioinorganic chemistry by demonstrating the therapeutic potential of these complexes. Continued exploration of such metal-ligand systems could pave the way for novel drug development aimed at combating oxidative stress and resistant microbial strains.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are N/S/O functionalized ligands and their significance?
N/S/O functionalized ligands are compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atoms that coordinate with metal ions. They are significant for their roles in coordination chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, and potential therapeutic applications.
How were the ligands synthesized in the study?
The ligands were synthesized by condensing Boc protected gabapentin with various amino acids in methanol, followed by stirring at low temperatures and recrystallization from methanol to obtain pure compounds.
What methods were used to characterize the metal complexes?
The metal complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, electronic absorption spectra, and molar conductance measurements to confirm their structures and properties.
What biological activities were evaluated for the synthesized compounds?
The biological activities evaluated included antioxidant properties using the DPPH assay and antimicrobial activities against different bacterial and fungal strains through well plate methods.
Which metal complexes showed significant antibacterial activity?
Compounds such as L1, L2, 1a, 1b, and 1c exhibited excellent antibacterial activity, while other complexes displayed varying degrees of effectiveness against tested strains.
What trend was observed in antioxidant activity of complexes?
The antioxidant activity increased upon metal complexation. Electron-donating groups in ligands enhanced their scavenging ability against free radicals.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “N/s/o functionalized ligands and their metal complexes”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
The term 'Activity' refers to the biological or pharmacological properties exhibited by the synthesized ligands and their metal complexes. In the context of this research, it highlights the substances' effectiveness against bacteria, fungi, and as antioxidant agents, emphasizing the significance of their interaction with biological systems and potential therapeutic uses.
2) Water:
In the synthesis of metal complexes described in the text, water acts as a reagent, solvent, and a medium for the reaction. It is essential in dissolving the metal salts and ligands, aiding in their interaction, and creating an environment conducive for complex formation, thus playing a critical role in the reaction process.
3) Table:
The 'Table' in this research serves as a systematic way to present data, summarizing key findings like elemental analysis, melting points, yields, and biological activities of the synthesized compounds. This format aids in straightforward comparison and enhances the clarity of results, facilitating easier interpretation by readers and researchers.
4) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Antibiotic' refers to substances that inhibit the growth or kill bacteria. The mention of antibiotics is significant in the context of this research, as it pertains to the development of novel compounds that could potentially lead to new treatment methods against pathogens, harnessing the inherent properties of the synthesized metal complexes.
5) Drug:
The term 'Drug' pertains to the compounds discussed within this paper, particularly those derived from gabapentin. It highlights the potential of these synthesized ligands and their metal complexes to be developed into pharmaceuticals for therapeutic use in treating bacterial, fungal infections and possibly more extensive pharmacological applications.
6) Measurement:
'Measurement' is the process of quantifying various parameters such as yield, biological activity, or physical properties of the synthesized compounds. Accurate measurements are crucial for assessments of efficacy, safety, and optimal formulation in drug development, ensuring the reliability of experimental results presented in the research.
7) Mysore:
'Mysore' denotes the location of the University of Mysore in Karnataka, India, where the research was conducted. This geographical context is significant as it situates the academic and collaborative efforts behind the study, linking local resources, expertise, and institutions to the advancements in biochemical research and drug development.
8) Aureus:
The term 'Aureus' refers to the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, a significant pathogen tested for antibacterial activity in this study. Its mention emphasizes the relevance of these complexes in addressing public health concerns such as antibiotic resistance while indicating the scope of biological testing conducted in the research.
9) Nature:
'Nature' in this context refers to the intrinsic characteristics, properties, or behaviors exhibited by the synthesized compounds and their biological interactions. Understanding the nature of these complexes and their biological activities leads to potential therapeutic applications, contributing to ongoing research in pharmacology and drug design.
10) Medium:
'Medium' refers to the culture medium utilized for antimicrobial screening, critical for cultivating bacterial and fungal strains. In microbiological experiments, the choice of medium significantly influences the growth of microorganisms and, consequently, the assessment of the antibacterial or antifungal efficacy of the tested compounds.
11) Species:
'Species' indicates the various organisms used during the biological evaluation of the synthesized compounds. The inclusion of specific bacterial and fungal species underscores the breadth of antimicrobial testing and the potential of the new compounds to exhibit selective or broad-spectrum activities against various pathogens.
12) India:
'India' indicates the country where the research was conducted at the University of Mysore. This geographical identification is significant, as it highlights the role of Indian academic institutions in contributing to global research efforts, particularly in the domains of chemistry and pharmaceuticals.
