Terminalia spp.: A Potential Material and Its Limitations in Medicine
Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: Terminalia spp.: A Potential Material and Its Limitations in Medicine
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Le Pham Tan Quoc
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:
(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)
Full text available for: Terminalia spp.: A Potential Material and Its Limitations in Medicine
Year: 2023 | Doi: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.6.17
Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The review article titled ‘Bacterial foodborne illness in Malaysia: Terminalia spp. as a potential resource for treating infections and countering antibiotic resistance’ sheds light on the promising therapeutic properties of various Terminalia species. These plants, often cultivated in Southeast Asia primarily as ornamental shade trees, have been recognized for their antibacterial and phytochemical qualities. While significant research has explored the extracts derived from different parts of these plants, the efficiency of extraction methods remains inadequately documented. Understanding the yield and optimal extraction materials is crucial for maximizing the potential use of these plants in medicinal applications.
Extraction Efficiency of Terminalia spp.
An important aspect discussed in the article is the extraction efficiency of Terminalia spp., particularly the varying effectiveness of extracts from leaves, seeds, and bark. While previous studies often focused on the rigid stem bark for extraction, which can lead to lower yields and environmental concerns, research indicates that other parts, such as leaves and fruits, may offer better extraction results. For instance, extracts from T. nigrovenulosa stem bark yielded more than those derived from leaves using various solvents. Additionally, other species like T. catappa demonstrate high bioactive compound content, with extracts showing considerable antibacterial properties against pathogens like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The letter highlights the need for more advanced extraction techniques—such as microwave-assisted extraction and enzyme-assisted extraction—while underscoring the potential toxicity of these extracts, which necessitates further investigation, especially in human subjects.
Conclusion
In summary, the biological activities of Terminalia species present a promising avenue for addressing bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance. However, substantial gaps exist in the documentation of extraction efficiency and the comprehensive study of their toxicological profiles. Future research should not only focus on optimizing extraction methods but also on elucidating the chemical composition and biological efficacy of different parts of Terminalia spp. Addressing these challenges will enhance our understanding and utilization of these plants for medicinal purposes, paving the way for novel therapeutic solutions against foodborne illnesses.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are the key antibacterial properties of Terminalia species?
Terminalia species, particularly Terminalia catappa, exhibit significant antibacterial effects against pathogens like E. coli, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus, due to their rich content of bioactive compounds such as glycosides, saponins, and polyphenols.
Why is the extraction method for Terminalia spp. important?
Extraction methods significantly influence the yield and biological activity of compounds derived from Terminalia spp. Advanced techniques like microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and enzyme-assisted extractions can enhance extraction efficiency and reduce costs, offering better results than traditional methods.
What are the environmental concerns related to Terminalia extraction?
Extracting bark from Terminalia trees can be unsustainable as it may lead to tree death. Utilizing less harmful parts like leaves or fruits for extraction is recommended to ensure environmental sustainability while optimizing extract yields.
What potential risks are associated with Terminalia essential oils?
Though Terminalia essential oils are promising, studies have indicated toxicity in animal models. Further clinical studies on humans are essential to assess the safety and potential side effects of these oils.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Terminalia spp.: A Potential Material and Its Limitations in Medicine”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
Activity refers to the biological actions exhibited by substances or extracts, including their effectiveness in inhibiting or promoting certain physiological processes. In the context of Terminalia spp., it pertains to their potential antibacterial and antioxidant properties, which are significant for therapeutic applications and further research in medicinal chemistry.
2) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibiotic refers to substances that can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, traditionally used in medicine. The rise of antibiotic resistance makes exploring natural alternatives, such as extracts from Terminalia spp., essential. Understanding their antibacterial properties is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies against resistant bacterial strains.
3) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance can cause harm to living organisms, including humans. Understanding the toxicity of extracts from Terminalia spp. is vital for assessing their safety as medicinal agents. Research must be conducted to evaluate their effects on humans and mitigate potential health risks.
4) Species:
Species pertain to distinct groups of organisms that share common characteristics. In this context, it highlights the diversity of Terminalia spp., where various species exhibit unique phytochemical compositions and biological activities. Recognizing species differences is essential for understanding their potential therapeutic applications and interactions in ecological systems.
