Simulated Patient Method for Evaluating Pharmacy Care of Childhood Diarrhoea
Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: Using the Simulated Patient Method to Evaluate the Community Pharmacy Management of Childhood Diarrhoea: A Systematic Review
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Hananditia Rachma Pramestutie, Susi Ari Kristina, Lutfan Lazuardi, Anna Wahyuni Widayanti
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:
(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)
Full text available for: Using the Simulated Patient Method to Evaluate the Community Pharmacy Management of Childhood Diarrhoea: A Systematic Review
Year: 2023 | Doi: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.5.5
Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Diarrhoea, characterized by the frequent passage of watery stools, poses significant health risks, particularly for children, leading to millions of deaths globally each year. The highest incidence is observed in young children, making effective management crucial. The role of community pharmacists is vital in this context, as many caregivers initially consult them before seeking medical assistance. However, there exists a notable gap in the knowledge and practices of pharmacists regarding the management of childhood diarrhoea, highlighting the need for systematic evaluation of their pharmaceutical services.
Importance of Proper History Taking in Pharmacist Consultations
An essential component of optimal care in managing childhood diarrhoea is the thorough collection of patient history by pharmacists. The systematic review revealed that many pharmacists failed to adequately inquire about key aspects such as the duration and severity of diarrhoea, the presence of blood or mucus in stools, and accompanying symptoms like fever and vomiting. This lack of attention to detail compromises their ability to provide appropriate therapeutic recommendations. Inadequate history-taking not only affects the immediate management of diarrhoea but also indicates a broader inadequacy in pharmacists’ training and preparedness to handle pediatric cases effectively. The review emphasizes the critical need for improved training programs that focus on history-taking and effective communication skills for pharmacists.
Conclusion
The simulated patient method offers a valuable approach for systematically evaluating the performance of community pharmacists in managing paediatric diarrhoea. This review underscores the necessity for enhancing the quality of pharmaceutical care provided in community settings. By prioritizing improved patient history-taking, education, and training, pharmacists can significantly enhance their role in managing childhood diarrhoea. Such improvements are crucial to elevate the overall standards of care and ensure better health outcomes for children suffering from diarrhoea. The findings call for further research and targeted educational interventions aimed at bridging the existing gaps in pharmacist practice.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the purpose of the simulated patient method in pharmacies?
The simulated patient method assesses pharmacists' practices in managing childhood diarrhoea. It helps evaluate how well pharmacists take patient histories, recommend medications, and provide drug-related information.
What findings were reported about pharmacists' history-taking practices?
The review indicated that many pharmacists did not thoroughly obtain patient histories. They often asked about symptoms like stool frequency and duration but frequently missed essential details, affecting therapeutic recommendations.
What recommendations did pharmacists commonly provide for treating diarrhoea?
Pharmacists most often recommended oral rehydration salts and zinc therapy for children with diarrhoea. However, inappropriate recommendations like antibiotics and antimotility medications were noted, highlighting gaps in appropriate therapy.
What improvements are suggested for community pharmacies based on the findings?
Community pharmacies should enhance their history-taking, improve drug-related information delivery, and focus on accurate therapeutic recommendations to better inform patients about managing childhood diarrhoea.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Simulated Patient Method for Evaluating Pharmacy Care of Childhood Diarrhoea”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Drug:
The word 'drug' is crucial in the context of pharmaceutical studies as it refers to any medicinal substance used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. In the context of the management of childhood diarrhoea, understanding which drugs are appropriate can significantly affect treatment outcomes. Proper drug use can mitigate symptoms, ensure faster recovery, and prevent complications in pediatric patients.
2) Table:
In medical research, a 'table' is a systematic arrangement of data in rows and columns, making it easier to analyze and interpret results. Tables help summarize findings effectively, providing a clear overview of study results related to pharmacist practices in managing childhood diarrhoea, such as history taking and drug recommendations, thus aiding in understanding trends and outcomes.