13) Dish (Diś):
'Dish' refers to the petri dishes used during the antimicrobial studies to culture bacteria and fungi. These dishes are critical for providing a controlled environment for observing the effects of the synthesized compounds on microbial growth, validating their antibacterial and antifungal properties through empirical evidence.
14) Line:
'Line' in this context could refer to the lineage of biological testing or the clear delineation of different experiments being recorded. It highlights the importance of documenting each step and result in research, facilitating reproducibility and enhancing clarity in scientific communication.
15) Pharmacological:
'Pharmacological' pertains to the study of drug action and the effects of synthesized compounds on biological systems. This term underscores the relevance of the research in exploring potential therapeutic applications, helping to bridge chemistry with medicinal sciences in the quest for effective drugs against infections.
16) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
'Transformation' refers to the changes or conversions occurring during the synthesis of ligands and complexes. Understanding these transformations is essential in the context of drug development as they may directly influence the biological activity and pharmacodynamics of the resulting compounds.
17) Discussion:
'Discussion' typically refers to the section of the research where results are interpreted, compared, and synthesized with existing literature. It facilitates a greater understanding of the implications of the findings, allowing researchers to draw conclusions about the potential applications and future research directions of the compounds investigated.
18) Karnataka (Karṇāṭaka):
'Karnataka' indicates the Indian state where the University of Mysore is located. This regional reference highlights the local contributions to scientific research and development in the area of pharmaceuticals, linking the institution's efforts to broader trends in health and medicine within India and globally.
19) Evolution:
'Evolution' refers to the gradual process of development in the context of drug discovery and biology. It signifies the ongoing refinement of understanding about how new compounds can evolve from existing drugs, leading to enhanced effectiveness and novel mechanisms of action in addressing diseases.
20) Disease:
'Disease' represents the medical conditions targeted by the synthesized compounds in this research. Each compound's potential activity against bacteria and fungi signifies a critical avenue for developing novel therapies to address infectious diseases that pose significant health risks globally.
21) Company:
'Company' in this context may refer to scientific or pharmaceutical companies that would be interested in the research findings for future drug development. The mention indicates a potential link between academic research and commercial applications that could yield therapeutic products from the synthesized compounds.
22) Thomas:
'Thomas' likely refers to the 'Thomas Hoover apparatus' mentioned in the methods section used for measuring melting points. This equipment is fundamental for characterizing compounds in chemistry, thus enabling researchers to establish purity and identity, ensuring the reliability of the synthesized materials.
23) Cancer:
'Cancer' reflects one of the potential therapeutic targets for the synthesized compounds discussed in the article. The exploration of anti-cancer properties signifies a significant area of biopharmaceutical research, aiming to develop compounds capable of combating cancer through diverse mechanisms of action.
24) Reason:
'Reason' refers to the justification behind the observed biological activities of the synthesized compounds. Understanding the reasons for differing levels of activity among compounds can guide further research and development, optimizing lead compounds for enhanced efficacy in targeted applications.
25) Cotton:
'Cotton' denotes the sterile cotton swabs used in the microbiological methods for spreading microbial cultures. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining sterile techniques in laboratory settings to minimize contamination and ensure the accuracy of experimental results during biological testing.
26) Kumar (Kumār):
'Kumar' likely refers to one of the authors associated with the research article. The mention highlights individual contributions to the study, representing the collective academic efforts and expertise necessary to conduct high-quality scientific research in the field of inorganic chemistry and pharmacology.
27) Hand:
'Hand' could refer to manual techniques employed during the experiments, emphasizing the practical skills required to synthesize and evaluate the compounds. In scientific research, hands-on experience is essential for effectively carrying out procedures, ensuring the accuracy and replicability of results.
28) Salt (Salty):
'Salt' refers to the metal salts used in synthesizing the metal complexes described in the research. These salts play a crucial role in forming coordination complexes with ligands, highlighting the fundamental chemical interactions that define the properties and effectiveness of the resulting pharmaceutical compounds.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘N/s/o functionalized ligands and their metal complexes’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Experimental method, Therapeutics, Antioxidant activity, Antimicrobial activity, In vitro, Pharmaceutical industries, Zone of inhibition, DPPH assay, Radical Scavenging Activity, Yield percentage, Triplicate experiments, Antitumor effect, Zones of inhibition, Melting point, Room temperature, Elemental analysis, DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay, Structure-activity relationship, Medicinal chemistry, Antimicrobial screening, Protease inhibitor, Anticancer agent.