Enzyme assay of Carissa carandas at various growth stages vs. ripe.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Comparative enzyme assay of carissa carandas fruit at various stages of growth with stored ripe stage
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Dipanjali Saikia, Manika D. Kataki
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Comparative enzyme assay of carissa carandas fruit at various stages of growth with stored ripe stage
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Carissa carandas Linn. (Karaunda) is a medicinal plant widely recognized in various traditional medicine systems in India, including Ayurveda, Unani, and Homoeopathy. Its usage spans across treating ailments such as scabies, intestinal worms, pruritus, and biliousness, owing to its diverse biological activities, which include analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiscorbutic properties. The plant's fruits are notable for their high iron content and vitamin C, especially when ripe. The study investigates the enzyme activity, specifically focusing on peroxidases and catalases within the plant, as these enzymes play critical roles in oxidative stress defense and other vital physiological processes.
Enzyme Activity and Growth Stages
The research outlines the changes in specific peroxidase and catalase enzyme activities of C. carandas throughout its growth and ripening stages. It found that peroxidase activity peaked during the pre-ripened stage but decreased significantly during the ripened stage. Conversely, catalase activity presented an inconsistent trend, showing initial increases followed by a decline during maturation and ripening. These observations underline the dynamic nature of enzyme activity in relation to the fruit's developmental phases and highlight the potential applications of these enzymes in understanding the plant's medicinal properties and storage qualities.
Storage Effects on Enzymatic Activity
The study also delves into the effects of storage at 4°C on the enzymatic activity of C. carandas fruits. It was observed that stored fruits exhibited specific activities of peroxidase and catalase that differed significantly from those in fresh ripe fruits. The peroxidase activity reduced, indicating potential shelf-life challenges for the fruit if targeted therapeutic properties are to be harnessed. In contrast, catalase activity increased in stored fruits, suggesting a protective mechanism against oxidative damage during storage. These findings are crucial for developing strategies for the preservation of C. carandas fruits as functional foods.
Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Potential
Given the rich antioxidant properties and therapeutic potential of C. carandas, the study emphasizes the importance of further research into this underutilized species. The fruit's inherent bioactive compounds offer promising prospects for enhancing functional food products, thereby addressing nutritional deficiencies. Moreover, as deforestation and urbanization threaten many medicinal plant species, advocating for C. carandas could contribute to conservation efforts while providing valuable resources for impoverished populations reliant on medicinal plants as food and medicine.
The findings of this research underscore the multifaceted potential of C. carandas in both the functional food industry and herbal medicine. Recognizing and exploiting the medicinal properties of this plant can aid in developing cost-effective and eco-friendly therapeutics. The study calls for increased research and interest in Carissa species to unlock their full therapeutic potential and promote their use as integral components of healthy diets, emphasizing their role in food security and health care in various communities.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Carissa carandas and its medicinal significance?
Carissa carandas, commonly known as Karaunda, is a medicinal plant used in traditional Indian medicine. It is known for treating ailments such as scabies and intestinal worms, and its fruits are rich in iron and vitamin C.
How does catalase function in plants like Carissa carandas?
Catalase is primarily found in peroxisomes and protects plants from oxidative stress by decomposing hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, thus maintaining cellular health during processes like photorespiration and fatty acid oxidation.
What were the specific activities of peroxidase and catalase in ripe Carissa fruits?
In stored ripe Carissa fruits, peroxidase activity decreased to 0.012 units/min/mg protein, while catalase activity increased to 0.051 units/min/mg protein, indicating variations in enzyme activities during the fruit's ripening process.
What methods were used to assay peroxidase and catalase in the study?
Peroxidase activity was measured using guaiacol as a substrate, while catalase activity was determined by monitoring the decrease in absorbance of hydrogen peroxide at 240 nm using a spectrophotometer.
What are the potential benefits of studying Carissa carandas?
Research on Carissa carandas can uncover its therapeutic benefits, promote its use in functional foods, and contribute to the development of eco-friendly pharmaceuticals, emphasizing its potential in both health and nutrition.
How do environmental factors affect peroxidase activity in plants?
Peroxidase activity in plants is influenced by developmental stages and environmental stimuli, such as temperature and pathogen presence, with activity typically increasing during fruit ripening and defense responses.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Enzyme assay of Carissa carandas at various growth stages vs. ripe.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
The term 'Activity' refers to the specific enzymatic functions measured in the study, such as catalase and peroxidase activities in Carissa carandas fruit. These enzymatic activities are crucial for understanding the biochemical processes in the fruit, which have medicinal and nutritional implications, supporting their potential therapeutic benefits.