5) Study (Studying):
Studying refers to the process of acquiring knowledge through observation, experimentation, and analysis. In exploring Terminalia spp., studying their chemical composition and biological efficacy is essential to validate their therapeutic potentials, guiding future research and informing the practice of herbal medicine in health management.
6) Cock:
Cock, in this context, refers to IE Cock, an author contributing to the body of research on Terminalia spp. Collaborative studies, such as those including author Cock, underscore the importance of multi-disciplinary approaches in understanding plant efficacy and promoting further investigation into alternative medicine and bacteriological safety.
7) Arjuna:
Arjuna refers to Terminalia arjuna, a species noted for its medicinal properties, particularly in traditional medicine systems. Studies focusing on T. arjuna provide insights into its potential therapeutic uses, highlighting its bioactive compounds and contributions to heart health, thus expanding the scope of research in herbal remedies.
8) Food:
Food signifies substances consumed for nutritional support. In relation to Terminalia spp., it emphasizes the importance of exploring their edible components and potential as functional food ingredients. The antibacterial properties of these plants can also enhance food safety, providing an intersection between nutrition, health, and culinary applications.
9) Knowledge:
Knowledge encompasses the understanding and insights gained from research and studies. In the context of Terminalia spp., expanding knowledge about their medicinal benefits, phytochemical content, and extraction efficiency is vital. This contributes significantly to the scientific community and guides future research directions in pharmacognosy and herbal medicine.
10) Medicine:
Medicine refers to substances or practices used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease. The exploration of Terminalia spp. for their medicinal properties signifies the importance of integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches to develop new therapeutic agents capable of addressing contemporary health challenges, including antibiotic resistance.
11) Disease:
Disease signifies a pathological condition that disrupts normal bodily functions. The focus on the antibacterial properties of Terminalia spp. highlights their potential role in managing infectious diseases. Understanding plant-based treatments could aid in developing effective strategies for treating bacterial infections, thereby improving public health outcomes.
12) Aureus:
Aureus refers to Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogenic bacteria known for causing various infections. Research into the antibacterial properties of Terminalia spp. against S. aureus is crucial, as this bacterium represents a significant threat due to antibiotic resistance. Finding natural remedies could offer alternative treatment options.
13) Mahmud:
Mahmud refers to one of the authors involved in the research of Terminalia spp. Collaborative contributions from various authors, including Mahmud, highlight the importance of interdisciplinary studies in exploring the chemical and biological properties of these plants and their potential applications in medicine and pharmacology.
14) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
Sharma represents one of the researchers contributing to the understanding of Terminalia spp. Their involvement indicates the collaborative effort in biological research aimed at uncovering the health benefits and applications of plant-derived substances. Such contributions aid in advancing scientific knowledge in the fields of herbal medicine and phytotherapy.
15) Indian:
Indian refers to the geographical and cultural origin of certain researched species of Terminalia. The traditional use of these plants in Indian medicine illustrates the relevance of ethnobotanical studies, bridging cultural practices with scientific inquiry, and validating the therapeutic properties of indigenous plants across various health systems.
16) Kumar:
Kumar references one of the collaborative researchers involved in the studies on Terminalia spp. The contributions of authors like Kumar emphasize the collective effort within scientific exploration of herbal medicines, helping to uncover viable alternatives for treating infections and enhancing our understanding of plant properties.
17) Rauf:
Rauf indicates an author associated with the exploration of Terminalia spp. His collaboration highlights the significance of shared expertise in botanical research, critical for investigating phytochemical interactions and potential therapeutic benefits, thereby advancing our understanding of plant-based medicinal applications in contemporary health settings.
18) Terminalia chebula:
Terminalia chebula is a species known for its extensive use in traditional medicine for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The study of T. chebula emphasizes its significance in treating various ailments, contributing to the broader understanding of natural compounds in developing alternative therapeutic strategies and their applications in modern medicine.
19) Human body:
The human body refers to the physical structure of human beings. Understanding how extracts from Terminalia spp. impact the human body is crucial, particularly regarding their efficacy and safety. This knowledge can inform therapeutic usage and help assess potential adverse effects associated with phytochemical compounds.
