Novel nasal drug delivery system- a review
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Novel nasal drug delivery system- a review
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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J.Joysa Ruby and V.P. Pandey
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
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Full text available for: Novel nasal drug delivery system- a review
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The nasal cavity has emerged as a viable route for drug delivery, gaining significant attention from researchers in the pharmaceutical industry over the past two decades. This delivery method offers several advantages, including a large surface area for absorption, a highly vascularized epithelial layer, and the avoidance of first-pass metabolism. Additionally, the nasal route enables easy self-administration of medications, making it an appealing alternative to conventional methods like injections. Despite these advantages, challenges such as rapid clearance from the nasal cavity and difficulties in administering solid formulations remain hurdles to effective drug delivery.
The Role of Novel Delivery Systems
Recent advancements in nasal drug delivery have highlighted the importance of novel formulations such as liposomes, nanoparticles, and microspheres. These methods not only facilitate better drug retention in the nasal cavity but also enhance absorption and ensure stability. Liposomes, for instance, have been shown to encapsulate both small and large therapeutic molecules, significantly improving the nasal uptake of peptides like insulin. This sustained release capability is advantageous, as it allows for better management of systemic diseases and offers a protective mechanism against enzymatic degradation.
Benefits of Nanoparticles in Nasal Delivery
Nanoparticles have gained traction as promising drug carriers due to their stability and controlled physicochemical properties. With diameters ranging from 1-1000 nm, these solid colloidal particles can efficiently penetrate mucosal membranes, though the smallest nanoparticles tend to be most effective. Their advantages include a sustained release profile, reduced risk of adverse effects, decreased systemic absorption, and increased compliance due to less frequent dosing. These attributes make nanoparticles not only beneficial for conventional drugs but also suitable for nasal vaccines, paving the way for innovative therapeutic applications.
Advantages of Microsphere Technology
Microspheres represent another specialized formulation that enhances the bioavailability of drugs administered nasally. They are designed to increase the residence time of the drug within the nasal mucosa, which can significantly improve absorption rates. Studies have demonstrated that mucoadhesive microspheres made from various polymers, such as xanthan gum and Carbopol, offer prolonged drug release while protecting sensitive compounds from enzymatic degradation. The successful use of microspheres for delivering drugs like insulin and metoclopramide has showcased their potential for effective nasal administration, overcoming several limitations of traditional delivery forms.
Conclusion
The exploration of nasal drug delivery systems is unlocking new possibilities for enhancing bioavailability and reducing the complications associated with conventional routes. Novel formulations, such as in situ gels, nasal inserts, and mucoadhesive microspheres, demonstrate promising advancements that can streamline medication delivery and improve patient outcomes. By focusing on natural mucoadhesive polymers and innovative technologies, future research can further address existing challenges in nasal drug delivery, ultimately contributing to effective therapeutic strategies that are easier for patients to manage independently.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are the advantages of nasal drug delivery systems?
Nasal drug delivery offers a large absorption surface, bypasses first-pass metabolism, and allows for self-administration. It can enhance drug absorption for low molecular weight drugs and is a suitable alternative for emergency treatments.
What novel formulations are used in nasal drug delivery?
Novel formulations include liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, in-situ gels, and nasal inserts. These formulations help improve drug bioavailability by enhancing absorption and retention time while also providing protection against enzymatic degradation.
What are liposomes and their role in nasal drug delivery?
Liposomes are phospholipid vesicles that encapsulate drugs for sustained release. They enhance the absorption of peptides like insulin by improving membrane penetration and protecting them from degradation in the nasal mucosa.
How do nanoparticles improve nasal drug delivery efficiency?
Nanoparticles are small particles that enhance loading capacity and stability of bioactive compounds. Their unique size allows for controlled drug release and increased patient compliance, while potentially reducing systemic absorption and adverse effects.
What role do mucoadhesive systems play in nasal formulations?
Mucoadhesive systems prolong the contact time between the drug and nasal mucosa, improving absorption. They facilitate drug retention by forming a bond with the mucus, leading to enhanced drug concentration across the epithelial barrier.
What challenges remain in the development of nasal drug delivery systems?
Challenges include managing the rapid clearance of drugs due to mucociliary action, ensuring stable formulations, and overcoming difficulties in administering large doses or solid forms effectively through the nasal route.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Novel nasal drug delivery system- a review”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Drug:
A drug is a substance used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease and is integral to patient care. In the context of nasal delivery systems, drugs can be administered more effectively through the nasal route for various therapeutic effects and enhanced bioavailability compared to conventional routes.
2) Ruby:
In this context, Ruby refers to one of the authors, J. Joysa Ruby, involved in the research and writing of the review. The contribution of Ruby is significant in advancing the study of novel nasal drug delivery systems and illustrating the ongoing research efforts in pharmacy.
3) Water:
Water is crucial and acts as a solvent in many drug formulations. In nasal drug delivery systems, the interaction of drugs with water influences the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of the drugs, impacting their effectiveness and absorption through the nasal mucosa.
4) Disease:
Disease is a pathological condition that the nasal drug delivery system aims to treat. Effective drug delivery can provide localized or systemic treatment for various diseases, enhancing absorption and therapeutic effects, particularly important for life-threatening or acute conditions requiring urgent intervention.
5) Surface:
The term surface refers to the nasal mucosa's extensive area that facilitates drug absorption. The large surface area of the nasal cavity allows for rapid and efficient absorption of drugs, making it a promising route for delivering medications directly to the systemic circulation.
6) Chidambaram:
Chidambaram is the location of Annamalai University, where the research was conducted. This geographical reference connects the study to its academic setting, emphasizing the collaborative efforts and institutional support in advancing pharmaceutical research and drug delivery systems in India.