2) Medicine:
'Medicine' encompasses the various therapeutic uses of Carissa carandas in traditional practices. The fruit is recognized for its role in treating ailments like scabies and intestinal worms, highlighting its significance in herbal remedies and modern pharmaceutical research for developing natural treatments.
3) Food:
'Food' relates to the nutritional aspects of Carissa carandas fruits. They serve as a source of vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamin C and iron, underscoring their potential role as functional foods that can enhance dietary diversity and health in human populations.
4) Ripe:
'Ripe' designates the mature stage of the Carissa carandas fruit, where it undergoes significant changes in texture, taste, and biochemical activities. Understanding the characteristics of ripe fruits is essential for harvesting and processing practices as they typically exhibit maximum nutritional and medicinal value.
5) Tezpur:
'Tezpur' is the geographical location where the research was conducted. It reflects the local biodiversity and cultural practices regarding the use of Carissa carandas. The region's unique climate and soil conditions may influence the fruit's biochemical properties and its medicinal potentials.
6) Patel (Paṭel, Pāṭel):
'Patel' refers to a cited researcher whose work helped inform the study. It signifies the academic dialogue surrounding Carissa carandas, lending credibility and context to the research findings. Recognizing different researchers strengthens the foundation of evidence regarding the plant's utility.
7) Table:
'Table' denotes a structured presentation of data, crucial for summarizing research findings concerning enzyme activities at various fruit development stages. Tables facilitate quick comparison and analysis, allowing readers to grasp results and trends effectively, vital for scientific discourse.
8) Study (Studying):
'Study' represents the systematic research conducted to assess the enzyme activities of Carissa carandas. This research is vital for establishing a scientific basis for the therapeutic and nutritional applications of the fruit, demonstrating the importance of inquiry in understanding medicinal plants.
9) Water:
'Water' serves as a solvent and medium in the enzymatic assays. It is fundamental in biochemical reactions, ensuring proper conditions for plant enzyme activity measurement. The use of water highlights the importance of environmental factors in the biochemical properties of the fruit.
10) Genu (Geṇu):
'Genu' may refer to the scientific classification or genus of Carissa carandas. Understanding its genus entails knowledge about its related species and ecological roles, which is integral in biodiversity conservation and the exploration of the plant's broader applications in medicine and nutrition.
11) Species:
'Species' pertains to the specific classification of Carissa carandas within the plant kingdom. Knowledge of the species allows for understanding its particular characteristics, biological behavior, and ecological significance, which are crucial for conservation efforts and agricultural production.
12) Wall:
'Wall' likely alludes to the cellular structures where enzymes like peroxidases are localized. The cell wall's role in enzymatic reactions is important for plant defense mechanisms, emphasizing the relationship between structural biology and biochemical activity in fruits.
13) Sugar:
'Sugar' relates to the carbohydrate composition of Carissa carandas fruits, contributing to their caloric value and sweetness. This characteristic is of interest for nutritional profiling and functional food applications, indicating potential benefits in energy provision in diets.
14) Drug:
'Drug' signifies the potential pharmaceutical applications of compounds derived from Carissa carandas. Investigating its medicinal properties can lead to the development of natural drugs, showcasing the importance of plant-derived substances in modern pharmacology and therapeutic interventions.
15) Phytochemical:
'Phytochemical' denotes the biologically active compounds found in Carissa carandas, contributing to its medicinal properties. Identifying and characterizing these phytochemicals can enhance understanding of the plant's therapeutic potential, which is crucial for further research in natural product chemistry.
16) Measurement:
'Measurement' refers to the quantification of enzyme activities in the study. Accurate measurement is critical for scientific validation of results and establishes a reliable basis for interpreting the biochemical behavior of Carissa carandas at different fruit maturity stages.
17) Discussion:
'Discussion' indicates the analytical dialogue occurring post-results in scientific research. It synthesizes findings, gives insights into their implications, and proposes future directions. This section contextualizes the role of Carissa carandas in pharmacology and nutrition.
18) Developing:
'Developing' signifies the ongoing efforts to enhance the understanding and applications of Carissa carandas in nutrition and medicine. This word embodies the research momentum needed to advance herbal medicines in contemporary healthcare, particularly in resource-limited settings.
19) Container:
'Container' refers to the storage conditions of fruit samples during research. Proper containment preserves enzyme activities and biochemical integrity, showcasing the importance of experimental design and methodology in ensuring the validity of research outcomes.