20) Terminalia bellirica:
Terminalia bellirica is another notable species within the Terminalia genus, recognized for its medicinal properties. Research on T. bellirica contributes to uncovering its bioactive compounds and health benefits, further emphasizing the importance of this species in traditional remedies and potential applications in modern medical practices.
21) Terminalia arjuna:
Terminalia arjuna is a species revered for its cardiovascular benefits and traditional healing properties. Studies on T. arjuna enhance our knowledge of its phytochemical constituents, promoting its exploration as an alternative therapeutic agent for heart health and illustrating the potential of plant-based treatments in contemporary medicine.
22) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical refers to the bioactive compounds derived from plants that contribute to their medicinal properties. The study of terminalia species focuses on identifying and analyzing these phytochemicals, as they play a crucial role in determining the biological activity, effectiveness, and potential therapeutic applications of plant extracts.
23) Science (Scientific):
Scientific relates to methods and principles involving systematic study and empirical evidence. The exploration of Terminalia spp. through scientific inquiry emphasizes the need for rigorous testing, reproducibility, and peer review in confirming traditional claims and advancing botanical sciences to develop effective natural therapeutic agents.
24) Animal:
Animal pertains to living organisms within the animal kingdom that may be used in research. Studies assessing the toxicity of Terminalia spp. on animal models are vital for evaluating safety and effectiveness before considering human applications, ensuring any medicinal usage is based on sound scientific evidence.
25) Water:
Water is essential for life and is often used as a solvent in extracting phytochemicals from plants. Its role in the extraction processes of Terminalia spp. highlights the importance of solvent choice in influencing the yield and biological activity of the extracts, impacting research outcomes.
26) Field:
Field refers to a specific area of study or research domain. In botanical sciences, field research on Terminalia spp. offers insights into their ecological significance, distribution, and potential uses, fostering advancements in sustainable practices, conservation efforts, and the promotion of herbal medicine in health-related fields.
27) Death:
Death signifies the end of life and is a critical concept when discussing the sustainability of medicinal plant extraction. The ecological impact of harvesting terminalia bark may lead to tree death, underscoring the need for sustainable practices to preserve biodiversity and maintain balance in ecosystems.
28) Tiger:
Tiger may refer to the tiger barb fish, which has been used in toxicity studies regarding Terminalia spp. Understanding the effects of these plant derivatives on non-human species, including aquatic life, aids in comprehending their overall safety and environmental implications, contributing to a holistic view of ecological impacts.
29) Tree:
Tree is a perennial plant with a trunk that supports branches. In the context of Terminalia spp., it emphasizes the importance of sustainable harvesting practices. Focusing on non-destructive methods protects tree populations, essential for ecological balance and ensuring a continued source of medicinal materials for future generations.
30) Rich (Rch):
Rich refers to the abundance of certain compounds or properties. In terms of Terminalia spp., richness may describe the high yields of bioactive phytochemicals that contribute to their medicinal efficacy, highlighting the potential for these plants to serve as resources for developing effective natural therapies.
31) Post:
Post often refers to a written communication or report, documenting research findings and discussions. The publication of studies on Terminalia spp. conveys critical insights about their potential uses, promoting transparency and knowledge sharing within the scientific community and engaging a broader audience interested in herbal medicine.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Terminalia spp.: A Potential Material and Its Limitations in Medicine’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Human body, Essential oil, Future research, Chemical composition, Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity, Seed oil, Oxidative stress, Animal model, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Aqueous extract, Antibacterial properties, Biological properties, Biological effect, Antibiotic resistance, Extraction process, Inhibitory effect, Bioactive compound, Extraction method, Medicinal purpose, Stem Bark, Microwave-assisted extraction, Extraction efficiency, MIC value, Unsaturated fatty acid, Extraction yield, Advanced techniques, Plant part, Extraction parameters, Ultrasound assisted extraction, Potent antioxidant activity, Foodborne illness, Various solvents, Distillation method, Bacterial foodborne illness, Therapeutic phytochemicals, Extracts obtained, Solvent extract, Saturated fatty acid.