7) Annamalai (Aṇṇāmalai):
Annamalai refers to Annamalai University in Tamilnadu, which is the academic institution associated with the authors of the review article. This university plays a vital role in pharmaceutical education and research, contributing to advancements in drug formulation and delivery technologies.
8) Substance:
Substance refers to the various materials and compounds that can be formulated into drugs for nasal delivery. Understanding the properties of these substances is essential for developing effective formulations that enhance drug absorption, stability, and overall therapeutic efficacy.
9) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu, Tamilnāḍu):
Tamilnadu is a southern Indian state where the research was conducted at Annamalai University. This geographical reference underlines the importance of regional contributions to pharmaceutical research and innovative drug delivery systems aimed at addressing local and global health issues.
10) Powder:
Powder refers to a solid formulation of drugs that may be used in nasal delivery systems. Dry powder formulations can enhance the stability and shelf-life of the drugs, offering a convenient method of administration while ensuring efficient absorption in the nasal cavity.
11) India:
India is the country where the research is conducted, highlighting its significance in global pharmaceutical research and development. India's growing pharmaceutical industry is focused on innovations in drug delivery systems that contribute to healthcare improvements domestically and internationally.
12) Pur (Pūr):
Poor refers to the limitations associated with conventional drug delivery systems, including reduced bioavailability and potential side effects. The review emphasizes novel nasal drug delivery systems as a solution to overcome these limitations, improving the efficacy and safety of therapeutic agents.
13) Biodegradable:
Biodegradable materials are critical in developing drug delivery systems, ensuring minimal environmental impact and biological compatibility. Biodegradable polymers can be utilized in formulations to sustain drug release, increase bioavailability, and reduce adverse effects, aligning with eco-friendly pharmaceutical practices.
14) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulated refers to the concentration of drugs that reach systemic circulation or target sites within the body. Efficient nasal drug delivery systems aim to increase the accumulation of active agents where needed, improving therapeutic outcomes and enhancing treatment efficacy.
15) Swallowing:
Swallowing refers to a delivery challenge in conventional oral drug administration, which can limit the effectiveness of certain medications. The nasal route bypasses the swallowing process, allowing for direct absorption of drugs, particularly beneficial for patients who face difficulties in swallowing pills.
16) Irritation:
Irritation is an adverse effect associated with drug administration that can impact patient compliance. The review discusses strategies to minimize irritation in nasal formulations, ensuring comfort during administration and enhancing overall therapeutic efficacy in nasal drug delivery systems.
17) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to the potential harmful effects of drugs on biological systems, a significant concern in drug development. The review emphasizes methods to reduce toxicity in formulations, such as using mucoadhesive systems and biodegradable materials to enhance safety and efficacy.
18) Swelling:
Swelling refers to the increase in volume or absorption capability of formulations like microspheres upon contact with nasal mucosa. Swelling contributes to improved residence time and bioavailability of the drug, enhancing therapeutic effects through better mucosal interaction.
19) Activity:
Activity refers to the pharmacological effectiveness of a drug. In the review, increasing the activity of drugs delivered nasally is a focus, achieved through novel delivery technologies that enhance absorption rates and therapeutic impact while minimizing side effects.
20) Gelatin:
Gelatin is a biopolymer that can be used in drug formulations, including those for nasal delivery. Its properties contribute to the formation of viscosity-enhancing gels that can improve the retention of drugs in the nasal cavity and optimize absorption.
21) Animal:
Animal refers to the use of animal models in pharmaceutical research to evaluate the efficacy and safety of drug formulations. In the context of the review, animal studies played a vital role in demonstrating the effectiveness of novel nasal drug delivery systems.
22) Table:
Table refers to the organized presentation of information detailing various novel formulations and their active agents for nasal drug delivery. This structured format aids in understanding the advancements in drug delivery systems and their specific therapeutic applications.
23) Blood:
Blood is the medium through which drugs are distributed in the body after absorption. Nasal drug delivery aims for rapid entry into the bloodstream, enabling faster therapeutic effects compared to traditional routes, particularly crucial for acute treatments requiring urgent action.
24) Study (Studying):
Study refers to the research investigation into novel nasal drug delivery systems documented in the review. This study contributes to the scientific knowledge of formulations and assesses their potential to improve drug absorption and therapeutic outcomes.
25) Beta (Bēṭa, Beṭa):
Beta refers to a classification of drugs, including various active pharmaceutical ingredients that can be formulated for nasal delivery. The importance of specific beta agents in achieving desired pharmacological effects highlights the focus on innovative formulations in drug development.
26) Life:
Life refers to the overall health and well-being that effective drug delivery systems aim to enhance. By ensuring efficient treatment through novel nasal delivery methods, the goal is to improve patient outcomes, thus positively impacting their quality of life.
27) Pain (Paiṇ):
Pain refers to the condition that is often treated using drugs delivered through nasal systems. The ability of nasal formulations to provide rapid relief for pain management is a primary focus of research, especially for conditions requiring immediate intervention.
28) Post:
Post refers to the post-nasal drip experience, which can affect patient comfort during drug administration. The review addresses nasal delivery systems developed to minimize post-nasal drip, optimizing drug retention and enhancing therapeutic absorption while ensuring patient comfort.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Novel nasal drug delivery system- a review’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Therapeutic agent, Central nervous system, Liposome, Drug delivery system, Nasal drug delivery, Nanoparticle, Mucoadhesive properties, Nasal Mucosa, First Pass Metabolism, Novel drug delivery system, Patient compliance, Mucociliary clearance, Sustained release formulation, Pharmaceutical science, Synthetic polymer, Microsphere.