20) Ayurveda (Āyurveda, Ayus-veda):
'Ayurveda' embodies the ancient Indian system of medicine where Carissa carandas has been historically utilized. Recognizing its Ayurvedic relevance underscores the cultural heritage of medicinal plants and their integration into contemporary natural health practices.
21) Disease:
'Disease' denotes the conditions that Carissa carandas may help alleviate, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Understanding the relationship between the plant's properties and specific diseases reinforces its role in integrated healthcare approaches, particularly within traditional systems.
22) Mineral:
'Mineral' indicates the inorganic elements present in Carissa carandas, such as iron, contributing to its nutritional profile. Minerals play vital roles in human health, supporting the potential of the fruit as a dietary supplement in combating deficiencies.
23) Manika (Maṇīkā, Maṇika, Mānikā, Manikā, Manīka, Māṇika, Māṇikā):
'Manika' refers to a co-author of the study, signifying the collaborative effort behind the research. Acknowledging different contributors highlights the interdisciplinary nature of scientific research, which often requires diverse expertise to produce comprehensive insights.
24) Kataki (Kāṭakī, Kaṭakī):
'Kataki' represents another co-author of the study, emphasizing the team involved in exploring the properties of Carissa carandas. The contributions of various researchers legitimizes findings and reflects the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry.
25) Family:
'Family' denotes the taxonomic classification of Carissa carandas within the Apocynaceae family. Understanding its family context can provide insights into its relatives and their similar properties, facilitating knowledge sharing about plant characteristics across different species.
26) Animal:
'Animal' may allude to the biological interactions between Carissa carandas and various animals. Understanding these interactions is significant for studying ecological relationships, potential pest control, and the role of fruits in animal diets, contributing to biodiversity.
27) India:
'India' indicates the geographical and cultural context in which Carissa carandas is utilized. Understanding its traditional and geographical roots provides insights into regional medicinal practices and the importance of indigenous knowledge in plant usage.
28) Tenga (Teṅga):
'Tenga' relates to the Assamese term used for Carissa carandas, emphasizing local nomenclature and ethnobotanical significance. Recognizing local names enhances cultural appreciation and promotes understanding of traditional uses, facilitating further research into indigenous practices.
29) Doubt:
'Doubt' refers to uncertainties regarding the efficacy and safety of medicinal plants. Addressing doubts in scientific research is vital for validating the therapeutic claims made about Carissa carandas, thus enhancing trust among practitioners and users.
30) Field:
'Field' reflects the research area or discipline concerned with studying Carissa carandas. This term encompasses the scientific, medicinal, and nutritional explorations, demonstrating the plant's relevance across various sectors in health and nutrition.
31) Sah:
'Shah' refers to a cited researcher whose work contributed to the understanding of Carissa carandas. Recognizing different contributors to the field provides a richer perspective on collective scientific efforts and advancements related to medicinal plants.
32) Diet:
'Diet' signifies the importance of Carissa carandas within human nutrition. Acknowledging its role in diets emphasizes the need for incorporating diverse plant-based foods, enhancing nutritional intake and promoting health benefits through natural food sources.
33) Rich (Ṛch):
'Rich' describes the abundance of nutrients, phytochemicals, and medicinal properties in Carissa carandas. This term is significant as it highlights the potential health benefits, making it an important subject for research in functional foods and herbal medicine.
34) Hand:
'Hand' may metaphorically represent the effort and meticulous work put into researching Carissa carandas. It symbolizes human agency in exploring natural resources, emphasizing the intersection of nature and science in discovering beneficial plants.
35) Worm:
'Worm' relates to certain health issues that Carissa carandas is traditionally used to treat, such as intestinal worms. Understanding these applications links traditional knowledge with modern research, emphasizing the relevance of folk medicine in addressing common health challenges.
36) Pur (Pūr):
'Poor' refers to economically disadvantaged populations that may rely on local medicinal plants like Carissa carandas for healthcare solutions. Acknowledging their significance in the lives of underprivileged groups invites discussions on sustainability and accessibility of herbal remedies.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Enzyme assay of Carissa carandas at various growth stages vs. ripe.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Carissa carandas, Medicinal plant, Biomedical research, Herbal medicine, Ripening stage, Indigenous system of medicine, Reactive oxygen species, Hydrogen peroxide, Biological activities, Catalase activity, Anthelmintic properties, Functional food, Natural Medicine, Specific activity, Phosphate buffer, Antioxidant enzyme, Peroxidase activity, Enzyme activities, Enzyme Activity, In vitro regeneration, Research community, Endogenous antioxidant enzymes, Environmental Stimulus, Biochemical Approach.