3) Study (Studying):
The term 'study' signifies a structured investigation aimed at discovering new knowledge or validating existing knowledge. In the context of pharmacy practice, studies involving simulated patients assess how community pharmacists manage conditions like childhood diarrhoea. These studies help identify gaps in knowledge, evaluate the quality of care provided, and inform improvements in pharmaceutical services.
4) Salt (Salty):
The word 'salt', particularly in the context of oral rehydration therapy (ORT), refers to electrolytes essential for rehydrating patients suffering from diarrhoea. Oral rehydration salts (ORS) are critical in fluid replacement therapy, helping counteract dehydration in children. Effective communication about ORS usage by pharmacists can significantly enhance treatment outcomes for diarrheal diseases in pediatric patients.
5) Visit:
The term 'visit' generally refers to an encounter where one party seeks services or information from another, such as patients visiting pharmacies. In simulated patient studies, these visits are crucial for assessing the interactions between pharmacists and patients. The effectiveness of pharmacists in delivering information and appropriate treatments for childhood diarrhoea is often evaluated through these visits.
6) Fever:
'Fever' is a common symptom associated with many illnesses, including diarrheal diseases. In pharmacy practice, pharmacists must assess whether a child has a fever to determine the appropriate treatment plans. Correctly identifying the presence of fever can influence the therapeutic recommendations made for childhood diarrhoea, highlighting the pharmacist's role in comprehensive patient assessment.
7) Knowledge:
Knowledge, in this context, refers to the understanding and information that pharmacists possess regarding the management of childhood diarrhoea. The expertise and training pharmacists have directly influence their ability to provide effective treatment recommendations. Enhancing their knowledge through education and practical training can improve patient outcomes and health service quality.
8) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial refers to agents that combat bacteria, important for managing infections that may cause diarrhoea. Pharmacists must assess when to recommend antibacterial treatments appropriately, ensuring they are only used when indicated, thereby preserving microbial balance and preventing resistance.
9) Medicine:
The term 'medicine' encompasses pharmaceuticals used for treatment or prevention of diseases. In managing childhood diarrhoea, the right medicine choice is vital for patient recovery. Pharmacists play a crucial role in advising parents about the appropriate medicines available over-the-counter, which can be pivotal for effective symptom management in children.
10) Quality:
Quality refers to the standard of care pharmacists provide during the management of childhood diarrhoea. It involves assessing how well pharmacists conduct history taking, offer drug-related information, and make therapeutic recommendations. High-quality pharmaceutical services lead to better health outcomes and greater patient satisfaction within community pharmacy contexts.
11) Blood:
'Blood' becomes relevant in diarrheal assessment due to its potential indicating severity or specific types of infection. Pharmacists must inquire about the presence of blood in stool during consultations, as this is crucial for determining whether a child requires urgent medical attention, thus ensuring proper management of the patient’s condition.
12) Malik:
Malik likely refers to a specific study or author within pharmacy practice research. Identifying individual researchers helps contextualize findings, such as those examining treatment practices for childhood diarrhoea in specific regions or populations, thereby contributing to a larger body of knowledge in pharmacy and healthcare improvement.
13) Education:
Education plays a significant role in enhancing pharmacists' skills and knowledge related to childhood diarrhoea management. Continuous professional development through educational programs leads to better practice standards, improves pharmacy services, and ultimately results in enhanced patient care in community settings, thereby fostering better health outcomes.
14) Pharmacological:
The term 'pharmacological' pertains to the study of drugs and their effects on the body. In the context of managing childhood diarrhoea, pharmacists need to be well-versed in pharmacological principles to recommend the appropriate therapies that facilitate recovery while also considering potential side effects and contraindications, ensuring safe and effective practice.
15) Vomiting:
'Vomiting' is a critical symptom that can accompany diarrhoea in children, suggesting a more severe underlying condition. Pharmacists should assess its presence to guide treatment recommendations accurately. Understanding the symptoms of vomiting allows pharmacists to provide appropriate advice and interventions to help prevent dehydration and improve health outcomes.
16) Chang:
Chang is likely referenced as an author or key figure in pharmacy practice research. Their work may contribute to understanding pharmacist roles in various conditions, including childhood diarrhoea. Recognizing influential researchers helps track the development of practices and improves the quality of healthcare provided by pharmacists.
17) Training:
Training is essential for pharmacists to effectively manage childhood diarrhoea. It includes learning about the latest treatment guidelines, patient interactions, and medication management practices. Adequate training ensures pharmacists can provide evidence-based recommendations that enhance patient care and improve health outcomes in community pharmacies.
18) India:
India’s mention signifies the relevance of regional studies on pharmacy practices, specifically how community pharmacists manage conditions like childhood diarrhoea. Research from India can provide insights into culturally specific practices, helping to improve treatment outcomes and inform pharmacy education and policy within the context of pediatric care.
19) Observation:
Observation is a fundamental aspect of research, particularly in evaluating pharmacist interactions with patients in simulated settings. It involves watching and recording pharmacist behaviors, which can lead to insights on treatment practices for childhood diarrhoea, thereby aiding in identifying areas that need improvement for enhanced patient care.
20) Disease:
The term 'disease' designates a condition like childhood diarrhoea that significantly impacts health and requires effective management. Understanding disease mechanisms informs pharmacists about potential treatment options and necessary assessments during patient consultations, which can greatly influence treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction.
21) Lahore:
Lahore likely refers to a geographical location relevant to pharmacy practices and research studies. The context of Lahore can highlight regional healthcare challenges, treatment practices for childhood diarrhoea, and the standards of care community pharmacists provide, which are significant for developing tailored health interventions.
22) Nausea:
Nausea is a common symptom in children with diarrhoea that can indicate the severity of the illness. Pharmacists should assess the presence of nausea during consultations, as it influences treatment plans and recommendations. Understanding nausea allows pharmacists to provide comprehensive care and appropriate therapeutic options.
23) Rules:
Rules refer to the guidelines or best practices pharmacists must follow while managing paediatric conditions like diarrhoea. Adhering to these rules ensures pharmacists provide accurate advice, assess symptoms appropriately, and deliver safe drug recommendations, which collectively enhance healthcare quality and patient safety in pharmacy practice.
24) Sage:
Sage likely refers to a database or journal used for academic research. Studies published in Sage contribute to the body of knowledge regarding pharmacy practice, enhancing understanding of treatment approaches like the management of childhood diarrhoea through comprehensive literature reviews and research findings.
25) Performance:
Performance relates to how well pharmacists execute their duties in managing childhood diarrhoea. Evaluating performance through studies enables improvements in training and practice standards, ensuring that pharmacists not only provide accurate information but also enhance patient care and treatment outcomes in the community pharmacy setting.
26) Perception:
Perception pertains to how pharmacists view their roles and responsibilities in managing conditions such as childhood diarrhoea. Understanding pharmacists' perceptions can identify barriers and motivate improvements in educational programs and practices, ultimately leading to enhanced patient care and treatment efficacy.
27) Developing:
Developing refers to advancing knowledge, skills, and practices within pharmacy. In managing childhood diarrhoea, developing new educational strategies or guidelines ensures that pharmacists are well-equipped to make informed treatment decisions, leading to improved healthcare outcomes for paediatric patients.
28) Substance:
Substance, in the context of pharmacy, refers to chemical compounds that can be used as medications. Pharmacists need to understand the substances used in treating conditions like childhood diarrhoea to recommend appropriate therapies and counsel patients effectively, enhancing overall patient safety and treatment efficacy.
29) Science (Scientific):
The term 'science' encompasses the systematic study of the natural world, particularly in the context of pharmaceutical studies and practices. Understanding scientific principles aids pharmacists in making evidence-based decisions regarding the treatment of childhood diarrhoea, thus fostering a robust healthcare environment.
30) Madhya:
Madhya likely refers to a region in India relevant to pharmacy practice research. It serves as a geographical context for studies exploring how local practices affect the management of childhood diarrhoea, helping tailor health interventions that meet specific community health needs and conditions.
31) Ujjain:
Ujjain is a city in India that may relate to a specific study examining pharmacy practices regarding the treatment of childhood diarrhoea. Understanding regional practices and challenges can inform better pharmaceutical care and enhance treatment efficiency within local communities.
32) Punjab:
Punjab refers to a region in India or Pakistan that could be relevant to studies about community pharmacy practices for managing childhood diarrhoea. Analyzing healthcare practices within Punjab aids in understanding cultural factors influencing pharmacy services and patient treatment outcomes.
33) Diwan:
Diwan may refer to an author or contributor to research on pharmacy practice. Their insights can provide valuable perspectives on treatment practices for pubic health issues, such as childhood diarrhoea, emphasizing the importance of collaboration in healthcare research.
34) Kota:
Kota refers to a significant location relevant to pharmacy studies. Understanding local health practices in managing childhood diarrhoea within Kota can help identify effective treatment strategies and enhance the quality of care provided by community pharmacists.
35) Pada:
Pada, in this context, might relate to specific studies focused on regional healthcare practices. Identifying how treatment approaches are implemented within community pharmacies enhances the understanding of effective strategies for managing childhood diarrhoea, tailoring healthcare interventions accordingly.
36) Yoshi (Yosi):
Yosi likely denotes a researcher or author associated with pharmacy practices. Their work contributes to assessing and improving the management of conditions like childhood diarrhoea, providing vital insights into effective pharmacy care and patient interaction strategies.
37) Food:
Food, particularly in the context of diarrhoea management, can significantly influence treatment approaches. Pharmacists must educate patients on suitable dietary choices during diarrhoea to aid recovery. Providing food-related advice is essential for comprehensive care and managing symptoms associated with childhood diarrhoea.
38) Sign:
Sign refers to indicators such as symptoms in a medical context, important for diagnosing conditions like childhood diarrhoea. Pharmacists need to recognize signs of severity, which can dictate treatment decisions and recommendations, ultimately impacting patient outcomes.
39) Ter:
Ther likely refers to therapy or treatment, encompassing the various management options available for childhood diarrhoea. Understanding therapeutic interventions is critical for pharmacists to identify appropriate treatment pathways and improve drug recommendations to enhance patient recovery.
40) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the analytical conversations concerning study outcomes and practices within pharmacy. Engaging in discussion among healthcare providers and researchers can enhance understanding of effective management for childhood diarrhoea, leading to improved service delivery and patient care.
41) Inference:
Inference pertains to drawing conclusions based on evidence obtained during research. For pharmacy practice, making accurate inferences regarding the effectiveness of treatments for childhood diarrhoea is essential for guiding future practices and improving patient outcomes in community pharmacies.
42) Suffering:
'Suffering' relates to the experiences endured by patients with childhood diarrhoea, affecting their health and wellbeing. Understanding patient suffering allows pharmacists to tailor their care strategies effectively, addressing the needs of patients and their families, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes.
43) Realising (Realizing):
Realising refers to the acknowledgement of insights or understanding gained during patient assessments. Pharmacists must focus on realising the needs and conditions of children with diarrhoea to provide appropriate recommendations and support for effective treatment outcomes.
44) Gathering:
Gathering refers to the collection of information, essential in assessing patient histories in pharmacy practice. Efficient gathering of data regarding symptoms and treatment history helps pharmacists make informed decisions about managing childhood diarrhoea, leading to effective patient care.
45) Language:
Language refers to the mode of communication relevant for pharmacists in delivering effective patient counseling. Proper communication in the patient’s language can enhance understanding of treatment instructions and improve adherence to therapy for childhood diarrhoea, thus fostering positive health outcomes.
46) Allergy:
Allergy refers to adverse reactions to substances, which pharmacists must investigate during patient consultations. Identifying allergies is crucial for safely recommending treatments for childhood diarrhoea, ensuring that medications provided do not provoke harmful reactions, thereby improving patient safety and care.
47) Reason:
Reason signifies the underlying rationale for practice decisions, particularly the choice of therapeutic interventions. Pharmacists must understand the reasons behind treatment recommendations to enhance their knowledge base and improve patient communication regarding the management of childhood diarrhoea.
48) Filling (Filled):
Filled pertains to documentation, particularly the completion of forms related to patient assessments. Accurately filled records provide valuable insights into chronic conditions like childhood diarrhoea, enabling pharmacists to track treatment efficacy and improve care quality in pharmacy practice.
49) Bisa (Bisha):
Bisha refers to a location possibly pertinent to pharmacy practice studies focused on managing childhood diarrhoea. This regional context may highlight local healthcare practices, informing better strategies and interventions tailored to the communities within and around Bisha.
50) Water:
Water, particularly in the context of diarrhoea management, is critical for rehydration. Adequate hydration is essential for recovery, and pharmacists must educate caregivers about fluid intake, particularly oral rehydration solutions, which are vital for minimizing dehydration in children with diarrhoea.
51) Field:
Field refers to the specific context or area of study, such as pharmacy practice. Understanding the field enhances pharmacists’ roles in managing childhood diarrhoea, leading to improved therapeutic recommendations and better patient outcomes in community pharmacy settings.
52) Death:
Death signifies the severe consequences of untreated diarrhoea, particularly in children, highlighting the urgency of effective management. Pharmacists play a crucial role in preventing potential fatalities by providing timely and appropriate therapeutic interventions and recommendations for managing childhood diarrhoea.
53) Wall:
In this context, 'wall' may refer to barriers in understanding or delivering effective pharmacy care. Overcoming these walls—such as limited knowledge or resource constraints—enables pharmacists to provide high-quality health services to children suffering from diarrhoea, ultimately enhancing treatment outcomes.
54) Post:
Post denotes the stage following something, such as post-visit assessments in pharmacy practice. Evaluating outcomes after simulated patient encounters enables researchers to identify areas for improvement in pharmacy services relating to childhood diarrhoea management and educational strategies.
55) Pur:
The term 'poor' highlights deficiencies, particularly in the context of the quality of pharmacy services. Recognizing poor practices in managing childhood diarrhoea can inform targeted interventions focused on enhancing pharmacist training and improving overall patient care and safety.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Simulated Patient Method for Evaluating Pharmacy Care of Childhood Diarrhoea’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Antibiotic, Chronic diarrhoea, Acute diarrhoea, Medical history, Antibiotic therapy, Minor ailment, Diarrhoea treatment, Therapeutic Management, Clinical condition, Adverse drug reaction, Drug Interaction, Drug administration, Patient history, Systematic Review, Pharmacological therapy, Patient characteristics, Patient satisfaction, Cross-sectional studies, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, Childhood diarrhoea, Acute diarrhea, Medication history, Patient History Taking, Patient counselling, Community pharmacies, Patient counseling, Metronidazole, Pharmacy professionals, Pharmacist's role, Patient Knowledge, Self-medication practice, Community pharmacy practice, Community pharmacy, Drug Storage, Pharmacists' practice, Storage condition, Data collection sheet, Pharmacy services, Diarrhoea in Children, Data collection procedure, Continuing education programme, Pharmaceutical services, Paediatric patients, Community Pharmacy Setting, Community pharmacist, Pharmacological recommendations, Childhood Diarrhea, Non-prescription medicines, Pharmaceutical practice, Zinc therapy, Methodological quality assessment, Therapeutic recommendations, Acute diarrhea in children.